통상법,제도 : 정기용선계약에서 제3자 화물손해 책임에 관한 연구

신학승 ( Hak Sung Shin ) 한국통상정보학회 2013 통상정보연구 Vol.15 No.2

우리나라의 정기용선 관련법은 2007년에 상법의 기존 규정에 대해 근본적으로 바꾸지 않고 유지하는 방향으로 개정함으로써 본 계약에서 중요한 제3자에 관한 권리·의무 문제는 제외하였다. 따라서 현재, 정기용선과 관련하여 제3자에 대한 책임 문제를 해결하는데 상법을 통한 해결 방법의 도출보다는 법적·실무적인 사례들의 검토를 통해 논의하는 것이 적절하다 판단되고 있다. 정기용선계약은 당사자인 선주와 용선자 간에 이뤄지는 사적계약이며 계약의 특수성에 의해 제3자의 운송물에 손해가 발생하였을 때에 책임 주체를 명확히 하는 것이 어렵다. 이에, 선의의 제3자에 대한 운송물의 재산적 권리 보호를 위해 정기용선계약 하에서 선주와 용선자 중 누가 운송인인지를 구분·확정하는 것에 대한 법적·실무적인 기준의 정립이 필요하다. 현재, 정기용선 계약에서 당사자 간의 유책자 판단에 대해 법적 성질을 이용한 확정 방법은 그 명확성에 대해 논쟁 중인 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 정기용선계약의 특성에 입각하여 제3자의 화물 손해에 대한 책임 주체의 자격확정을 어떻게 할 것인가에 목적을 두고, 이에 따라 제3자 손해의 책임 주체를 찾아내기 위해 정기용선계약에서 논란이 되어 온 법적 성질을 검토·고찰하고 운송인의 자격을 확정할 수 있는 이외의 방법이 있는지, 또 운송 계약 하에서 책임 주체로서 운송인 확정을 위한 방법이 무엇이 있는지 검토 한다. 본 연구는 제3자 손해에 대한 구제 방안으로 당사자 간의 운송인 확정의 방법, 용선계약 내에 Inter-Club Agreement의 포함을 통한 제3자의 손해에 대한 책임 분담의 방법, 제3자의 구제 방안에 대한 규정의 상법에의 도입 또는 개정을 통한 방법을 검토하며 이러한 방법들이 정기용선계약 하에서 발생한 제3자의 손해 처리에 용이한 도움이 될 것이라 제시해 본다. By the revision of the Commercial Code of Korea in 1991 and 2007, some provisions for the regulation of Time Charterparty have been introduced into our own maritime law system. But those provisions are in their nature mainly the reproduction of the provisions prescribed in the standard forms of time charterparty which are widely used, such as BALTIME Charter and NYPE Form, and the subject matters of their regulation are restrictive, so that applicability of provisions is not desirable. The cargo is lost or damaged, the cargo owner should seek compensation form, or sue, the carrier as, traditionally, under the COGSA, the cargo carrier is responsible for loss of damage of cargo. However, it is difficult to determine who is the responsible carrier under charters. There is on test to determine the carrier, but the courts in every country generally consider the bill of lading. Although the master has general authority to sign bills of lading on behalf of the shipowner, he can also sign bills of lading for, and on behalf of, the charterer. In this case, the charter is considered the carrier. Furthermore, the charterer is authorized to contract with third parties on behalf of the shipowner and, as such, the responsible carrier is the shipowner. Therefore, when determining the carrier we should examine carefully the all factors and the circumsrances surrounding the case. Also, negligence of a captain of a time-chartered ship causing damages to a third party. It will analyze the legal character of a time-chartered ship causing damages to a third party. It will analyze the legal character of a time charter contract, review judicial precedents on time-charter. The Inter-Club Agreement was drawn up and is intended to be a shomwhat easier way of allocating liability for cargo claims between owners and charterers and, although there is still scope for disputes to arise, the Inter-Club Agreement does in fact to some extent make the allocation if liabilities for cargo claims easier. Finally, it will also make legislative suggestions to resolve complex issues involving maritime transportation contracts under the current Commercial Code.

국제복합운송에서 로테르담규칙 적용에 따른 문제점에 관한 연구

신학승(Hak-Sung Shin),김동윤(Dong-Yoon Kim) 한국무역연구원 2016 무역연구 Vol.12 No.2

The Rotterdam Rules support multimodal carriage. Interalia, Rotterdam Rule Art.26 and Art.82 have been supporting many different International Transportation Rules, in other words, multimodal carriage. A contract for the multimodal carriage of goods contains an undertaking by a multimodal transport operator to perform carriage of goods by at least two different modes of transport from the place where the goods are taken in charge to a place designated for delivery. This study examined the issues between international transportation rules and Art.26 and Art.82 of the Rotterdam Rules. The multimodal regime in the Rotterdam Rules has consistently been described as a limited network system. Rotterdam Rule Art.26 sets out to overrule any other applicable legal regime as much as possible without actually entering into conflict with each international rule. Rotterdam Rule Art. 82 operates when the other regime claims applicability to the same subject matter.

정기선 운송에서 컨테이너 제공에 따른 감항 의무에 관한 연구

신학승(Hak Sung Shin),이양기(Yang Kee Lee),김동윤(Dong Yoon Kim) 한국무역연구원 2015 무역연구 Vol.11 No.2

For the maritime transport, represented by the Hague-Visby Rules, the carrier is under an overriding obligation to provide a seaworthy vessel before and at the beginning of the sea voyage. Hague-Visby Rules do not include correctly definition of container as new equipment for transport regime. Some containers are owned by shipper. But, most containers are owned or leased by carriers. Thus, through of the International Carriage by Sea Act, we would investigate that the container as a part of the ship or dealt with the part of the goods' package. Furthermore, suggest that how can divided each parties' duty concerned with seaworthiness obligation on container and the duty allocation can be specifically made. By analyzing precedent research, defined the definition and scope of seaworthiness for the each parties' duty. After then, survey of the container cases, it was concluded by the Supreme Court of Netherlands and France. There are no specific articles concerned with responsibility for container seaworthiness. Through the cases analyzing, we suggests who is the container provider and the what is the provider's duty and how container seaworthiness can be applied relative to international transport law. So, this research establishes solutions and the necessity of the united criteria for the articles to container seaworthiness and legally question of container under the Hague-Visby Rules.

정기용선계약에서 선박 및 선장에 대한 용선자 지시의 범위와 해석에 관한 연구

신학승(Hak-Sung Shin),이양기(Yang-Kee Lee) 한국무역학회 2014 貿易學會誌 Vol.39 No.1

전자무역계약에서의 준거법 결정 요인에 관한 연구

신학승(Hak Sung Shin),김동윤(Dong Yoon Kim) 한국무역연구원 2014 무역연구 Vol.10 No.6

Many contracts are now made to some extent electronically, and this can only increase in the future. These electronic contracts are made between a person and an electronic agent. To understand applicant law in electronic trade, we need to begin by asking what contract law governs electronic contracts dealing with information as the subject matter. The first concerns what applicable law governs the contract. The issues here involve traditional choice of law or conflicts of law questions. Since many electronic contracts for information assets occur online, the choice of law questions are often made difficult by the capability of online systems to function independent of geographic boundaries that traditionally defined the scope of a given country or state s law. The second dimension of the question asks which body of contract law within a jurisdiction governs the transaction. While contract law is at least within a given jurisdiction, the reality is that both in common law and in statutory or regulatory dimensions of law, numerous sub-fields of contract law exist with their assumptions about applicable law, and other important issues. This article offer to some guidance to resolve in applicable law conflict to make contract on electronic trade.

권리포기 선하증권의 법적 해석과 실무적 사용에 관한 고찰

신학승(Hak-Sung Shin),김동윤(Dong-Yoon Kim) 한국무역연구원 2021 무역연구 Vol.17 No.5

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to compare and analyze the Bill of Lading, Surrendered B/L and Sea Waybill. Through this, it will examine that the use of SeaWaybill is better than the use of anomalous Surrendered B/L. Design/Methodology/Approach - This review based on literatures and survey reports of the Bill of Lading and Surrendered B/L, Sea Way bill. Findings - This study reviewed the legal problems and practical use of Surrender Bill of Lading. Review why Surrender bills of lading are used in practical shipping practices. Through this, Surrendered B/L’s practical and legal problems are identified. It also allows us to find a better way for practical use. In addition, we compare the international rules SeaWaybill and Surrendered B/L. Then, find out why the use of SeaWaybill is more justified than Surrendered B/L. Research Implications - Surrender bill of lading is an anomalous practice. Identify the legal characteristics of bills of lading and identify problems with Surrender bills of lading. As an alternative method, check the legitimacy of the sea waybill.

전자무역거래 활성화를 위한 eUCP개정 방향에 관한 연구

김동윤(Dong-Yoon Kim),신학승(Hak-Sung Shin) 한국무역연구원 2018 무역연구 Vol.14 No.1

While the portion of usage in trade transactions is decreasing, L/C is still one of the important payment methods. In order to activate letter of credit transactions, the use of electronic letters of credit is indispensable, which has to be accompanied by the revision of eUCP. The revision of the eUCP rules should make the e-L/C transaction process easier and simpler, but it should focus on protecting the interests of the trading partners. In this regard, the most important part of eUCP is the format and presentation of electronic records. Therefore, it is very important to review the revision directions of e4, e5 and e11 among the eUCP, which is likely to be revised in the revision process of UCP600 currently being discussed. It is important that revisions of the eUCP rules are made to ensure reliable stability while at the same time making it easier to apply in the transaction process, which is important to better protect the parties involved in the transaction process.

해양 온실 가스 규제 동향에 따른 항만 및 해운 기업의 대응 방안에 관한 연구

김동윤(Dong-Yoon Kim),신학승(Hak-Sung Shin) 한국무역연구원 2019 무역연구 Vol.15 No.1

Maritime transport such as ships have an indispensable role in trading. Due to the growth in population and new demands of economies, there is all the more a need for shipping. Therefore, shipping volume growth increase the likelihood of emission problems and harmful effects to the environment. The aim of this study is to investigate the current systems, status, plans and trends over time in the environmental performance of shipping companies and port authorities. The research is based on the green system from the IMO and EU on issues related to their environmental plan, greenhouse gas emissions and current environmental monitoring and applicable regulations. This study updates previous environmental reviews and several environmental systems, so that the trends over time are drawn. So we investigate the several green&emission systems for emission gases and example of the using by shipping companies and port authorities. Moreover, we review a countermeasure for emission gas systems to ensure efficient, accurate and safe operations of such systems. This research contributes to the extant literature by comparatively investigating each type of green system for emissions of CO2, NOx, SOx and providing each system’s advantages and benefit for the use of shipping companies and port authorities.

환경선박지수(ESI)의 도입에 따른 항만 및해운선사의 기대효과와 대응방안

이진희(Jin-Hee Lee),신학승(Hak-Sung Shin) 한국국제상학회 2017 國際商學 Vol.32 No.4

항만은 국제무역과 투자를 증진시키며 도시화를 촉진시키면서 도시에서 중요한 위치적 요인이 되어 왔다. 항만도시는 항만활동과 지역경제 특히 항만과 투자와 고용과의 관계를더 잘 이해할 필요가 있다. 수출입을 촉진하면서 지역경제를 활성화시키는 데 중요한 역할을 하는 항만은 국가경제 정책에서 최우선 과제로 간주되었는데 이는 특히 한국, 일본, 대만 등과 같은 수출주 도형 경제개발을 추진하는 국가에서 더욱 중요하게 다루어져 왔다. 본 연구는 한국, 중국, 일본과 같은 동북아 국가에서 항만이 지역경제 특히 고용에 어떤 영향을 미치는 가를 분석하는 데 있다. 또한 본 연구는 물류산업의 입지계수 또는 특화수준이 한･중･일 3국간에 차이가 있는지, 항만도시와 비항만도시간에 차이가 있는지, 그리고 항만물동량 기준의 대형항만과 소형항만 도시간에 특화수준이 차이가 있는지를 분석한다. 본 연구에서는 일원배치 분산분석(ANOVA), t-검정, 회귀분석법을 활용하여 항만과 도시경제의 고용집중도와의 관계를 분석하여 물류산업 특화수준을 결정하는 요인을 규명하 고자 한다. 분석결과 항만을 포함한 물류산업의 입지계수와 제조업간에 정의 관계를 가지고 있지만 물류산업의 고용면에서 항만도시는 비항만 도시에 비해 커다란 장점을 나타내고 있지 못하며, 추가적으로 항만도시의 고용 수준은 항만 요인보다는 도시 특성에 더 많은 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. Purpose : In this study the existing environmental pollution prevention measures related to marine and port environmental standards are examined, and future marine environmental systems are presented. Ports and shipping companies around the world are trying to apply various environmental standards in a big framework of green shipping. Research design, data, methodology : This paper uses the literature research and policy report and article analyzes as to the problems and possible solutions for implementation of environment shipping and port policy. Result : The ESI(Environmental Ship Index) system of IAPH is a preemptive countermeasure to induce voluntary participation and enforcement of pre-emptive environmental regulations. Since the international trends related to environmental regulation will be strengthened in the future, it is aimed to induce the active participation of the prefecture in the new environmental regulation through the introduction of this system. Conclusions : This study analyzes the ESI system as a suitable method for protecting the marine environment. The introduction of the ESI system will help both shipping companies actively participate in the implementation of environmental friendly port policies.

보증신용장거래에서 지급 청구를 위한 서류요건 강화방안에 대한 연구

김동윤(Dong-Yoon Kim),신학승(Hak-Sung Shin) 한국무역연구원 2021 무역연구 Vol.17 No.1

Purpose This paper, we examined the problems of the default statement in the process of demand the payment of the standby letter of credit and would like to suggest ways to strengthen the documentary requirements of the default statement and utilize the third party. Design/Methodology/Approach We will focus on the literature study on the understanding of the basic transaction process for standby L/C transactions and the problems associated with default statements made by beneficiaries, which are the most important part of the demand process. Based on the problems related to the documents requested for payment, it is intended to consider ways to strengthen the requirements of documents, and to present the problems and risk avoidance measures that each party may face in the use of the standby letter of credit. Findings As a result of the this study, The problems of the default statement in the process of claiming payment of the standby letter of credit were examined, and for this purpose, measures were proposed to strengthen the documentary requirements of the default statement and utilize third parties. Research Implications We need to be made to supplement these issues to further activate future guaranteed L/C transactions. Discussions should be made so that institutional mechanisms can be prepared to protect parties participating in the transaction.