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미국 민중주의의 기원 : 제퍼슨 , 페인 , 잭슨의 경우 Jefferson , Paine , and Jackson
안윤모 한국미국사학회 2001 미국사연구 Vol.13 No.-
This paper aims at revealing my contention that American populism is not an one-time particular phenomenon of the Populist Movement in the nineteenth century, but ever-present universal phenomena appearing continuously throughout the American history. To defend my own theme, I traced the roots of populism to the earlier stages of the American Republic, in which I found the basic traits of populism: belief in the genius and virtue of the common man, doctrine of popular government or direct democracy, and anti-elitist disdain for privileges and monopoly. In the writings of Thomas Jefferson, I found the populist faith in the common men, disdain for impediments to the popular will, and plebiscitary notions of direct democracy. In the writings of Tom Paine, I found the populist faith in the rights of the common man. In the policies of the Andrew Jackson administration, I found the threads of agrarian populism or direct democracy. The egalitarian slogan of $quot;equal opportunity for all, special privileges for none,$quot; which had been shaped through the ideas and policies of Thomas Jefferson, Tom Paine, and Andrew Jackson, was a precursor to the rise of populism both in the nineteenth-century and latter-day America.
안윤모 한국미국사학회 2003 미국사연구 Vol.17 No.-
The Ku Klux Klan was hostile to the Jews, Roman Catholics, socialists, communists and anybody they identified as foreigner. It maintained the protection of womanhood, and the white supremacy and provided community. Therefore the cause of the Ku Klux Klan is nativism. The term refers to irrationality, racism, and backwardness endemic to the poorer and less educated classes, and tending to break out prejudice. But the activities of the Ku Klux Klan are moral reforms. The Kansmen showed an interest in combating what they saw as the cause of immoralities. In fact, the Ku Klux Klan reform at the local and state level was centered on personal conduct rather than on institutional change. The Ku Klux Klan represented a response to the war, a zeal to cleanse and reform American society. By the mid-1920s four million Klansmen were enlisted. The Klan's growth was the result of high-pressure salesmanship, the attraction of mystical fraternalism, and the traditional appeals of nativism. In part, declining agricultural prices, rapid technological and social changes, high rates of immigration, postwar nationalism, rapid urbanization and migration of large numbers of southern blacks to the north heightened the appeal to the Klan. But by late in the decade, the Klan declined so quickly for many reasons. These were the internal dissension, the financial affairs, the revelations of scandal, the lack of constancy, the confused policies of the leadership, the drastic curbing of immigration. The Great Depression, subsidence of the war-induced hysteria, terrorism, and the undemocratic nature of the Klan were also the causes of the Klan's demise. Large numbers of people, feeling a sense of defeat in an increasingly urban south or their northern counterparts, conscious of their growing inferiority turned to the Klan.Along with poor farmers, blue-collar workers, mechanics, and day laborers, some bankers, lawyers, doctors, ministers, and prosperous businessmen were recruited. But the Klan appealed much to the plain people. The Ku Klux Klan was a mass movement that expressed a longing for "law and order," a desire to displace general unrest and dissatisfaction with both local and national conditions.