보존적 치료로 호전된 양측 이하선 기종 1예

오윤석(Yun Seok Oh),김정만(Jeong Marn Kim),정한진(Hahn Jin Jung),심우섭(Woo Sub Shim) 대한두경부종양학회 2017 대한두경부 종양학회지 Vol.33 No.1

이하선 기종은 이하선 종대의 원인 중 매우 드문 질환으로, 이하선의 종창과 통증 등의 증상을 나타낸다. 이하선 기종은 유리 부는 직공이나 관악기 연주자 등 여러 구강 내 압력이 증가하는 상황에서 이하선 내로 공기가 들어가 발생할 수 있다. 저자들은 최근 습관적인 볼 부풀리기로 유발된 양측 이하선 기종 환자를 경험하고, 이에 대해 습관 교정을 통한 보존적 치료로 호전되었기에 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고하고자 한다. Pneumoparotid is defined as the presence of air within the parotid gland or duct. Pneumoparotid is an extremely rare cause of parotid gland swelling. Pneumoparotid can be induced by air insufflation from oral cavity into the intraparotid salivary ducts, in condition like nose blowing, blowing up balloons, during extubation after general anesthesia while receiving positive pressure, rapid decompression while scuba diving, chronic attempts to suppress cough, and glassblowers. It can also be self-induced, and the literature contains an increasing number of reports involving pediatric and adolescent patients who induce parotid insufflation to avoid school or gain attention. Here, we report a case of pneumoparotid caused by habitual cheek inflating and improved with conservative treatment.

유전자원과 전통지식의 보호에 관한 국제적 논의동향

吳玧錫(Yun-Seok Oh) 충남대학교 법학연구소 2003 法學硏究 Vol.14 No.1

Genetic Resources(GR) and Traditional Knowledge(TK) are very important in our life. The problem of protection on GR and TK having emerged as a popular issue in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Developed countries have gained interests form GR and TK that located in developing countries. At that time, natural GR regard as 'common heritage of mankind'. But, the recognition of national sovereignty over GR is generally understood as the main provisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD) relating to access to the resources, as well as a sharing of the benefits that result from such access. The problem of protection on GR and TK is negotiating in some international organization. There are the Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore(GRTKF) of the World Intellectual Property Organization(WIPO), the TRIPs Council of the World Trade Organization(WTO), the United Nations Environmental Programme(UNEP), and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO). And some countries have enacted the law for protect their GR and TK that located in their territory. There are India, Thai, Philippines, China, Andean Pact Countries and so forth. They provide for intellectual property or sui generis system on protection of GR and TK. Some options have proposed for protection of GR and TK. There are the public domain model, the commercial use model, the trust model, and the ownership model. Options have characters of contemporary intellectual property system and sui generis system. And they have merits and demerits. I expect that some international protection system on GR and TK is making sooner or later.

貿易關聯知的財産權協定(TRIPs)上의 植物遺傳資源保護에 관한 考察

吳玧錫(Yun-Seok Oh) 충남대학교 법학연구소 2002 法學硏究 Vol.13 No.1

Plant Genetic Resources(PGRs) are very important to our life. There are many regulations on protection of PGRs in national and international levels. But this article aims at the reviewing protection of PGRs on TRIPs agreement and the introduction of desirable solutions on TRIPs agreement. The related areas to the protection of PGRs that are the protection of technologies in a technology transfer context, including the area of compulsory licensing, and the area of patenting of life forms, most particularly biotechnology generated life forms. The TRIPs agreement constitutes the most comprehensive and extensive intellectual property rights(IPRs) regime ever adopted in the world. This comprehensiveness includes the requirement, subject to the exception, to allow for IPRs protection for all technologies. The standards set out for IPRs are minimum standards, which can be exceeded by parties, but a member cannot be obliged to provide a more extensive protection. And they are to be implemented and enforced through the legal system and practise of each country. First related area is specially in relation to patents on life forms, Art. 27. 3(b) of TRIPs agreement provides the exclusion from mandatory patenting of plants and animals, other than micro-organisms, when based on essentially biological process. A further stipulation appears in relations to plant varieties. Members are required to provide either patent or sui generis protections. Developing countries had been opposed to either of these two required approaches. The provision of Art. 27. 3(b) is the only provision in TRIPs made subject to an early revision, through a four year review period, a period even shorter than the implementation period for the developing countries for this provision. Second related area is compulsory licensing. Such licensing remains available under TRIPs, subject to provisions that limit their modalities, but not their grounds. These grounds could include reasons of public interest, public health or nutrition, anti-competitive practises, and to ensure access to environmentally sounds technologies. Third related area is the debate that IPRs promote or hinder transfers of technologies. There is different opinions in developed and developing nations. Conclusionally, I suggest that the related to protection of PGRs of TRIPs agreement should be amend to beneficial between developed and developing nations. That suggestions include the changing of existing IPRs regime for the protection of indigenous and local communities' traditional knowledge, the development of legal binding model for the protection of the provider and user relevant to access to PGRs, and the amending of provisions of TRIPs related to PGRs for harmonize with the CBD.

국제기구에서의 유전자원과 전통지식의 보호에 관한 논의 동향

오윤석 ( Yun Seok Oh ) 한남대학교 과학기술법연구원 2015 과학기술법연구 Vol.21 No.2

The discussion for the protection of genetic resources and traditional knowledge is undergoing mainly in international organizations. The representative international organizations are United Nations Environment Program(UNEP), Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO), World Intellectual Property Organization(WIPO), and World Trade Organization(WTO). First, the discussion of UNEP is undergoing mainly the Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD) which objectives are the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources. The result of the discussion of UNEP is the adoption of the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from Their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity(Nagoya Protocol). But, some questions are left over. There are access and benefit-sharing, prior informed consent and mutually agreed terms. Secondly, the discussion of FAO is undergoing mainly International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture(ITPGRFA) which objectives are the conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits derived from their use, in harmony with the Convention on Biological Diversity, for sustainable agriculture and food security. The discussion of FAO is quickly progress than other international organizations. For example, FAO adopted the Standard Material Transfer Agreement(SMTA) which is the norm of the provider and user of the genetic resources. The third, the discussion of WIPO is undergoing in Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore(IGC). The conference of the IGC have 28 session from 2001 to 2014. But, the IGC is not fixed the result of the conference. The fourth, the discussion of WTO is undergoing the issues on trade and environment that are included the protection of genetic resources and traditional knowledge. Particularly, the Doha Development Agenda is included the issues on the relationship of the TRIPs Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity. But, for the this question, states have not agreed yet. Therefore, some measures is to be prepare by the review and analysis on the discussion for the protection of genetic resources and traditional knowledge in international organization.

생물다양성협약의 해양생물자원 보호

오윤석 ( Yun Seok Oh ) 단국대학교 법학연구소 2008 법학논총 Vol.32 No.1

Marine and coastal biodiversity encompasses the enormous number of marine and coastal species and their genetic variety. It includes the global oceans` cornucopia of living resources, myriad coastal habits and ecosystem, and the ecological processes that support all of these. The oceans cover more than 70% of the planet``s surface area. Coastal system, such as estuaries, wetlands and mangrove forest also contain significant diversity and are important to the economic of coastal communities. The Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD) adopted for the conservation of biodiversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources. The Convention recognize that biodiversity is important for the maintenance of life sustaining system of the biosphere, as well as for food, health products, and other needs of the planet`s growing human population. Marine and coastal ecosystems and the biodiversity of species that their structure, provide a wide range of such resources and services. This article aims review that the CBD`s Provisions that related to the conservation and the sustainable use of marine and coastal biodiversity. These are include integrated coastal area management, establishment of marine protected areas, sustainable use of marine and coastal living resources, prevention of introduction of alien species, identifying and monitoring for components of marine biological diversity, benefit-sharing and responsibility for transboundary harm and threats to marine biodiversity. This article also urges the enacting of the Marine and Coastal Living Resources Protection Law for the purpose of the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological resources.

Adjuvants의 역할과 종류

오윤석(Yun-Seok Oh) 한국농약과학회 2007 한국농약과학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.- No.-

식량농업식물유전자원에 대한 국제조약의 분석

吳玧錫(Yun-Seok Oh) 대한국제법학회 2008 國際法學會論叢 Vol.53 No.2

유전자원은 인류의 생존에 있어 필수불가결한 재료이다. 전통적으로 국제사회는 식물유전자원에 대한 접근을 인류공동유산원칙에 입각하여 무상으로 자유롭게 허용하였다. 그러나 생명공학기술의 발전과 함께 유전자원에 대한 인식은 변화하였고, 인류공동유산원칙은 인류의 공동관심사원칙으로 대체되었다. 이 변화를 처음 수용한 것은 생물다양성협약이다. 생물다양성협약은 생물 다양성을 보존하고, 그 구성요소를 지속가능하게 이용하며, 그 이용의 결과 발생하는 이익의 공정하고 형평한 공유를 규정하고 있다. 이러한 목적을 실현하기 위해 생물다양성협약은 유전자원에 대한 국가주권의 승인과 함께 자원에 대한 접근을 결정할 권한이 자원보유국에 있고 유전자원에 대한 접근과 이익공유를 자원의 제공국과 이용국 간의 사전통지동의와 상호 합의된 조건하에서 이루어질 것을 규정하고 있다. 생물다양성협약은 유전자원을 포괄하는 국제협약으로 너무 포괄적인 성격을 갖고 있다. 따라서 개별 유전자원에 대한 국제적 규율이 필요하여 2001년 식량농업기구는 지속가능한 농업과 식량안보를 위하여 식물유전자원조약을 채택하였다. 식물유전자원조약은 생물다양성협약에 부합하여 식량농업식물유전자원의 보존과, 지속가능한 이용 및 그 이용결과 발생하는 이익의 공정하고 형평한 공유를 목적으로 규정하고 있다. 식물유전자원조약은 보존과 지속가능한 이용을 위하여 국가들의 일반적인 의무, 기술지원 및 국제협력을 규정하고 있고, 식물유전자원을 보존한 농부들의 기여를 보호하기 위하여 농부의 권리를 규정하고 있다. 또한 자원에 대한 접근과 이익공유를 위하여 다자체제를 설립하였다. 다자체제는 동 조약의 운영에 있어 핵심적인 기구로 운영기구를 창설하였다. 운영기구는 동 조약에서 중요한 내용에 대한 의사를 결정한다. 우리나라는 생물자원이 부족하여 해외자원에 대한 의존이 심한데, 앞으로 자원에 대한 지속적인 접근과 이용을 위하여 자원에 대한 접근과 이익공유를 규정하고 있는 식물유전자원조약에 신속하게 참여하는 것이 필요하다. Genetic resources are indispensable materials for human existence. Conventionally, access to genetic resources is based on the universally accepted principle that genetic resources are a common heritage of mankind. But, with the development of the biotechnology, a common heritage of mankind is replaced by a principle of common concern. The Convention on Biological Diversity provide the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of it. And, the Convention recognize the sovereign rights to exploit their own genetic resources and the authority to determine access to genetic resources. And, the Convention provide the access shall be on prior informed consent and mutually agreed terms between providing state and using state. The Convention has the comprehensive nature. So, Food and Agriculture Organization was adopted the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture(ITPGRFA) on 2001. The Treaty provide the conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of their use. This article aims that overview ITPGRFA and prepare for necessary measures of Korea on the ITPGRFA. The objectives of the ITPGRFA are conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of their use. The ITPGRFA provide sovereign rights of state over their plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, farmers' rights, the multilateral system of access and benefit-sharing. So, contracting parties to the ITPGRFA shall ensure the conformity of its laws, regulations and procedures with obligations as provided in this treaty. At present, Korea isn't a contracting party of the ITPGRFA. Korea is short of plant genetic resources and it shall introduce diverse plant genetic resources from abroad. So, I suggest that Korea should access to the ITPGRFA and participate in making decision to the plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, at the multilateral system of the treaty.

농업유전자원의 보존ㆍ관리 및 이용에 관한 법률고찰

오윤석(Yun-Seok Oh) 충남대학교 법학연구소 2008 法學硏究 Vol.19 No.1

Genetic Resources are important for the maintenance of human being of the biosphere, particular for foods, health products, environment and other needs of the growing human population. So, international community endeavor to protect the biological resources for the conservation and the sustainable use of them. In 2007, Korea enacted "the Law of the Conservation, Administration and Use of Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture"(hereinafter "the Law") for the conservation and the sustainable use of the Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. This article aims review the main contents of the Law: historical background including status of domestic conservation and some problems of the Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture administration; objectives; use of terms including the Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, sustainable use, in situ and ex situ conservation etc.; general obligations of government; scope of the Law; conservation, administration and use of the Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture including establishment of national plans, survey and inventory, characterization and evaluation, access and use of the Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, establishment of information system on the Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, facilitate of diversity and use of the Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, measure to threats; consultatory committee on the Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, center institution on the Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and sub-institution on the Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. This article also review that the Law has some problems which omitted the marine and coastal biological resources, farmers' rights and traditional knowledges that are relevant to the conservation and sustainable use. I suggest that such problems shall improve by the amending of the Law.

한국과 중국간 생물자원문제에 대한 분야별 향후 대응방안 연구

오윤석 ( Yun Seok Oh ) 한남대학교 과학기술법연구원 2016 과학기술법연구 Vol.22 No.2

한국과 중국은 인접한 국가로 생물자원 분야에서 중요한 이해관계를 갖고 있다. 생물자원문제는 나고야의정서가 발효되면서 한국과 중국간에 중요한 현안으로 대두되었다. 나고야의정서는 유전자원에 대한 접근 및 이익공유를 위하여 사전통지동의와 상호합의된 조건을 규정하고 있다. 중국은 식물신품종, 유전자원 및 전통지식을 포함한 생물자원문제에서 제공국에 해당하고, 한국은 이용국에 해당한다. 한국과 중국간의 중요한 현안인 생물자원문제에서 이용국인 우리나라가 마련해야 할 대응방안은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 우리나라에 있는 전체 생물자원에 대한 분야별 전국적인 조사작업의 실시방안이다. 식물신품종, 유전자원 및 전통지식에 대한 연구개발을 위해서는 먼저 국내의 생물자원을 활용할 수 있는 방안을 마련해야 한다. 그 전제가 바로 우리나라가 보유하고 있는 전체 생물자원의 양, 내용, 가치 등을 확인하는 것이다. 둘째, 생물자원에 대한 분야별 표준화 작업의 실시방안이다. 예를 들면, 한약재의 경우 자원을 채취하고, 자원을 건조하고, 처방을 탕약으로 처리하는 방식을 갖고 있다. 이 경우 한약자원을 채취, 건조 및 탕약으로 처리하는 과정이나 방법에 대한 과학적인 방법으로 표준화를 마련하는 것이 필요하다. 생물자원 분야에서 표준화를 마련한다는 것은 관련 산업에서 우리나라가 우위를 점할 수 있다는 것이다. 셋째, 외국의 전통지식을 포함하여 해외의 생물자원을 지속가능하게 도입하기 위한 국제협력의 추진방안이다. 우리나라는 생물자원은 부족하지만 그 것을 연구개발할 수 있는 기술과 자본을 갖고 있다. 따라서 우리나라가 생물자원을 활용하여 경제성장과 발전을 추구하기 위해서는 해외로부터 생물자원을 지속가능하게 도입하여야 한다. 해외의 생물자원의 지속가능한 도입은 생물자원이 풍부한 국가들과의 국제협력을 통하여 가능하다. 그러한 국제협력의 방법은 제공국과의 금전적 및 비금전적 이익의 공유와 상호신뢰의 구축이다. 넷째, 각 생물자원에 대한 분야별 관리 및 데이터베이스의 구축과 관련 기관간 상호 연계방안이다. 우리나라는 식물신품종, 유전자원 및 전통지식에 대한 분야별 관리 및 데이터베이스가 구축되어 운영되고 있다. 그러나 이들 기관간의 연계가 잘 되지 않아 중복적인 예산집행과 비효율성이란 문제가 제기된다. 따라서 우리나라의 생물자원에 대한 종합적이고 효율적인 관리를 위해서는 관련 기관들간의 연계를 강화하는 것이 필요하다. 기관들간의 연계방안에서 중요한 요인은 정부부처간 이기주의를 뛰어넘어 국가의 경제발전을 우선시하는 사고의 전환이다. 다섯째, 각 생물자원에 대한 분야별 전문인력의 육성 및 지원방안이다. 생물자원에 대한 분야별 산업을 발전시키기 위해서는 자원의 확보가 관건이고, 생물자원의 확보와 연구개발을 위해서는 먼저, 필요한 전문인력의 육성 및 지원방안을 마련해야 한다. 여섯째, 위에 열거한 방안들을 뒷받침하고 전체 생물자원에 대한 체계적이고 종합적인 관리를 위한 분야별 법률의 정비방안이다. 먼저, 식물신품종 분야는 위에 열거된 방안을 반영하여 종자산업법을 개정하고, 유전자원 분야는 가칭 ‘통합유전자원법률’을 제정하여 체계적이고 종합적인 관리를 하며, 전통지식 분야는 가칭 ‘전통지식의 발굴·관리 및 이용에 관한 종합법률’을 제정하여 체계적이고 종합적인 관리를 하는 것이다. Korea and China are neighboring state, and they have a vital interests in sector of biological resources. The issues of biological resources are come to the fore pending issue after the entry into force of Nagoya Protocol in Korea and China. Nagoya Protocol provides prior informed consent and mutually agreed terms to the access to genetic resources and benefits-sharing. China holds a providing state in sector of biological resources, new varieties of plants, genetic resources, and traditional knowledges included, while Korea holds a using state. As a using state, Korea need to prepare countermeasure on pending issues of biological resources in Korea and China, shall be as follows. The First measure in the investigation work all sectoral biological resources in the all parts of the country. For the research and development of new varieties

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박병규(Byung Kyu Park),오윤석(Yun Seok Oh),김찬중(Charn-Jung Kim) 대한기계학회 2018 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2018 No.4