자율주행자동차 상용화에 대비한 영국과 독일 법령의 동향

송기복 ( Song Gi Bok ) 한국경찰법학회 2020 경찰법연구 Vol.18 No.3

Development of self-driving cars is being competitively carried out in major developed countries. Korea is also pushing ahead with the "Roadmap for Pre-emptive Regulatory Reform in the Self-driving Vehicle Sector" announced in 2018. The convenience that self-driving cars bring is highly anticipated in society. Along with the commercialization of self-driving, however, the reduction of drivers' roles, avoidance of danger, concept of negligence targeting conventional drivers, and methods of rescuing victims will change. In the midst of these changes, we wanted to find the direction of the laws related to autonomous vehicles in Korea by looking at the British and German statutes that preemptively respond to the commercialization of autonomous vehicles. First of all, both Britain and Germany are paid in insurance for the relief of the victims, and the manufacturer's responsibilities remain unchanged. However, there is a possibility that the German Road Traffic Act will affect the determination of defects in traditional manufacturing responsibilities. Therefore, the effects and methods will change depending on how much regulation is specified in detail. Furthermore, for safety reasons, vehicles will have connectivity through communication with the operating environment. The impact of this connectivity on manufacturers' liability is a reference to Germany's manufacturing obligation. Vehicles that are likely to suffer damage have an active duty to monitor their products. However, there is a problem of how to monitor it, but there is a possibility that such a problem will be solved if the connection is established. Meanwhile, the AEV Act provides for the reduction of liability for insurance companies if the insured neglects important safety updates. However, if safety-critical updates are required, there is no provision for manufacturers' liability and after the distribution of vehicles, it becomes a matter of general illegal activity, not the manufacturer's liability. Further consideration will be required because the exchange and recovery of the hardware face and the exchange and recovery of the software face cannot be the same. Also, given the equitable sharing of damages with victims, problems arise if there is no problem with the vehicle, such as German legislation, but in the case of British legislation, the driver's presence is not necessarily assumed. Therefore, treating vehicle movements like the UK's AEV Act as negligence will require further discussion of what the 'fault criteria' should be to address these issues. In this school, we wanted to help the revision of the Act on Self-driving Cars in Korea, although it is insufficient, by examining the UK and Germany's laws on self-driving cars that can support them institutionally along with the evolving self-driving technology.

AI의 상용화와 개인정보 보호에 관한 논의 : 화상 데이터와 프로파일링을 중심으로

송기복(Song, Gi-Bok),이제광(Lee, Je-Kwang) 한국경호경비학회 2020 시큐리티연구 Vol.- No.65

개인에 관한 데이터(Personal Data)는 사물인터넷(Internet of Things)과 네크워크화된 기기에 의해서 빠르게 축적되고 재해석 된다. 이러한 데이터는 의료·금융·산업·서비스 분야 등에서 유용하게 활용되고 있다. 더욱이 고성능 센서기기로 수집되는 개인에 관한 데이터는 다양한 분야에서 가치를 창출하고 활용될 것으로 기대하고 있다. 그러나 다른 한편으로 개인에 관한 데이터의 무분별한 수집과 제공으로 프라이버시 침해나 당사자가 원하지 않는데도 데이터가 가공·이용되는 것에 대한 우려가 존재한다. 인공 지능(AI) 기술의 발전으로 수집된 데이터의 활용 가치와 중요도는 증가하나, 기술의 발전과 더불어 예상하지 못한 프라이버시(Privacy)에 대한 부당한 침해로 연결될 수 있다. 이러한 개인에 관한 데이터의 문제점을 해결하기 위해서 다음과 같이 개선방안을 제시하였다. 첫째는 개인정보 보호 관련 법제를 정비하여 개인정보의 범위와 종류를 세분화하고, 명확하게 규정하는 등 철저한 관리가 필요하다는 점이다. 둘째는 사물인터넷, 빅데이터(Big Data) 등 새로운 분야의 성장과 더불어 개인정보를 효율적으로 활용, 관리할 수 있는 시스 템의 정비와 인공지능(AI)이 화상 데이터를 인식하여 수집·처리·보존·활용하는 절차와 규제를 위한 법제화가 필요하다는 점이다. 셋째는 화상 데이터(Image Data)는 얼굴 인증데이터(Face Authentication Data), 속성 데이터(Attribute Data), 카운트 데이트(Count Data) 등복합적인 데이터를 포함하고 있으므로 각 유형별로 구분이 필요하다. 본고에서는 AI의 상용화에 따른 ｢개인정보 보호법｣상 개인정보의 개념과 화상 데이터를 포함한 개인정보의 이용, AI에 의한 프로파일링과 프라이버시 보호를 위한 논의를 하였다. Personal data is quickly accumulated and reinterpreted by the Internet of Things and networked devices. Data on these individuals are usefully used in medical, financial, industrial and service sectors. Furthermore, personal data collected by high-performance sensor devices is expected to generate and utilize value in various fields. On the other hand, however, there are concerns about indiscriminate collection and provision of personal data, such as privacy breaches or the processing and utilization of data even though the parties do not want it. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology increases the value and importance of the utilization of the collected data, but with the development of technology, it can lead to an unjust violation of unexpected privacy. To address these individual data problems, the following improvement measures were proposed: The first is that thorough management is needed, such as rearranging the scope and type of personal information by overhauling the legislation related to the protection of personal information. Second, along with the growth of new fields such as the Internet of Things and Big Data, it is necessary to overhaul systems that can efficiently utilize and manage personal information, and to legislate for procedures and regulations for collecting, processing, preserving, and utilizing video data. Third, Image Data contains complex data such as Face Authentication Data, Attribute Data, and Count Data, so it needs to be distinguished for each type. In addition to the scope of personal information under the Personal Information Protection Act, we discussed the use of personal information, including video data, freedom of decision-making by AI, and prevention of privacy infringement.

자율주행자동차와 긴급피난에 관한 논의

송기복(Song, Gi-Bok),정용기(Chung, Yong-Ki) 한국안보형사법학회 2018 안보형사법연구 Vol.2 No.1

4차 산업혁명 시대에서 자동차산업의 발달은 사람이 자동차를 통제하면서 운전하는 방법에서 벗어나 빅데이터, 사물인터넷, 인공지능 알고리즘 등과 결합되어 자동차가 스스로 주변 환경과 교통상황 등을 판단하여 운행하는 자율주행자동차 시대로 변화하고 있다. 자율주행자동차의 상용화와 더불어 발생할 수 있는 자율주행자동차의 교통사고에 대한 형법 등 관련법률의 해석과 적용에 새로운 접근이 필요하다. 자동차의 운행 중에 운전자가 자신의 생명을 보호하기 위해 타인의 생명·신체에 대한 법익을 침해할 수밖에 없는 상황에서 운전자는 어떠한 선택을 하게 된다. 이러한 선택에 대해서는 정당화적 긴급피난, 면책적 긴급피난, 부작위범의 특수한 형태의 법리가 적용될 수 있을 것이다. 특히 본고에서는 따라서 긴급피난의 법리가 자율주행자동차 운전자, 자율주행자동차 제조사, 자율주행자동차의 프로그래밍 등에 적용이 가능한지에 대하여 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 자율주행자동차 운전자에 대하여 실재로 자동차를 작동시켜 도로교통에 이용하는 행위를 실행행위라고 가정하고 허용된 위험, 정당화적 긴급피난, 면책적 긴급피난의 적용 가능성에 대하여 검토한 결과, 허용된 위험의 원리는 자동차 운전자의 불가벌성의 근거로 볼 수 없고, 생명의 균형가능성이 부정되므로 긴급피난도 부정된다고 생각한다. 둘째, 자율주행자동차 제조사의 가벌성은 다른 교통참가자가 희생되도록 프로그래밍 되어 있는 경우에는 자동차를 작동시키는 시점에서 자동차 운전자에게 구성요건적 결과발생에 대한 고의 또는 과실의 여부에 따라 제조사의 가벌성은 운전자의 가벌성에 대응된다. 또한 교통참가자의 생명을 보호하기 위해 자동차 운전자의 생명을 침해하도록 프로그래밍 되어 있는 경우에는 과실에 의한 작위범의 성립가능성이 있다. 셋째, 자율주행자동차 제조사의 프로그래밍 행위에 대하여 긴급피난의 성립요건인‘위난의 현재성’은 정당방위의‘급박한 현재성’과 동일한 의미 또는 평행으로 이해하여‘위난의 현재성’이 인정되고, 피난의사를 인정할 수 있다. 상당한 이유(보충성)에 대해서는 제3자를 희생시켜 운전자의 생명을 보호하는 것이 유일한 수단인 경우 보충성을 인정할 수 있다고 할 것이다. In the 4th Industrial Revolution era, the development of the automobile industry is changing from a method in which a person controls a car to driving to an autonomous driving car age in which Big data, Internet of objects, AI algorithms, etc. are combined operate themselves by judging their surroundings and traffic conditions. A new approach is needed to interpret and apply relevant laws such as the Criminal Law on autonomous driving car that can occur along with the commercialization of autonomous driving car. A driver will have to make a choice in a situation where he has to violate the legitimate interests of others lives and bodies in order to protect their own lives while driving a car. A driver will have to make a choice in a situation where he has to violate the legitimate interests of others lives and bodies in order to protect his life while driving a car. For this choice, a special form of law such as a justified emergency evacuation, emergency evacuation exempted from responsibility, and crime of omission may be applied. Therefore, it has been examined whether this law of emergency evacuation can be applied to autonomous driving car users (passengers), autonomous driving car manufacturers, and the programming stages of autonomous driving car. First, for autonomous driving car users, as a result of assuming that the act of actually driving a car and using it for road traffic is an act of execution and examining the applicability of permitted risk, justified emergency evacuation, and emergency evacuation exempted from responsibility, emergency evacuation is also denied because the principle of permitted risk can not be seen as a basis for the non-penalty of car users and the possibility of life balance is denied. Second, the penalty of the autonomous driving car manufacturers corresponds to the that of users depending on the intent or negligence of the constituent outcome to the users of the vehicle at the time of operating the vehicle if another traffic participant is programmed to be sacrificed. In addition, if it is programmed to infringe the life of a car user in order to protect the life of a traffic participant, there is a possibility of commissive crime due to negligence. Third, regarding the programming behavior of autonomous driving car maker, the the present nature of disaster , which is the requirement of the emergency evacuation, is the same meaning or parallel as imminent currentness of self-defence so the present nature of disaster can be acknowledged, and the intention of evacuation can be recognized. For a substantial reason (supplements) supplementary nature would be acceptable if protecting the user s life at the expense of a third party is the only means.

자율주행 시대의 도래와 경찰의 과제

송기복 ( Song Gi Bok ) 한국경찰법학회 2021 경찰법연구 Vol.19 No.1

In order to respond to the age of artificial intelligence, companies are conducting macro trend analysis and conscious and organized response. It is time for the police to take measures to operate the police to adapt to changes in our society in the future. Especially in transportation administration, it is necessary to combine macro and micro perspectives. Although there was a limit to presenting in detail the vast tasks and points related to autonomous driving, the main school discussed the traffic police in preparation for the commercialization of autonomous vehicles. Based on this, we would like to present the following directions. First, it is necessary to establish a tight system so that self-driving cars with level 3 or higher can safely drive through revisions such as the Road Traffic Act, as well as legal and policy consideration to secure the safety of road traffic. First of all, the revision of the Road Traffic Act requires a provision that a driver of a motor vehicle equipped with a self-driving system shall not use it to drive a motor vehicle unless the conditions of use of the self-driving system are met. In addition, the revision of the Road Traffic Act requires exceptions to the application of a uniform ban on storage and maintenance of mobile phones, etc. when drivers use the self-driving system properly. However, if a driver uses a self-driving system while imposing a safety driving obligation on drivers who use the self-driving system properly, the duty of caution such as forward looking has been lifted, which will be a very heavy issue. Second, as a police officer, it is necessary to conduct research and development beyond the boundaries of each field under the function of various specialized institutions. In research and development, technologies needed to provide signal information should be established, and validity should be confirmed in empirical experiments linked to various businesses and local governments. Third, if a new form of demonstration is conducted before autonomous driving or the practical use of delivery services, the police will have to respond appropriately by establishing new standards for handling road permits. In addition, the police shall promote that the functions currently being practical for drivers, etc. through partnerships with related agencies are driving support technology based on the premise that the driver is responsible and safe driving is not fully autonomous. Amid the development and commercialization of technologies for autonomous driving, a response is required from the perspective of the attitude toward autonomous vehicles. The receptive attitude may be measured by the intention of using autonomous vehicles, the desirability, the pros and cons of the dissemination, etc. However, various cognitions or tests may be involved as a regulatory factor. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the recognition of performance defects, risks of accident or cyber attack due to malfunction, the recognition of benefits such as reduced traffic accidents, convenience, or improvement of comfort, and confidence in manufacturers and technologies. Finally, traffic management can collect already advanced information, so effective use of probe information in the private sector can contribute to the safety and diversification of traffic. The police need to respond in partnership with related ministries and businesses to make autonomous driving suitable for Korea's transportation environment practical early by further reviewing tasks related to road maps, technology development trends, and international discussions.

코로나19 방역 정책 관련 대국민 인식조사에 대한 연구

송기복(Gi-Bok Song) 마인드교육융합학회 2023 마인드 교육 Vol.2 No.2

자율주행자동차의 소프트웨어 고도화에 따른 법적 책임 -정보의 가용성ㆍ완전성ㆍ기밀성을 중심으로-

정용기 ( Chung Yong Ki ),송기복 ( Song Gi Bok ) 한국경찰학회 2020 한국경찰학회보 Vol.22 No.3

인공지능(AI)을 탑재한 자율주행자동차의 발전과 더불어 자동차소프트웨어도 진화하고 있다. 자율주행자동차는 소프트웨어와 네트워크를 필수적인 기반으로 하여 개인정보뿐만 아니라 날씨, 교통정보, 도로의 상황 등 주행에 필요한 정보의 수집ㆍ기록ㆍ분석 등 일련의 과정이 필요하므로 정보의 보호는 중요한 과제가 된다. 이와 함께 자율주행자동차의 운행과 관련하여 도로교통법에 의한 행정적 규제뿐만 아니라 형사 또는 민사 책임에 대한 법제도의 정비도 필요하다. 그동안 자율주행자동차 기술의 발전에 비해서 법제도에 대한 검토와 정비는 미미한 수준이었다. 이에 본고에서는 자율주행자동차의 운행에 따른 법제도의 정비 방향에 대한 논의를 본격적으로 시도하고자 하였다. 자율주행자동차의 완성도를 제고하려는 다양한 시도가 이루어지고 있다. 자율주행자동차는 도로에 설치된 교통 인프라와 소프트웨어가 삽입된 자율주행시스템 사이의 통신에 의해서 운전이 자동화되는 방식이 일반적이다. 이러한 자동화 방식의 핵심 요소인 소프트웨어는 고도의 정보처리시스템으로 정보의 수집과 축적, 가공 등과 같은 정보처리의 중요성이 증가하고 있다. 본고에서는 이러한 인식 하에서 자율주행 시스템에서 핵심적 기능을 수행하는 소프트웨어를 중심으로 정보의 가용성ㆍ완전성ㆍ기밀성의 관점에서 자율주행자동차의 운행과 관련된 기술적 권한과 시스템에 대한 책임, 운전자의 불법행위책임, 정보제공자의 책임, 사생활 보호를 위한 책임 등 다양한 형태의 책임을 검토하였다. 첫째, 정보의 가용성과 관련된 논점으로 제조물 책임, 민사책임, 「자동차손해배상보장법」상의 책임 등에 대하여 검토 하였다. 둘째, 정보의 완전성과 관련된 논의로 자율주행시스템의 정보처리의 한계를 보완할 수 있는 예비시스템의 채택 여부와 자율주행시스템에 입력되는 정보에 오류가 있는 경우 정보제공자 책임에 대하여 검토 하였다. 셋째, 자율주행시스템에 수집ㆍ축적되는 개인정보의 활용과 취급의 문제, 위치정보를 포함한 운전이력과 운전이력을 분석한 프로파일링의 문제를 정보의 기밀성의 관점에서 검토 하였다. 마지막으로 자율주행자동차의 상용화를 위해서는 기술적인 접근을 통한 책임의 분배와 법제도 사이에 가교(架橋)가 필요하고, 사회적 수용을 위해서는 개발자와 제조업자, 이용자의 의견을 수용하고 합일 (合一)하는 법제도의 정비가 필요하다는 점을 강조하였다. Along with the development of self-driving cars equipped with artificial intelligence(AI), automotive software is evolving. Protecting information becomes an important task as self-driving cars require a series of processes such as collecting, recording, and analyzing information necessary for driving, such as weather, traffic information, and road conditions, as well as personal information based on essential software and networks. In addition, it is necessary to overhaul the legal system for criminal or civil liability as well as administrative regulations under the Road Traffic Act in connection with the operation of autonomous vehicles. Compared to the development of self-driving car technology, the review and maintenance of the legal system have been minimal. In response, the company attempted to discuss in earnest the direction of the improvement of the legal system following the operation of autonomous vehicles. Various attempts are being made to improve the completeness of self-driving cars. Self-driving cars are generally automated by communication between the transportation infrastructure installed on the road and the self-driving system with software inserted. Software, which is a key element of this automation method, is a high-level information processing system, and the importance of information processing such as information collection, accumulation, processing, etc. is increasing. Under this recognition, the company reviewed various types of responsibilities, including technical authority and responsibility for the system related to the operation of self-driving cars, responsibility for illegal activities of drivers, responsibility of information providers, and responsibility for protecting privacy, focusing on software that performs core functions in self-driving systems. First, the responsibilities of manufacturing products, civil liability, and liability under the Automobile Damage Compensation Act were reviewed for issues related to the availability of information. Second, discussions related to the completeness of information were conducted on whether a preliminary system was adopted to supplement the limitations of information processing of self-driving systems and the responsibility of the information provider if there was an error in the information entered into the self- Third, issues concerning the utilization and handling of personal information collected and accumulated in the self-driving system, as well as profiling that analyzed driving history and driving history, including location information, were reviewed from the perspective of information confidentiality. Finally, it was emphasized that the commercialization of self-driving cars requires a bridge between the distribution of responsibilities through technical access and the legal system, and the readjustment of the legal system that accepts and combines the opinions of developers, manufacturers and users for social acceptance.

원격제어 자율주행자동차의 형사책임에 관한 고찰

정용기 ( Chung Yong Ki ),송기복 ( Song Gi Bok ) 한국경찰법학회 2021 경찰법연구 Vol.19 No.3

Reid Recently, many countries, including Korea, are struggling to prepare empirical experiments and laws and systems for the commercialization of self-driving cars. In terms of technology, we strive to improve performance and secure safety according to the stage of self-driving. In terms of laws and systems, related laws such as the Road Traffic Act, the Automobile Management Act, and the Automobile Damage Compensation Act are being discussed regarding the operation of autonomous vehicles. In addition to the development of self-driving technology, a platform will be created for operation by monitoring and operating self-driving cars at remote locations, location information of vehicles, and a number of self-driving cars at all times. Furthermore, as various means of transportation or services are supplied and expanded, remote control of autonomous vehicles will be a very important factor in transportation. However, discussions are underway on the introduction of technologies and laws and systems that are the basis for remote control of autonomous vehicles, but they are not sufficient. Under these circumstances, this paper reviewed the lack of laws and systems expected according to remote control of autonomous vehicles, defining the concept of remote controlled autonomous vehicles according to step-by-step level of autonomous vehicles, maintenance trends of domestic and foreign law systems, etc.

한국경찰견 발전의 주요 과제

최영진 ( Choi Yeong Jin ),송기복 ( Song Gi Bok ) 한국경찰학회 2020 한국경찰학회보 Vol.22 No.6

본 논문은 한국 경찰견의 발전을 목적으로 발전 추진배경과 현황을 파악하고, 경찰견 발전을 위한 체계와 전략 그리고 과제 및 개선안 등에 대하여 전략을 제시하고자 한다. 특히 추진체계에서 비전ㆍ추진 목표라는 거시적 발전 계획을 두고 추진전략과 과제를 통해 경찰견의 종합적인 발전에 상세한 제안을 하였다. 그리고 향후 계획과 행정 사항에 대해 경찰조직의 현실적인 협업으로 한국 경찰견 발전의 추진전략을 제안하였다. For the purpose of the development of Korean K-9(police dogs), this paper tries to grasp the background and status of development promotion and present strategies for the development of K-9, and to present strategies on the system and strategies for the development of K-9, tasks, and improvement plans, etc. In particular, a detailed proposal was made for the comprehensive development of K-9 through promotion strategies and tasks, with a macro-development plan called vision and promotion goals in the implementation system. In addition, the police organization proposed a promotion strategy for the development of Korean K-9 through realistic cooperation on future plans and administrative matters.