중국어 방향보어의 상적 기능에 대한 고찰 - ‘下来’와 ‘下去’의 코퍼스 분석에 근거하여

유수경 ( Yu Sukyong ) 한국중국언어학회 2020 중국언어연구 Vol.0 No.89

So far, the study of directional complement have been focused on descriptive analysis based on verb meaning, and research on syntactic distribution. In this trend, the studies of directional complement ‘xialai’ and ‘xiaqu’ did not reflect their essential functions and above all, it did not help to find the status in the aspect system. This article analyzed the aspectual functions of ‘xialai’ and ‘xiaqu’ through the aspectual properties of the component, and as a result, confirmed the following. First, ‘xialai’ and ‘xiaqu’ have a aspectual function, which is the completion of a situation. At this time, the resultant state is implicitly provided. Depending on the meaning of the predicate and the degree of grammaticalization of the directional complement, the implicit meaning is realized differently. The implicit meaning is a secondary meaning accompanied by the aspectual function of completion. Second, the movement directions of verb phrase ‘xialai’ and ‘xiaqu’ are symmetrical, but its symmetry does not appear in all function of directional complement ‘xialai’ and ‘xiaqu’. As a result of analysis, ‘xialai’ and ‘xiaqu’ show differences in collocation of predicates, components, and aspect markers. In other words, ‘xialai’ implies continuation before completion, but the center of meaning is still in the completion of the situation. Considering as a aspectual properties of a component and aspect marker in the sentence, it is still difficult to see it as a continuous aspect marker. ‘xiaqu’ expresses continuity, and since the initial and final endpoints(or one of them) are open, it can be regarded as a continuative aspect marker of the imperfective aspect. Lastly, ‘xialai’ and ‘xiaqu’ have been changed from the function of the perfective to the function of the imperfective, which is a universal phenomenon of human language. There exist examples in which one form expresses both the function of perfective and imperfective, both synchronically and typologically, and most of them use the meaning of the resultant state. This hypothesis will help to understand the aspectual properties of ‘xiaqu’ and at the same time it is expected to be a new breakthrough in solving problems that are difficult to explain with the existing binary asepct system.

중국어와 한국어의 공간관계성분 사용경향에 대한 고찰 ―코퍼스 분석 및 언어유형학 이론을 중심으로

유수경 ( Yu Sukyong ) 한국중국어문학회 2018 中國文學 Vol.96 No.-

本稿的目的在于對漢語與韓語里表示空間關系的語言成分(簡稱爲空間關系成分)的使用現況進行傾向性分析幷對中韓空間關系成分(漢語爲"里"、"中"、"內", 韓語爲"안"、"속"、"중"、"내")的功能進行比較。之前, 有不少有關相關硏究不僅只關注空間關系成分的功能分類與各功能間"一對一"的對應關系, 而且對于發展机制都千篇一律地采用認知語言學理論。爲了充分理解幷應用實際語言情況, 本稿以語料庫分析爲基礎, 對中韓空間關系成分的使用現況進行分析, 由此歸納出各形式的使用傾向。 通過語料庫分析, 我們發現漢語的空間成分(通稱爲方位詞)"里"、"中"、"內"根据[±具體], [±動態], [±容器], [±復數]的語義特征顯示不同的使用傾向, 而韓語的"안"、"속"、"중"、"내"根据[+邊界], [+深度], [+中心]的語義特征表示不同的傾向性。這將爲理解中韓空間關系成分的使用條件發揮重要作用。 此外, 我們主張應該對漢語、韓語及跨語言的空間關系成分進行類型學的考察, 以此應用于中韓空間關系成分的硏究。据類型學硏究, 世界不少語言的空間關系成分位于一條"從名詞到介詞"的語法化連接線上, 因語法化程度不同而其功能相異。至于如何選定何種空間關系成分, 每個語言都有不同的標准。總而言之, 爲正確了解中韓空間關系成分的使用規律幷實現有效應用, 我們不僅應該了解各形式的功能分類, 還要采取新的硏究方法, 卽實際語料庫分析與語言類型學理論。

언어유형론적 관점에서 본 현대중국어 ‘S+很+A+O’ 구문의 문법 제약과 발전 기제

유수경 ( Yu¸ Sukyong ),곡효여 ( Qu¸ Xiaoru ),윤애경 ( Yoon¸ Aekyoung ),박정구 ( Park¸ Jungku ) 한국중국언어학회 2023 중국언어연구 Vol.- No.108

The ‘S+hen(很)+A+O’ structure of modern Chinese is a transitive construction with an adjective as a main predicate, and is distinguished from general adjective-predicate sentences in that it accompanies an object. According to this study, the predicate used in the phrase ‘S+hen+A+O’ is a disyllabic adjective and represents the speaker’s mental state. Compared to other adjectives, it shows a relatively high willingness. In the construction ‘S+hen+A+O’, O can be a VP object or a clausal object, and in many cases it can accompany both forms, but in some cases it can only take one of the two forms. This difference in object form is related to the objectivity of the proposition expressed by the object clause, and ultimately affects the degree of transitivity of the construction. The construction ‘S+hen+A+O’ has a higher transitivity than general adjective-predicate construction in terms of the number of participants, willingness, and agency, but the properties of adjective predicates are still the same in that the degree adverb ‘很’ needs to be modified. The construction ‘S+hen+A+O’ occupies an intermediate position between psychological verbal predicates and adjective predicates in the continuum of transitivity. The psychological adjective construction ‘S+hen+A+O’ exists universally across languages, and in particular, there are many cases in which the form is realized through a transitive structure, which is a result of the productivity and economy of the transitive structure.

신경망 언어 모델 구축을 통한 중국어 문두 다중논항 어순 수용성 예측 연구

박정구 ( Park Jungku ),유수경 ( Yu Sukyong ),박민준 ( Park Minjun ),강병규 ( Kang Byeongkwu ) 한국중국어문학회 2024 中國文學 Vol.118 No.-

본고에서는 중국어 문두 다중논항의 어순 배열 문제를 해결하기 위해 트랜스포머 기반의 신경망 언어 모델을 적용하고 그 효율성을 검증하는 연구를 수행하였다. 본 연구에서는 문두에 나타나는 다양한 성분들과 이들 사이의 상호 작용, 그리고 어순 배열에 대한 제약이 어떻게 문법성을 형성하는지에 초점을 맞췄다. 이를 통해 중국어 문두 다중논항의 어순 배열과 관련된 문법성을 판단하는데 자연어처리 방법론이 얼마나 효과적인지 검증하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서 구축된 ‘문두 다중논항 데이터셋’은 15,298개의 중국어 문장으로 이루어져 있으며, 이 데이터셋은 문법적으로 올바른 문장과 비문법적인 문장을 이진 분류 방식으로 레이블링 하여 사용되었다. 연구팀은 이 데이터셋을 활용하여 문두 다중논항의 어순 수용성을 예측하는 모델을 개발하고, 그 정확도를 평가하였다. 연구 결과, 모델은 90%의 높은 정확도로 어순 수용성을 예측할 수 있음을 보여주었다. 또한, 본 연구는 원어민의 판단과 모델의 예측이 일치하지 않는 경우를 분석하여, 언어 수용도가 단순한 이분법으로만 구분되지 않음을 확인하였다. 이를 통해 언어 모델의 예측 능력과 원어민 판단 사이의 상관성을 보다 정교하게 파악할 수 있었다. 원어민의 판단과 AI 모델의 예측이 일치하지 않는 경우의 다양성을 고려하여, 본 연구는 153개의 문장에 대한 2차 분석을 실시하였다. 이 과정에서 74개의 문장이 유사 문장으로 재분류되었고, 결과적으로 1,450개 문장(94.8%)이 두 예측치가 일치하거나 유사한 것으로 평가되었다. 이는 AI 모델 예측의 높은 정확도를 보여주는 결과이다. In this paper, we applied a transformer-based neural network language model to solve the word order problem in Chinese Sentence-Initial Multiple Arguments (SIMA) and verified its effectiveness. The study focused on the different constituents that occur at the beginning of Chinese sentences, their interactions, and how word order constraints contribute to grammaticality. The goal was to validate the effectiveness of natural language processing methods in determining the grammaticality of word order in Chinese SIMA. To investigate this, we constructed a specialized dataset and developed a predictive model. The SIMA dataset consists of 15,298 Chinese sentences. These sentences were labeled as grammatically correct or incorrect using a binary classification method. We developed a model to predict the acceptability of word order in SIMA and evaluated its accuracy. The model demonstrated a high level of accuracy in predicting word order, achieving 90% correctness compared to established grammatical norms. In addition, the study analyzed cases where the model’s predictions differed from native speakers’ judgments, showing that acceptability prediction is not just a simple binary distinction process. This led to a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between language model predictions and native speaker judgments. In the secondary analysis focusing on sentences where the AI model’s predictions diverged from native speaker judgments, we found that after reevaluation, a significant proportion of these sentences (94.8%) aligned closely with native judgments, highlighting the nuanced capabilities of our model. These findings not only demonstrate the effectiveness of our model in analyzing Chinese SIMA but also contribute to a deeper understanding of AI’s role in linguistic analysis.

중국어 방언의 완정상·완료상·완성상 표지의 분포와 그의 언어유형론적 함의

박정구 ( Park Jungku ),강병규 ( Kang Byeongkwu ),유수경 ( Yu Sukyong ) 한국중국언어학회 2020 중국언어연구 Vol.0 No.87

In this paper, we have investigated the variations of perfective and perfect aspect makers in 135 Chinese dialects corresponding to ‘le(了)’ in Mandarin. The aim of this study is to compare the variation forms of aspect markers between various Chinese dialects and to examine the correlation between form and function. In Mandarin Chinese, it is difficult to distinguish semantic functions because perfective and perfect aspects are represented by the same ‘le(了)’. However, in Chinese dialect, the marker corresponding to ‘le(了)’ has various forms depending on the syntactic distribution and semantic function. Depending on the dialect, ‘le₁(了1)’ following the verb and ‘le₂(了2)’ of sentence-final may have one form or two or more forms. In order to observe these aspects comprehensively, we reviewed related prior studies and conducted a survey of more than 135 dialect speakers. According to a survey of Chinese dialect, dialects using one form make up 40% of the total. The remaining 60% of the dialects have two or more forms. In a survey of Chinese dialects, we found that aspect markers corresponding to “le” vary in distribution and combine with different types of predicates. And we can see that the distributional difference of ‘le(了)’ greatly affects the functional difference. Specifically, the function of ‘le(了)’ has a clear contrast between ‘sentence-final’ and ‘non-sentence-final’. In other words, functional contrasts are basically closely related to the distribution of ‘le(了)’. When ‘le(了)’ is placed in sentence-final, it is closely related to the form of ‘le₂(了2)’, whether it is added to a verb or an adjective. On the other hand, when ‘le(了)’ is used in a non-sentence-final position, it is closely related to the form of ‘le₁(了1)’, whether it is added to a verb or an adjective. In addition, the contrast between the meanings of predicates expressed as ‘dynamic’ and ‘static’ is not as obvious as the contrast between ‘sentence-final’ and ‘non-sentence-final’. This paper classifies types of 135 dialects based on the formal similarity of ‘le(了)’ As a result of statistical cluster analysis, it can be seen that it is divided into three types. These three types correspond to perfective, perfect, and completive, respectively. (1) ‘le₁(了1)’ is an aspect marker that can be attributed to perfective. As a result of the dialect investigation, the sentences corresponding to ‘le₁(了1)’ can be classified into the same group because they maintain similarity in form. (2) ‘le₂(了2)’ is an aspect marker that can be classified as perfect. According to the dialectal survey, ‘le₂(了2)’ was classified as an independent type, although its internal variation varied but had a distinctive morphological characteristic from ‘le₁(了1)’ as a whole. (3) ‘le(了)’ which has the function of result-complement belongs to the completive aspect because the degree of grammaticalization is lower than the other two types. When ‘le(了)’ is combined with a verb that has meaning of destruction and consumption, it can be interpreted as completive aspectual meaning. The degree of grammaticalization of these three types can be said to have a hierarchy of ‘completive <perfect <perfective’ as discussed in previous studies. In addition, ‘le(了)’, which has an aspectual meaning of completive/perfect/perfective, implies an aspectual meaning of inchoative in the interpretation of the bounded event structure. In this paper, we have classified and analyzed the various aspectual types and systems of ‘le(了)’ in Chinese dialects. In the future, we will try to compare and study perfective/perfect in other languages. This study on the perfective, perfect, completive aspect with empirical evidence and theoretical explanation shows that the development of the Chinese aspectual system has been following the universal tendency of human language evolution along the path of grammaticalization of aspect markers.

어순 수용성 데이터 기반의 중국어 문두 다중논항 의미역 배열 기제 및 위계 연구

박정구 ( Park Jungku ),강병규 ( Kang Byeongkwu ),박민준 ( Park Minjun ),유수경 ( Yu Sukyong ) 한국중국언어학회 2023 중국언어연구 Vol.- No.109

This paper extracted a large number of sentences with multiple arguments at the sentence beginning position from various genres of modern Chinese corpus data through coding programs as well as artificial methods. After changing the order of arguments of sentence-initial position in the extracted sentences, word order acceptability data was constructed through verification by native speakers. For the large amount of data constructed in this way, the quantity and ratio of combinations of semantic-roles that the multiple arguments at sentence-initial position play were statistically analyzed. Based on the analysis so far, it has been possible to induce the constraints on the multi-argument arrangement and establish the hierarchy of the semantic role for topicalization. Among obligatory arguments that appear at the beginning of a sentence, the arguments used as the object precede the arguments used as the subject. Among optional arguments, Time, Locative, and Cause arguments precede other arguments. Source and Goal arguments have something in common: they tend to precede other arguments when they express time. However, when they represent locative meaning, they shows different characteristics. The locative Source follows the obligatory arguments, and the locative Goal precedes the obligatory arguments. Instrument, Manner and Material are closest to the predicate, and Beneficiary and Recipient precede obligatory arguments. The word order of multiple arguments at sentence-initial position is influenced by iconicity, semantic relationship with the verb, and whether or not they are obligatory arguments.

말뭉치 기반 중국어 문두 다중논항의 의미역 배열 경향성 고찰

박정구 ( Park Jungku ),강병규 ( Kang Byeongkwu ),박민준 ( Park Minjun ),유수경 ( Yu Sukyong ) 한국중국언어학회 2023 중국언어연구 Vol.- No.106

This paper examines the ordering patterns of multiple arguments preceding predicates in Mandarin Chinese. The focus of the study is to investigate how the order of multiple arguments at the beginning of sentences affects their acceptability, and to identify any constraints that may exist. To achieve this goal, the study extracted about 5,000 sentences from modern Chinese corpus data of various genres in which multiple arguments appear at the beginning of a sentence as topics, and conducted a statistical analysis of the word order arrangement of arguments according to different semantic roles. Through the analysis of this paper, the word order relationship between arguments with different semantic roles could be identified as shown below. First, Time/Locative precedes all semantic roles, and Time tends to precede Locative. This is a consequence of the fact that the Time/Locative functions as a theme providing a background for the information of the rest of the sentence. Second, it was confirmed that there was a certain tendency in the word order between obligatory arguments. In general, the semantic roles used as the subject before the verb in the SVO sentence are preceded in the topic sentence by the semantic roles used as the object after the verb. In the opposite case, it is accompanied by contrastive meaning and has strong restriction on acceptability. Third, the optional arguments as topic can be divided into Instument, Manner, Material, Causes, Reason, and Source. Instrument, Manner, Material and Spacial Source tend to follow obligatory arguments, and Causes, Reason, and Temporal Source tend to precede obligatory arguments. This can be explained by the restriction based on cognitive iconicity.