한국 의사의 역사적 정체성 형성

여인석,Yeo, In-sok 연세대학교 의과대학 2021 의학교육논단 Vol.23 No.2

In modern society, doctors are a representative example of professionals-that is, doctors are members of an occupation with high barriers to entry. For doctors, long-term education, training, and licensing are factors that make it difficult to enter medical practice. These external characteristics, which have mainly arisen in the modern era, play an important part in the professional identity of doctors. Nonetheless, the core of the doctor's identity is the identity of the healer. In today's Korean society, the universal identity of doctors as healers results from a combination of the special historical identity of professionals with high entry barriers. Korean society currently demands a high level of ethical awareness from doctors. These demands are partly derived from the nature of the practice of medical care, but they also reflect demands for strong social responsibility as professionals. It is difficult to cultivate professional ethics simply by imposing legitimate virtues, presenting an ideal model, or emphasizing moral education that is not fully realistic. A deep-rooted sense of professional ethics stems from a clear awareness of professional identity. Education plays an important role in the formation and awareness of doctors' professional identity, and various types of content and methods can be used in education. However, since the identity of an entity is formed through the process of historical experience, it is thought that the historical process of the formation of doctors as a profession should be included as an important part of education.

세브란스를 중심으로 본 CMB의 한국의학 재건사업

여인석 ( In Sok Yeo ) 연세대학교 의과대학 의사학과 의학사연구소 2015 연세의사학 Vol.18 No.1

After the Korean war, every effort was made to reconstruct Korean society, which had been totally destroyed during the conflict. Severance Hospital, which was located in front of Seoul Railway Station, suffered almost complete destruction. The U.S. Army, United Board, and other missionary boards and individuals participated in the rebuilding of Severance Hospital. Perhaps the most imp011ant supporting group was the China Medical B03rd (CMS). The CMB was organized in 1914 to help with the modernization of medicine in China. In order to achieve their goal, the CMS had chosen Peking Union Medical College to be its Johns Hopkins in China. However, because the Communist Patty took over the Chinese mainland, the CMB could not continue their work in China. As a result, other Asian countries, including Korea, received the organization``s support. In Korea, Severance Hospital and Yonsei Medical College were its main beneficiaries. Thanks to the CMB``s generous financial support, the new medical college was built in Sinchon. In addition, the CME annually provided research funds for about 20 years TO the faculties of Yonsei Medical College. The CME purchased research and educational apparatuses. It also provided invisible support in various ways: Scholarships for students and fellowships for faculties contributed to the development of human resources. Further financial support provided consulting for medical education and hospital administration In summation, the CMB played a crucial role in the reconstruction of Korean medicine through its contributions to Severance Hospital and Yonsei Medical College after the Korean War.

한말과 식민지 시기 서양의학의 한의학 인식과 수용

여인석(YEO In-sok) 大韓醫史學會 2007 醫史學 Vol.16 No.2

From the 18th century traditional medicine began to be criticised by some of Korean intellectuals who attained the knowledge of Western medicine through the imported books on Western science. In the early 20th century, Western medical doctors in Korea generally had critical attitude toward traditional medicine. Their critical opinions on traditional medicine are typically recognizable in the debate between two camps that occurred in 1930s. However, some exceptional doctors such as Chang Ki-moo and Bang Hap-shin had special interest in traditional medicine despite their education in Western medicine. It was their clinical experience of the limitation of Western medicine which led them to study traditional medicine. Both of them were particularly attracted by the School of Old Prescriptions, which was a school of Japanese traditional medicine. The medical theory of the school was characterized by the simplification of vague and complicated theory of traditional medicine. The school held the theory that all diseases are caused by one poison (萬病一毒說). Consequently, treatment of all diseases consists in eliminating the poison. He also put forward a theory of one prescription for one disease, and therefore the same remedy should be applied to a disease with the same cause even though it might manifest various symptoms. Given the fact that their theory of diseases is very similar to that of Western medicine, it is understandable that they were attracted to the School of Old Prescriptions. As the doctors trained in Western medicine, they were possibly more familiar with the doctrine of the School of Old Prescriptions than the traditional medicine based on Yin Yang and Five-Phase theory.

특집논문 1 : 의과대학 의학사교육의 현황과 과제

여인석 ( In Sok Yeo ) 연세대학교 의과대학 의사학과 2010 연세의사학 Vol.13 No.2

Medical history was first taught in Severance Medical College in 1946 by Kim Doo-jong, the founding father of medical history in Korea. Today, over half of the forty-three medical colleges in Korea include medical history courses. However, a lack of sufficient numbers of qualified medical historians means that many of the colleges experience difficulties in running the courses. As the number of medical historians is unlikely to increase sufficiently in the near future to meet the demand, a re-education program needs to be initiated for the current lecturers in charge of the medical history courses. Another challenge facing the history of medical education in Korea is the integration of medical history with medical humanities, which has recently emerged as an important issue in medical education. As medical humanities aims to develop sensibilities such as compassion in medical students, the field focuses more on literature and arts than on history and philosophy. Therefore, a new methodology is required to incorporate the teaching of medical history into the teaching of medical humanities.

세브란스 정신과의 설립과정과 인도주의적 치료전통의 형성 : 맥라렌과 이중철의 활동을 중심으로

여인석(YEO In-sok) 大韓醫史學會 2008 醫史學 Vol.17 No.1

Psychiatry is a branch of medicine which deals with the problem of mental health. Although psychiatric concept and treatment is not absent in traditional medicine in Korea, it was not regarded as an independent discipline of medicine. Modern psychiatry was introduced into Korea as modern Western medicine was introduced in 19th century. The American medical missionary Dr. Allen and Dr. Heron gave the first classification of mental diseases of Korean patients in their first year report of Jejoongwon hospital. The statistics are characterized by relatively high rate of hysteria patients among the patients with mental disorders. It was Dr. Mclaren who took the charge of the Psychiatric Department of Severance hospital, the successor of Jejoongwon hospital. As a psychiatrist, Dr. Mclaren had a deep interest in human nature and mind. His thinking on the subjects was based on his Christian faith and philosophy. He claimed that Christian faith plays an important role in curing mental diseases. And several medical students decided to become a psychiatrist under his influence. Among them is Dr. Lee Chung Chul who took the charge of the Department of Psychiatry after Mclaren. After graduation in 1927, Dr. Lee studied in Peking Union Medical College, Australia, and Japan. His main research interests were focused on the biological aspects of mental disorders, and he published several important papers on the subject. But his unexpected early resignation and subsequent expulsion of Dr. Mclaren from Korea by Japanese colonial government hindered further development of psychiatry in Severance Union Medical College until the Liberation from Japanese occupation in 1945. But some of their students specialized in psychiatry during the hard period of early 1940s and they played an important role in the development of modern psychiatry in Korea after the Liberation.

대한의원과 식민지 근대성의 문제

여인석 ( In Sok Yeo ) 연세대학교 의과대학 의사학과 의학사연구소 2008 연세의사학 Vol.11 No.2

Recently, there was a hot debate in Korea over the centennial celebration of Daehan Hospital(大韓醫院). The hospital was built in 1907 when Korea was a protectorate of Japan. It was Ito Hirobumi, the Resident-General of Korea, who proposed the idea of building a huge modern hospital. The idea was soon put into act. The Committee for Building Daehan Hospital was organized in 1906, and Sato Susumu, the medical general of the Japanese Army, was appointed as the chief commissioner. The committee was consisted of 7 members who were all Japanese. The expenses for constructing the building reached 300,000 yen and annual working expenses were more than ten times of the hospital built in 1899 by the Korean government. The motive behind building this huge hospital was evident: to advertise the profit that the Korean people could get by being colonized thus to justify annexation of Korea. The centennial celebration events of Daehan Hospital were planned and carried out by Seoul National University Hospital(SNUH). The criticism was leveled at how a National Hospital of Korea could celebrate the opening of a colonial institute, spending great expenses. Although physical continuity could be admitted-the building of Daehan Hospital has now become a part of Seoul National University Hospital-, it is totally absurd that the hospital that was built by Korean government attempts to celebrate the opening of the hospital that was built with a view to justify the annexation and to serve colonization of Korea. The centennial celebration of Daehan Hospital is no different from celebration of establishing colonial government as the beginning of the modern government in Korea, which is unlikely to be accepted for ordinary Korean people today. Such were the main points of criticism. Faced with this criticism, the SNUH insisted that their centennial events were not planned to ‘celebrate’, but to ‘remember’ the opening of Daehan Hospital, adding that the events deserved to be held because it is the symbol of modern medicine in Korea. They also argued that the Daehan Hospital was a complex of modernity and colonialism, both of which are inseparable from each other. As a consequence, they argued, the denial of Daehan Hospital would result in denial of all the efforts of modernization in medicine that had begun since late 19th century. In order to decolorize colonial tint of Daehan Hospital, they adopted the strategy of presenting Daehan Hospital as a result of Joseon government’s efforts to modernize medicine rather than to regard it as a central base toward establishing colonial system in medicine, an opinion generally accepted on the nature of Daehan Hospital among historians. SNUH`s argument to justify the centennial events, whether it was designed for the purpose of celebration or memorial, reveal very well the problem of colonial modernity in medicine. The problem of colonial modernity is a hot issue in almost every field of Korea which underwent modernization, and medicine is no exception for it. The problem begins to arise when one attempts to separate modernity and colonialism, and to present modernity as a politically neutral value as if it is a virtue which is in itself its own excuse for being. They ignore that in reality modernity is a concept deeply impregnated with the value that was intended by the propagator of that modernity. Therefore, if we do not take into account of the context in which the modernity had been imposed or pursued, and attempt to abstract it from the context in which it had been deeply embedded, we are committing a serious error. Modernity is always directed for something; it hides a certain intension behind it. If we do not raise the question of “modernity for what?,” we cannot prevent the modernity from being misused or abused. As is often the case with in colonialism, modernity serves as a good excuse for colonization. Colonial system of administration may have been more efficient than before; streets may have been cleaner than before; even life expectancy may have been longer than before. All these can be conceived as important achievements of modernity. But we must ask the following question: What were all these achievements for? Can colonization be justified by providing such achievements of modernity as efficiency of administration, prolongation of life expectancy, and other improvement of economic indicators? Are these worth obtaining at the cost of conceding one`s own sovereignty? Despite the visible achievements that the colonial government may have brought, it is clear that the intention of introducing modernity should not be overlooked and colonization cannot be justified by the name of modernity.

제중원과 세브란스 의전의 기초의학 교육과 연구

여인석 ( In Sok Yeo ) 연세대학교 의과대학 의사학과 의학사연구소 2009 연세의사학 Vol.12 No.1

The modern medical education in Korea began with Dr. Allen, when he began teaching medical education in the medical school affiliated with the Jejungwon, the first Western hospital in Korea. The medical education began to take more systematic shape when Dr. Avison took over the Jejungwon from the Joseon government in 1894. Dr. Avison made special efforts to prepare medical textbooks in Korean. He faced many difficulties, but he publish medical textbooks in various subjects, including basic medical science such as anatomy, physiology, hygiene, materia medica etc. However, these textbooks discontinued from being used after the Annexation in 1910. During the colonial period, the Severance Union Medical College(SUMC), the direct successor of Jejungwon, was forced to adapt to the Japanese education system. Despite many difficulties the SUMC played very significant role by educating Korean medical scientists and giving them the posts to continue their research that were denied to Koreans at the Keijo Imperial Medical College.

아스클레피오스 신앙과 초기 기독교의 관계에서 본 병원의 기원

여인석(YEO In-sok) 대한의사학회 2017 醫史學 Vol.26 No.1

History of hospital is one of main fields of researches in medical history. Besides writing a history of an individual hospital, considerable efforts have been made to trace the origin of hospital. Those who quest for the origin of hospital are faced with an inevitable problem of defining hospital. As the different definition can lead to a different outcome, it is important to make a clear definition. In this article, the hospital was defined as an institution in which patients are housed and given medical treatments. According to the definition, the Great Basilius is regarded to have created the first hospital in 369 CE. The creation of hospital is considered to be closely related with Christian philantrophy. However, the question is raised against this explanation. As the religious philantrophy does not exclusively belong to the Christianity alone, more comprehensive and persuasive theory should be proposed to explain why the first hospital was created in the Christian World, not in the Buddhistic or other religious world. Furthermore, in spite of sharing the same Christian background, why the first hospital appeared in Byzantine Empire, not in Western Roman Empire, also should be explained. My argument is that Asclepius cult and the favorable attitude toward medicine in Greek world are responsible to the appearance of the first hospital in Byzantine Empire. The evangelic work of Jesus was heavily depended on healing activities. The healing activities of Jesus and his disciples were rivalled by Asclepius cult which had been widely spread and practiced in the Hellenistic world. The temples of Asclepius served as a model for hospital, for the temples were the institution exclusively reserved for the patients. The exclusive housing of patients alone in the temples of Asclepius is clearly contrasted with the other early forms of hospitals in which not only patients but also the poor, foreigners and pilgrims were housed altogether. Toward the healing god Asclepius, the Latin Church fathers and Greek Church fathers showed significant difference of attitudes. The Latin fathers were generally very critical on Asclepius while the Greek fathers were more favorable to the same healing god. This difference is also considered to be an important factor that can explain why the first hospital appeared in the Byzantine Empire.

프랑스 의학유적 답사기 1

여인석 ( In Sok Yeo ) 연세대학교 의과대학 의사학과 2002 연세의사학 Vol.6 No.1

Hotel Dieu in Paris, located at the heart of Paris near the cathedral Notre Dame, was founded in the 7th century and is the oldest hospital in France. Throughout the history, it served as a center of caring for the poor and the sick. In fact, hospital was not considered as a place in which medical practice is offered for the patients. Primarily, it was a institute of Christian benevolence in favor of the poor and the sick, which explains why the institute was named as "the house of the God(Hotel Dieu)." Hotel Dieu in Paris suffered from repeated fire and it was severely damaged by the fire that took place in 1788. After the fire, many propositions were made to reconstruct the hospital. In particular, Jacques Tenon submitted a report on the hospitals in Paris, which is regarded as one of the most complete and comprehensive report on hospitals in the 18th century. In the 18th and 19th century, Hotel Dieu in Paris gained its reputation thanks to the great surgeons of the time such as Pierre Joseph Desault(1744-1796) and Baron Guillaume de Dupuytren(1777-1835). Hotel Dieu in Paris is not just a hospital of historical significance, but it still serves as an acting hospital today.

프랑스 의학유적 답사기 4 파스퇴르 연구소

여인석 ( In Sok Yeo ) 연세대학교 의과대학 의사학과 2003 연세의사학 Vol.7 No.2

Thanks to the international fame of Louis Pasteur who raised a considerable amount of funds to develop vaccination against various infectious diseases and to propagate his knowledge the Pasteur Institute was founded on November 14th 1888 The Pasteur Institute has been renowned not only for Pasteur himself but also other competent scholars including Emile Duclaux (general microbe research) and Charles Chamberland (microbe research applied to hygiene) as well as a biologist Elie Metchnikoff (morphological microbe research) and two doctors Joseph Grancher (rabies) and Emile Roux (technical microbe research) Soon after the foundation of the Pasteur Institute an international network of Pasteur Institutes began to be organized and the number of the associated institutes outside France now counts more than 20 The Pasteur Institute in Korea is expected to open next year.