사이버 안보와 하이브리드 위협에 대비한 국가전략 : 글로벌 인터넷 거버넌스 시각으로

송재익(Jae-Ik Song) 한양대학교 유럽-아프리카연구소 2022 글로벌 거버넌스와 문화 Vol.2 No.1

국제사회는 컴퓨터와 인터넷 발전으로 디지털 전환을 추구하며 정부, 기업, 가정들이 디지털화되고 있다. 특히 4차 산업혁명기술인 인공지능, 빅데이타, 클라우드, 사물인터넷, 모바일폰 등의 발전은 사이버 공격에 취약점을 노출시켜 사이버 보안의 필요성이 더욱 대두되고 있다. 국제사회는 코로나-19 팬데믹으로 기업들이 원격근무로 인터넷 사용이 급증하면서 사이버 공격의 대상이 되고 있다. 사이버 공격은 사이버 범죄를 넘어 사이버 테러 및 사이버 전쟁 수준에 이르고 있다. 한국에서는 2011년에 디도스공격, 2012년에는 APT공격으로 일부 정부, 금융 및 언론사의 내부망이 잠시 마비되었다. 2013년 6월 25일에는 주요 정부기관의 웹페이지 변조가 발생되기도 하였는데, 이는 사이버 공격이 국가의 혼란을 목적으로 하는 사이버 테러 수준이었다. 특히 러시아는 2008년 조지아 공격, 2014년 크림반도 합병, 그리고 현재 진행 중인 우크라이나 무력 침공에 사이버 공격을 실시하였다. 이처럼 최근 국제분쟁은 무력전에 사이버전, 여론전, 심리전이 혼합된 하이브리드전 양상을 띤다. 그러므로 사이버 위협에 대응하기 위한 국가전략은 국내의 정부기관, 군 조직만이 아니라 기업, 연구기관, 시민단체, 개인까지를 아우르는 글로벌 인터넷 거버넌스가 요구된다. The international community is pursuing digital transformation with the development of computers and the Internet, therefore governments, companies, and families are being digitalized. In particular, the development of artificial intelligence, big data, cloud, Internet of Things, and mobile phones, which are technologies of the 4th industrial revolution, exposes vulnerabilities in cyber attacks, raising the need for cyber security. The international community is subject to cyber attacks as Internet use has soared with the accelerated remote work due to the pandemic and the transition of government agencies and companies to the computing cloud. Cyber attacks are going beyond cyber crime and reaching the level of cyber terrorism and cyber warfare. In Korea, the internal networks of banks and newspapers were briefly paralyzed by the DDoS attack in 2011 and the APT attack in 2012. Especially web pages of major government agencies were tampered with due to cyber attacks on June 25, 2013. This was the level of cyber terrorism at which cyber attacks were aimed at national confusion. In particular, Russia conducted cyber attacks on Georgia in 2008, annexation of Crimea in 2014, and ongoing military invasion of Ukraine. As such, recent international disputes take on the aspect of hybrid warfare that combines cyber attacks, public opinion, and psychological warfare in armed warfare. Therefore, the national strategy for responding to cyber threats requires global Internet governance that encompasses not only domestic government agencies and military organizations, but also companies, research institutes, NGOs and individuals.

중견국 한국의 유엔 평화유지활동(PKO) 강화방안: 유엔의 국제평화활동 변화를 중심으로

송재익 ( Jae Ik Song ) 미래군사학회 2016 한국군사학논총 Vol.5 No.1

Since the inception of the United Nations in 1945, the UN Peacekeeping Operation (PKO) has contributed to preventing and managing violent conflicts between and within States and supporting national actors in protecting and building peace after conflict UN PKO had been under an intense restrictions during the US-USSH Cold War system But in Post-Cold War era, what have emerged on the horizon were diverse conflicts such as, racial violence, cultural and religious clash or civil war within nation, to name a few. In this connection, the scope of the UN PKO has increased along with changing environments in international community. Especially in accordance with rapid changes in global society, the UN added the options of peace making, peace enforcement and peace building, as well as the traditional form of PKO. Korea has achieved the remarkable growth in industry and democratization Since Korea dispatched PKO to Somalia in 1003 for the first time in history, currently our country participated in 7 PKO mission groups with 638 members. Now that Korea has become a nation of middle power, it is worthwhile to review the scale and type of our participation in the PKO. For this purpose, we have to take into consideration wide-range factors, including the UN as international organization, ROK``s national capacity middle power and unification of the Korean Peninsula. It is the time that we have to lay out new vision and strategy for ROK``s role in the UN PKG. The UN is not merely sending peacekeeping forces abroad, but protecting human rights as universal value and contributing international peace and security. In order to elevate and broaden ROK`s participation to the UN PKO, first and foremost, we need In have a paradigm shift into the belief that it is the most desirable way of contributing to international peace and stability. Second, the scope of ROK `` s participation to the UN PKO needs to be expanded to peace making, peace enforcement and peace building, and at the same time to involve not only uniformed soldiers but also meaningful number of police forces, ordinary citizens and women. Third, we have to proactively join peace enforcement operation as well. Forth, MND``s PKO center needs to be enlarged to government-wide organization Fifth, we must establish a ``Stand-by High Readiness Division`` in preparation for protecting people on the North Korea at times of emergencies or contingencies

한국군 합동 사이버작전 강화방안 연구

송재익(Song, Jae-Ik) 한국군사문제연구원 2017 한국군사 Vol.2 No.-

현대 전장은 지상, 해상, 공중의 3차원 공간에서 우주 및 사이버공간까지 확장되었다. 21세기는 4세대 전쟁방식으로 사이버전을 기반으로 하는 전쟁이 전개될 것으로 예상하고 있다. 현재 한반도는 사이버전이 진행 중에 있다. 북한은 사이버전의 중요성을 인식하여 비대칭 전력으로 사이버전 능력을 강화하여 왔다. 특히 2013년에 3.20 및 6.25 사이버테러를 감행하여 우리 언론사 및 금융회사의 전산망을 무력화시켰다. 2014년에는 한국수력원자력의 원전 도면과 2016년에는 국방통합데이터센터(DIDC)를 해킹하여 군사기밀 문서까지 유출되었다. 북한은 한국 사회기반 및 국방정보통신 체계에 대한 무력화를 집요하게 시도하고 있다. 북한의 사이버 위협에 대비하여 사이버전에 대한 인식이 아직 미흡하다. 우리군은 합동작전 하에서 사이버작전을 발전시킬 필요가 있다. 먼저 군은 적의 사이버공격에 대해 효과적인 사이버작전을 위해 인식의 대전환이 요구된다. 따라서 본 연구는 한국군의 사이버전 현상을 진단하여 합동작전과 연계한 합동 사이버작전 수행개념, 사이버작전 조직 및 운영 체계를 강화하는 방안을 제시하였다. Contemporary Battlefield has been expanded to multi-dimensions in ground, sea, air, airspace and cyberspace. Development of Information Communication Technology (ICT) has increased battlefield control domains and a possibility of cyber warfare. Since cyber warfare is executed by asymmetric method of conducting war, it has difficulty in understanding an attacking agent. Cyber experts expect that cyber warfare is now referred to as fourth generation war in the 21st century. North Korea has developed cyber warfare capabilities after recognizing the importance of cyber warfare since 2000. In fact, North Korea"s DDoS attacks in 2009 and 2011 as well as 3.20 and 6.25 cyber terror in 2013 neutralized our mass media service and finance company. Additionally, North Korea, in 2014, hacked Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power (KHNP) and stole a nuclear plan and in 2016, broke into the Defense Integrated Data Center (DIDC) and took out classified military documents. The ROK forces" awareness about cyber warfare is insufficient. The ROK forces have established Cyber Command in the Ministry of National Defense (MND) and Department of Cyber Operations in the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS). But the ROK forces think that their functions are to provide operational support for cyber operations, and that communications and computer personnel only conduct cyber operations. The ROK forces must work on ensuring the implementation of cyber security at the national level to defense against North Korea cyber threats. First of all, we have to change our thinking about cyber operations. We also must conduct cyber operations in the joint operations system. The ROK forces need to build a joint cyber operations system. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the present situation of the ROK forces" cyber operations and seek course of actions to enhance our joint cyber operations.

고전문학교육에서 ‘재미, 흥미, 관심’의 문제

송재익 ( Song Jae-ik ) 한국고전문학교육학회 2024 고전문학과 교육 Vol.55 No.-

이 글은 고전문학교육에서 재미, 흥미, 관심이 왜 중요하고, 고전문학이 재미, 흥미, 관심을 끌 수 있는지 살펴본 다음, 고전문학에 재미, 흥미, 관심이 생기게 하려면 어떻게 해야 하는지 따져본 글이다. 재미, 흥미, 관심은 그 속뜻이 조금 다르기는 하지만 어떤 무엇에 푹 빠져 그것과 내가 하나가 될 정도로 집중하고 열중하게 된다는 점에서 뜻이 겹치는 말이다. 재미, 흥미, 관심이 생기면 ‘흐름(flow)’을 경험할 수 있다. 그리고 스스로 기꺼이 참여할 때 재미, 흥미, 관심이 생긴다. 남이 시켜서 억지로 하는 일에는 재미, 흥미, 관심이 생기지 않는다. 그렇다고 할 때, 고전문학에 재미, 흥미, 관심이 생겨야 고전문학을 배우고 공부하는 일에 빠져들게 된다. 한편 고전문학은 재미나 흥미를 느낄 수 있는 매력이 있기도 하지만 약점과 한계도 많이 가지고 있다. 따라서 학생들의 재미, 흥미, 관심을 끌 만한 여러 밑감을 찾고 캐내야 한다. 그리고 직접 흥미가 없으면 간접 흥미를 느끼게 해 주어야 한다. 또 학생들의 수준에 맞는 내용을 다루어야 한다. 또한 고전문학을 자신의 흥미나 관심의 폭을 넓히는 수단으로 삼아야 한다. This article examines why fun, interest, and concern are important in education on classical literature; whether classical literature can arouse fun, interest, and concern; and what should be done to make students feel fun and interested in classical literature. Fun, interest, and concern are words that have slightly different meanings but overlap in meaning, in that they involve immersion in something―a focus on and devotion to it to the extent that they become one with it. We can experience “flow” when we feel that something is fun and interesting, and when people are willing to participate, fun and interest emerge. There is no fun or interest in doing things that are forced upon us by others. In this case, fun and interest in classical literature must be aroused for the student to fall in love with learning and studying classical literature. On the other hand, classical literature has charms that can arouse students’ feelings of fun and interest, but it also has many weaknesses and limitations. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the various sources that arouse students’ fun and interest, and if there is no direct interest, we should make the participants feel an indirect interest. In addition, the content should be tailored to students’ levels. Classical literature should be used as a means of broadening one’s interest.

미래 육군 제대별 임무와 역할, 적정 지휘폭 정립 연구 - 육군구조 및 편성을 중심으로 -

송재익 ( Song Jae Ik ) 한국군사학회 2023 군사논단 Vol.116 No.-

The 75th anniversary army is at an inflection point Unlike simple turning points, the inflection point can be changed by RMA(Revolution in Military Affairs) of the army depending on how members of the military organization change and innovate. Currently, the global village has been at war Russia-Ukraine and Israel-Hamas, a Palestinian militant group, As such, the world is constantly conflicted. Since its establishment, the army’s unit is structured and organized based on the triangular organization. In 2018,the Army recognizes each soldier as a Warrior Platform and is developing the discharge below the brigade into an Army TIGER(Transformative Innovation Ground Forces Enhanced by the 4th Industrial Revolution Technology) System. At this point, it is necessary for the Army to consider whether to maintain the organization of mobile, intelligent, and networked units as a triangular organization, or not. In this study, the triangular organization was reviewed for a more combat-efficient future army echelon structure in consideration of the US Army MDO (Multi Domain Operation) accepted by the Army and the unit organization of the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war in Big Picture. In the direction of establishing command relationship and span of command for MDO, units above the corps level will integrate physical and non-physical operations, and those below the division level will focus on physical operations(conventional operations), also, the flexibility of command relationship and span of command can be guaranteed by performing division-centered operations. It is to form a module-based Lego-type unit that can respond quickly according to the mission and situation. But below the infantry battalion level was maintained by the current triangular organization to maintain the combat efficiency of the discharged troops performing direct combat.

건전한 민군관계 속의 국민으로부터 한국군의 신뢰 회복 방안

송재익 ( Song Jae-ik ) 한국군사학회 2018 군사논단 Vol.94 No.-

National Security is changing in 21 century. Social change is expanding the concept of national security to politic·culture security, military security, economy security, and resources·environment security. However, the last fortress of national security is military security. Why is civil-military now? we often say military strategy, military operation, defense budgets and ROK-US alliance for national security but aren't interested in civil-military relations. Military cannot conduct and win without supports of national people in contemporary war. Civil-military relations are a important component part by a system in military security. Types of civil-military relations are divided Praetorianism Model, Garrison State Model, Nation in Arms Model, Democratic State Model as consideration of civilian control. Now, Korea is entering a advanced democratic state after accomplishing industrialization and democratization. And sound civil-military relations is a precondition in contemporary national security. Now, in Korean society, civil and military group are not opposed to each other but are inter-dependence relation, military has to be oriented to the military professionalism as taking charge of military function for social development. Therefore first of all, Korean society has to make a restoration of a sound civil-military relations. For this, the first, military must enhance the military professionalism, prepare war and win at war in case of emergence. The second, military has to restore the responsibility and the ethics of military profession. The third, military is to carry out the devotion and loyalty toward our country. However, people say peace, at least military prepare for war at worst

징비록과 간양록을 통해서 본 임진왜란과 정유재란 조선의 군사전략과 전술

송재익 ( Song¸ Jae Ik ) 한국군사학회 2021 군사논단 Vol.108 No.-

On watching KBS drama ‘Jing Bi Lok’ in 2015, I arise to read 《Jing Bi Lok》(written by You Sung Yong) in mind, and then have read 《Gan Yang Lok》(written by Kang Hang). Two books were written on our national suffering history in 1st and 2nd Chosun-Japanese War (1592-1598) I knew international politics of North East Asia about the end of 16 century, and strategy and tactics, political leadership, weapon system of Chosun Dynasty. Through reading 《Jing Bi Lok》and 《Gan Yang Lok》on 1st and 2nd Chosun-Japanese War, I made history view new, and happened to know a deep meaning on national and security view. Lesson learn and suggestions to give contemporary ours through 《Jing Bi Lok》and 《Gan Yang Lok》are as follows. After we find a exact change of international politics in North East Asia, we have to establish and conduct a national security strategy and military strategy. Present Korea is not of Chosun of 16 century. As a smart dolphin beyond a hedgehog, Korea have to prepare the future, developing and enforcing education training and doctrine on combined operations and joint operations, and go abreast developing weapon system and spirit power. For achieving the Unity of Korea, we have to a changed idea on prisoner and we need to change the paradigm especially for North Korean People and a prisoner of Korean Peoples Army during Stability Operations.

한미동맹과 한국군의 작전통제권 변동요인 연구 -국제정치와 국내정치의 연계를 중심으로

송재익 ( Jae Ik Song ) 한국군사학회 2009 군사논단 Vol.60 No.-

21세기 동북아 국제질서 변화와 한국안보전략 방향 연구 - 마키아벨리의 시각을 중심으로-

송재익 ( Song Jae-ik ) 한국군사학회 2020 군사논단 Vol.103 No.-

Modern political philosopher wrote on The Prince and The Discourses on Livy of Niccolo Machiavelli. We usually think negative machiavellism to gain political power only in The Prince. We know Machiavelli’s life, understand political power status in his birth Firenze and international political situation of those days in Europe. and then if we read the motive of writing The Prince and The Discourses, we find out that machiavelli insisted not to gain power only but to say political leader leadership for Firenze’s survival and the unification of Italy. So, I study the political situation of Italian Peninsular and Europe’s international political order in 15 and 16 century by Machiavelli’s viewpoint, and grasp the reason which wasn’t unified in Italian peninsula and Firenze was perished by external power. and I study the international political situation of North-East Asia as centralizing Korean Peninsula in the end of 19 century through the beginning of 20 century, analyze the reason which Chosun Dynasty was colonized by Japan empire. I tried to take learned lessons and suggestions through Machiavelli’s thought. The North-East Asia in 21 century is being threatened by North Korea’s nuclear test and ICBM launching in regional and world security. Sino-Japanese hegemony competition is deepening, furthermore U.S.A-China is showing a confronting aspect than a cooperation recently. North-East international order is changing by forming Perfect Storm. Therefore this study suggested the Korean security direction to survive and prosper in changing North-East Asia international political order of 21 century through Machiavelli’s viewpoint.

청일전쟁 및 제1차 세계대전 기원과 21세기 동아태ᆞ한반도 분쟁에의 시사점

송재익 ( Song Jae-ik ) 한국군사학회 2019 군사논단 Vol.97 No.-

North Korea had 6th Nuclear Test and Hwasung-15 ICBM launching, then declared 'Nuclear Weapon Accomplishment'. And there were words of 2th Korean War, 3th World War and Nuclear War. But in 2018, there were three time South-North summit talks and one time U.S.-N.K. Summit Talks with PyeongChang Winter Olympic Games. And then Korean Peninsula was started to be made to peace mode. At the same we expected N.K. denuclearization and pease regime of Korean Peninsula. On the other hand, war is not a devil but a phenomenon of international society, so we must understand and manage a nature of war. So, Korean Forces always have to prepare war in peace atmosphere. First, this paper made a framework for analysis formed by 3 Images of Kenneth Waltz and 3 Viewpoints of Joseph Nye, Jr. That is are international system, national system and political leader individual personality as 3 viewpoints. Next, this paper analyzed the Origins of war of the Sino-Japanese War and 1th World War. And this paper analyzed Sion-Japanese and 1th World War comparatively, so studied a Implication and a suggestion in East Asia-Pacific Region and Korean Peninsular. In conclusion, Korean society oriented pease, at least military have to provide against War. That is a responsibility and a duty of military.