존 스타인백의 『붉은 망아지』: 한 소년의 성장과 인식

엄광웅 부경대학교 인문사회과학연구소 2003 인문사회과학연구 Vol.3 No.-

「山上에서 告하라」: 볼드윈의 흑인 경험과 예술

嚴光雄 釜山工業大學校 1971 論文集 Vol.12 No.-

엘리슨의 Invisible Man: American Negro의 한 歷史의 章

嚴光雄 釜山工業大學校 1973 論文集 Vol.13 No.-

Young Goodman Brown의 구조와 주제

엄광웅 釜山水産大學校 1984 論文集 Vol.33 No.-

Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown has been considered one of the most difficult and ambiguous of his works. The usual conclusion is that structurally this story is composed of a series of such scenes as in the village, into the forest, in the forest's depths, and in the village again, embodying the universality of sin and Hawthorne's suspicion about human depravity. In this story the mental sate of Goodman Brown, the hero and his strange adventure are of course associated with dream and determine its meaning as well because 'Young Goodman Brown' is a literal journey into the forest, but it is contrived so exquisitively that we can read this story as a journey into the self, into the interior world of dreams. Such an atmosphere in the story is connected with the problem of the contrast between reality and dream, and reality and dream and structured into the story and affect its meaning. Despite the general framework of the story, its virtual theme is concerned with the problem of evil which is an authentic nature of man and with the problem of its consequent result. In this story Hawthorne uses an explicit antithesis of day and night, village and forest as its balancing form and projects his theme which is the dualism of good and evil, the confused world of hero's distorted self. However, Hawthorne tries to reveal us that regeneration in this life never happens lovelessly, or faithlessly or proudly, or easily. One can only hope to emerge by means of love, ready to exercise all his human faculties in a world of humans to whom he feels united in frailty.

콘라드의「암흑의 핵심」 : -with reference to his moral vision- -그의 도덕적 비젼에 관련하여-

엄광웅 釜山水産大學校 1986 論文集 Vol.37 No.-

Heart of Darkness is a short but complex novel of an inexhaustible richness. It can be read an unlimited number of times and each new reading is likely to yield new shades of meaning. If we approach it for the first time, we will see that it is a novel about colonialism; we will be able to follow Marlow's journey into the African interior; but we may ask ourselves questions about Marlow's inquisitions on human behavior and the significance of his meeting with Kurtz. The title is symbolical and covers a psychological as much as a geographical reality. It refers to the ambivalent force at the heart of the wilderness; it also stands for the central darkness Kurtz discovers within himself, and possibly at the heart of all civilized. In this novel, Conrad not only illuminates darkness at the heart of civillization through late 19th century and time of the expansion of civilization but also presents tragic dilemma in which an individval at last becomes an incarnation of power in spite of noble impulses and the desire to do right. Conrad's major contribution is probably his guest for inner certitude in a world bent on external acquisition. Progress is an empty 'happening' if it is not founded on a moral base. His desperate, intense search for ethical conduct in the face of exploding materialism provides an enduring frame for most of twentieth century fiction.

호오돈의「칠박공의 집」의 구조와 주제

엄광웅 釜山水産大學校 1982 論文集 Vol.28 No.-

The leisurely rambling narratives, The House of the Seven Gables and The Blithedale Romance represent a relaxation from the intense creative mood that gave birth to The Scarlet Letter. Most critics of The House of the Seven Gables fail to discover any structural pattern. The usual conclusion is that the book consists of a series of episodes tied loosely together by the theme of inherited curse. It is frequently interrupted by long character delineations, flights into the past, musings over matters that are irrelevant to the action of the story. When the various episodes and apparent digressions are considered thematically, however, the work takes on a unity not recognizable when it is viewed solely as narrative. According to Dillingham, structurally, The House is composed of a series of antitheses with three particular contrasts between aristocracy and democracy, the isolated and unisolated, appearance and reality dominating the book. To these dominant contrasts the work owes its major theme. man's isolation and the necessity of his close communion with his fellow beings. However, in the structure of the novel, the house has net only symbolic meaning as setting but also centripetal force which overwhelms characters and action of the story, and lost deed plays an important role as thread weaving narrative. These structural shapes closely combine with the theme of this work: withdrawl and return, which Hawthorne interpreted as isolation and redemptive reunion. Primarily because of its basic weakness in plot, The House is not Hawthorne's best work. It is, nevertheless, much more than a series of unrelated tales that contribute nothing to the total effect but a kind of irrelevant whimsicality. Organized under a pervading theme, the seemingly diverse elements of the novel can be said to form a united ensemble. No American novelist before Hawthorne had undertaken to meditate on the interpenetration of the past and present. As Henry James says it(this novel) is a large and generous production pervaded with that vague hum, that indefinable echo, of the whole multitudinous life of man, which is the real sign of a great work of fiction.

호손의 초기 단편에 나타난 집의 탐색의 의미

엄광웅 신한영미어문학회 1995 새한영어영문학 Vol.33 No.-

This paper is to elucidate the meaning of the search for home(house) in Hawthornes' early short tales. Hawthorne's view of 'home' which he used as a setting in his work, was rather pessimistic. In "The Maypole of Merry Mount", Merry-mounters tried to transplant the value of pleasure handed down from generation to generation from the Old World, but the establishment of a permanent homelife turned out to be a failure in the wilderness of New England. "The Gentle Boy" shows how difficult it is for heterogeneous groups to settle down in the wilderness near the Puritan settlement ; "Young Goodman Brown" explains the disorganization and collapse of a home built on delusion; and "Roger Malvin's Burial" shows that it is very difficult for any man, who has to live with the pang of conscience on account of his momentary misbehavior, to own a true home. In the end the house which he founded turns out to be a morally desolate one. In "My Kinsman, Major Molineux", Hawthorne looks for a house in a cultural light which needs the everlasting embrace of society. This work further dramatizes the process of Robin's maturation. In "The Gentle Boy", "Young Goodman Brown", "The Maypole of Merry Mount", "Roger Malvin's burial", and "My Kinsman, Major Molineux", Hawthorne transformed such moral burdens into the subjects of imagination and tried to diffuse them as the perfume of artistic work. The quest of houses in the wilderness and town as a setting in the early short stories mentioned above, appropriately reflects the author's artistic purpose.

호오돈의 헤스터와 헤미니즘

嚴光雄 釜山水産大學校 1980 論文集 Vol.25 No.-

Hester Prynne in the story of Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter plays a very important role as a libral heroine against Puritan society. She is a spokesman for romantic or transcendental view of life. To be sure, there are elements of social comment as the theme of feminism in the novel although rich sensibility and profound mysteries are not usually associated with feminist literature. But doesn't Hester Prynne turn out to be rather like Hawthorne's sister-in law Elizabeth Peabody, the emancipated reformer? Once a luxurious and passionate woman, Hester takes up a life of renunciation and service. Her life turns in a great measure from passion and feeling, to thought. In an age when the human intellect was newly emancipated she assumes a freedom of speculatation, which her forefathers, had they known it, would have held to be a deadlier crime than that stigmatized by the scarlet letter. Thus in her lonely life, Hester becomes a radical. She believes that sometime "a new truth will be revealed" and "that surer ground of mutual happiness.' Hester Prynne about whom there is something queenly, imperious, and passionate, as well as appealing and enduring represents the eternal woman. But Hawthorne never permits her to enjoy freedom of thought and action permanently. The moralistic conclusion which is considered Hawthohne's limitation of feminism makes this point clear at the end of the novel: "Earlier in life, Hester had vainly imagined that herself might be the destined prophetess, but had long since recognized the impossibility that any mission of divine and mysterious truth should be confided to a woman stained with sin."

핀천가의 가족사로서 『일곱 박공의 집』읽기

엄광웅 釜慶大學校 1998 釜慶大學校 論文集 Vol.3 No.1

One thing we can not leave out when we read his short stories and novels related with the home is that Hawthorne's real concept of a home originated from his historical perception of New England. Hawthorne was an artist in the period of the 19C American Renaissance when the thoughts of the age had been changing. Nevertheless he, as a successor to disappearing tradition, could not easily forget the moralnightmare which the inordinate actions of Puritan ancestors, such as William Hathorne, his first ancestor who was the persecutor of Quakers and John Hathorne as the inheritor of the persecuting spirit who was involved in witch trials, had stirred up. Therefore, his creative behavior is both the purification of self-suppression and prayers for forgiveness for his ancestor's wrong-doings. The house in The House of the Seven Gables goes back to 200 years before his lifetime and describes the effect which the past of this house has on the present. And so the house can be seen from the viewpoint of both the development and interation of the houses in the wilderness. In The House of the Seven Gables where he uses as a central setting, Hawthorne presented double-sided views of the house in which the corruption of morality is inherent, contrasted with its outward grandeur. He revelas the burden of the characters pressed under the guilt of the house and their attempts to escape from the moral darkness and opens the future to the new house from the old house of inherited corruption. Through the house as artificial setting, he presented a pitiful aspiration and jfrustration, the sense of guilt and remorse, and restriction and liberation. Thus Hawthorne successfully reflected his theme, conflict and reconcilication through the house as the setting appropriate and natural for his works.

호오돈의 'My Kinsman, Major Molineux'의 다면적 해석

엄광웅 釜山水産大學校 1983 論文集 Vol.31 No.-

The main purpose of this story is to illuminate the theme of Hawthorne's My Kinsman, Major Molineux, In connection with its thematic study, this story is classified into two ways of interpretations; one of the two chief interpretation is that this story is deeply involved with basic problems of American self-realization. The story can be interpreted as a historical parable which is characteristic of the history of the colonies especially in the opening paragraph. As most of Americans arrive at a promising land of America, Robin, a young hero, who thinks himself shrewd but is really naive, arrives in Boston one evening of summer seeking the wealthy uncle who had offered to help him rise in the world, only to discover after much fruitless inquiry Major Molineux, his kinsman, tarred and feathered and being ridden out of town by mob. So he painfully learns that he must rise in the world without the help of his kinsman (who represents England in the story) as Americans must get out of the domain of England and declare their independence. So it is suggested that the tale be subtitled "America Comes of Age" and as a historical parable in which Robin represents the Young America who has come to town, that is, the contemporary scene where the historic future will be decided. However, the other interpretation arises from the development in the pattern of hero's action. The main reason that such interpretation can be made possible is that Robin does not know revolutional atmosphere except at the last part of the story while he is in quest of his kinsman. At the spectacle of his kinsman's humiliation he is keenly aware of the fact that he must stand his feet without the help of his kinsman. In any event he has achieved the beginning of wisdom or moral maturity in realizing that he is not shrewd as he had supposed. Some view My Kinsman, Major Molineux as an initiation story because Robin completes his initiation to fulfill his quest for moral reality; his adventures are a journey from dark innocence to painfully illuminated knowledge, an experience that prepares him for a new life. Inevitably, too, the story has been interpreted in Freudian terms, Robin's actions illustrating the necessity of overthrowing paternal authority if he is to achieve maturity. Readers agree that the story does indeed come up to the standard of the best that he can achieve. In fact, because of its diversified appeal, it may be the most widely read of Hawthorne's stories.