Production and Perception of F0 by Three-Year-Old Children

손가연 한국현대언어학회 2018 언어연구 Vol.34 No.3

This study explores how Korean young children produce and perceive stop contrasts in the phonetic dimension of F0. As Seoul Korean is undergoing tonogenetic sound change in which there has been a loss of VOT differentiation in young adults’ speech, while the role of fundamental frequency (F0) in enhancing Korean stop contrasts has been required. To investigate the interrelation between children’s production and perception of F0, the experiments were conducted for three-year-old children. Phonetic analysis showed that lenis and aspirated stops have no significant VOT differences, whereas a significant relationship with F0 was found. The results suggest that acquisition of F0 plays a crucial role in the formation of phonemic categories for lenis and aspirated stops and this process significantly affects articulatory distinction.

Phonemic categorization of English stops in the VOT-F0 dimensions for Korean stop contrast

손가연 한국현대언어학회 2017 언어연구 Vol.33 No.3

The current study investigates how Korean speakers articulate and perceive English stops using their native acoustic cues, VOT and F0. Given reports of tonogenesis in the Korean stop system, the role of F0 as a contrasting cue for lenis and aspirated stops has been enhanced. In this regard, the quantitative acoustic model reported that English voiced stops are significantly assimilated to lenis stops in the F0 dimension but not in the VOT dimension. The perceptual identification of English stops showed that VOT is a contrasting cue for [voice] in English stop contrasts. These findings indicate that English phonemic categorization is VOT-biased in perceptual space, alongside articulatory assimilation to the primary phonetic cue (F0) in the native language, suggesting a discrepancy in language competence between L2 production and perception.

Text-setting Constraints in English Songs Sung by Native Korean Speakers

손가연 국제언어인문학회 2018 인문언어 Vol.20 No.2

This study explores text-setting phenomena in English and Korean children’s songs, asserting that the constraints that regulate the alignment of a specific language to music differ according to the typological and phonological difference of the language. Within the Optimality Theory framework, the two representative constraints that pertain to text-setting are tested with children’s songs in English and Korean. As a result, the metrical constraint critically operates for universal text-setting patterns in English verses, whereas the grouping constraint ranks high for Korean verses. These reversed rankings represent that English follows a stress-to-beat mapping system while Korean versification works at a syllable-to-note mapping system. Based on this difference, this study attempts to observe the text-setting patterns in English children’s songs by native Korean speakers. Through the analysis, it is observed that English versification by native Korean speakers shows different text-setting patterns from the universal patterns by native English speakers. The Korean participants prefer to fulfill the grouping constraint rather than the metrical constraint in English text-setting. In addition, the native phonological grammar also affects English syllabification since vowel epenthesis occurs after an obstruent coda in English lyrics. This nativization process of English verse causes idiosyncratic text-setting form by native Korean speakers. Through the analyses, it is suggested that the relative importance of constraints depends on a specific language, and that the native phonology can affect the versification of a foreign language.

Bacterial PAMPs and Allergens Trigger Increase in [Ca2+]i-induced Cytokine Expression in Human PDL Fibroblasts

손가연,홍정희,신동민 대한약리학회 2015 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.19 No.3

An oral environment is constantly exposed to environmental factors and microorganisms. The periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts within this environment are subject to bacterial infection and allergic reaction. However, how these condition affect PDL fibroblasts has yet to be elucidated. PDL fibroblasts were isolated from healthy donors. We examined using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and measuring the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). This study investigated the receptors activated by exogenous bacterial pathogens (Lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan) and allergens (German cockroach extract and house dust mite) as well as these pathogenic mediators-induced effects on the intracellular Ca2+ signaling in human PDL fibroblasts. Moreover, we evaluated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8) and bone remodeling mediators (receptor activator of NF-κB ligand and osteoprotegerin) and intracellular Ca2+-involved effect. Bacterial pathogens and allergic mediators induced increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and these results are dependent on intracellular Ca2+. However, bacterial pathogens and allergic mediators did not lead to increased expression of bone remodeling mediators, except lipopolysaccharide-induced effect on receptor activator of NF-κB ligand expression. These experiments provide evidence that a pathogens and allergens-induced increase in [Ca2+]i affects the inflammatory response in human PDL fibroblasts.

Speech Rate Development and VOT Distinction of Young Children: A Pilot Study

손가연 한국중앙영어영문학회 2022 영어영문학연구 Vol.64 No.3

This study investigates speech rate development of Korean-speaking young children in a relation to VOT distinction. Speech rate is a duration-based acoustic measure and crucial parameter to determine language development and language processing. To examine children’s speech rate, a production experiment was conducted with three- and four-year-old Korean-speaking children. The two child groups showed insignificant speech rate differences in mono- and bi-syllabic words, while the difference from adult speakers apparently increased in bi-syllabic words. Even though children showed adult-like VOT distinction patterns across three stop categories, the ratio of VOT to word duration was different from that of adult speech. This finding indicates that adult-like VOT distinction development in a segment level would emerge ahead of adult-like speech rate development. The results suggest that children in those ages did not show adult-like speech rate control, and for the speech rate control development, multiple linguistic features and cognitive factors are related. The 3- or 4-year-olds need to further develop speech rate.

Native Vowel Merger Effects on English Vowel Neutralization

손가연 한국중앙영어영문학회 2018 영어영문학연구 Vol.60 No.3

Korean front vowels /ɛ/ and /æ/ have been merged in terms of F1 and F2 in young speakers’ speech. Regarding this recent phonetic merger, this study investigates production and perception of English vowel categories by native Korean speakers. The production and the perception experiments were conducted to examine the effects of native phonetic changes and the linguistic experience on the language competence in English. The production experiment reported that the amount of linguistic experience significantly affects the native-like articulations of English /ɛ/ and /æ/ in relation to the Korean /ɛ/-/æ/ merger. The inexperienced group failed to articulatorily distinguish English /ɛ/ and /æ/. In perception, the analysis showed a significant difference in perceptual accuracy for the experienced and the inexperienced group. The least successful perception was found in English /æ/ by the inexperienced group possibly due to the [low] feature-contrast in English front vowels. Therefore, this study found a significant effect of native phonetic merger on the L2 performance, which can differ depending on the amount of L2 experience.

인공 습지 모형을 활용한 습지의 미세먼지 저감 효과

손가연(Ga Yeon Son),김재근(Jae Geun Kim) 한국습지학회 2020 한국습지학회지 Vol.22 No.1

본 연구에서는 습지 조성 및 습지 내 식물에 따른 미세먼지 저감 능력 규명을 통해 습지생태계의 가치에 대하여 새로운 시각의 해석을 제공하고자 하였다. 소형 간이온실(70cm W × 70cm L × 60cm H)로 닫힌계를 형성하였으며, 간이온실 내메조코즘에 일정 수위가 유지되는 습지(W) 혹은 건조 상태를 유지하는 육상(L) 조건을 조성하였다. 육상과 습지 조건 각각에 식물종 미식재, 단일종 식재 그리고 두 종 혼합 식재의 총 8가지 조건을 4반복씩 조성하였다. 열린계의 메조코즘에서 초기 대기질과 닫힌계로의 전환 1시간 경과한 후의 대기질을 측정하여 공기 정화능을 확인하였다. 각 실험구의 대기질로서PM2.5, PM10농도를 중점적으로 측정하였으며, 2차 실험에서는 식물체의 건중량을 측정하였다. 닫힌계 형성 1시간 후 습지 환경에서의 PM2.5와 PM10의 감소량은 1차 실험에서 각각 13.7±1.3, 15.0±1.4 ㎍・m-3・hr-1로 나타났으며, 2차 실험에서는 각각 10.5±2.1, 11.2±2.2 ㎍・m-3・hr-1로 나타났다. 육지 환경에서의 미세먼지 감소량은 1차 실험에서 각각13.2±1.3, 13.8±1.5 ㎍・m-3・hr-1로 나타났으며, 2차 실험에서는 각각 9.2±1.5, 8.8±1.4 ㎍・m-3・hr-1로 나타났다. 이는 습지의 높은 생산성으로 인한 식물의 생장으로 식물의 조직에 미세먼지 흡착을 통한 저감이나 증산작용을 통한 수분, 또습지 자체의 수생태계적 특성을 통한 미세먼지 저감 효과가 드러난 것으로 여겨진다. 따라서 습지의 미세먼지 저감 능력은습지의 또 다른 가치로 볼 수 있으며 이는 미세먼지 문제에 대한 해결방안 중의 하나로 제시될 수 있을 것이다. To assess the wetland systems’ capability to reduce fine dust, we used an artificial wetland module of small-sized greenhouse (70cm W × 70cm L × 60cm H) which creates a closed system. Experiment was performed twice using four species in each experiment. Non-plantation, one species, or two species condition was created in each mesocosm. We measured air quality, primarily PM2.5 and PM10 at the initial open mesocosms and 1hr later since mesocosms were closed. The dry weight of vegetation was measured at the 2nd experiment. The decreased amount of PM2.5 and PM10 was 13.7±1.3 and 13.2±1.3 ㎍・m-3・hr-1 in wetland condition and 15.0±1.4 and 13.8±1.5 ㎍・m-3・hr-1 in dryland condition, respectively. In 2nd experiment, the decreased amount of PM 2.5 and PM 10 in wetland condition was 13.7±1.3 and 9.2±1.5 ㎍・m-3・hr-1, 15.0±1.4 and 8.8±1.4 ㎍・m-3・hr-1 in dryland condition, respectively. Wetland showed higher removal effect due to its high productivity leading to more effective absorption of particulate matter. Furthermore, the aquatic characteristics of wetland system and high humidity helped purifying the air quality. This can be seen as another value of wetlands, which can be presented as one of the solutions to the problem of fine dust.

수변 경계종인 쥐방울덩굴의 유전적 다양성 분석

남보은,박현준,손가연,김재근 한국습지학회 2020 한국습지학회지 Vol.22 No.2

수변 및 육상 식생의 경계에 서식하는 쥐방울덩굴(Aristolochia contorta)은 국내 취약종인 꼬리명주나비(Sericinus montela) 유충의 유일한 기주식물이라는 점에서 높은 보전가치를 지닌다. 개체군의 장기적인 유지에 있어서 유전적다양성은 반드시 고려되어야 하며, 이를 위하여 기존 개체군의 유전적 다양성을 파악하는 과정이 선행되어야 한다. 쥐방울덩굴 개체군이 장기적으로 유지되고 있는 네 서식처의 개체군을 대상으로 개체들의 잎을 채집하여 DNA를 추출하였으며, 5개의 무작위 프라이머를 이용한 RAPD-PCR을 수행하여 각 개체군의 유전적 다양성을 비교하고 개체군간의 유연관계를 파악하였다. 개체군 내 유전적 다양성은 4개 개체군 중 가평 개체군(GP)이 가장 높았으나, 전반적인유전적 다양성은 다른 종에 비해 낮은 편으로 나타났다(h: 0.0607 ~ 0.1491; I: 0.0819 ~ 0.1759). 또한 가평 개체군의 경우 지리적 거리와 무관하게 다른 개체군들과의 유전적 거리가 큰 편으로 나타났다. 이는 파편화된 서식지와 더불어 낮은 유성생식 비율에서 기인한 것으로 추정된다. 쥐방울덩굴 개체군의 보전을 위해서는 개체군 혼합 식재와 적절한차광이나 물리적 지지와 같이 쥐방울덩굴의 유성생식 을 촉진하는 환경이 적극적으로 고려되어야 할 것이다. Northern pipevine (Aristolochia contorta) commonly inhabits marginal areas between waterside and terrestrial vegetation. In particular, A. contorta is ecologically important in the marginal areas as a food plant of dragon swallowtail butterfly (Sericinus montela), which is designated as vulnerable species in the Republic of Korea. For long-term sustainability of the plant population, assessment of the genetic diversity of exist populations should be conducted. Genomic DNA of A. contorta leaf samples were extracted from four populations where the vigorous growth were observed in the South Korea. Intra-population genetic diversity and inter-population genetic distance were assessed using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) with five polymorphic random primers. Overall genetic diversity was lower, compared to other wetland species (h: 0.0607 ~ 0.1401; I: 0.0819 ~ 0.1759), while GP showed the highest intra-population genetic diversity. Despite of the geographical distance, GP showed the larger genetic distance from other populations. This result seemed to be caused by the fragmented habitat and lower sexual reproduction of A. controta. Mixture of the different source populations and construction of the proper environmental condition such as shade and physical support for sexual reproduction should be considered for conservation of A. contorta population.

생물 및 비생물적 요인이 쥐방울덩굴의 생육과 생식에 미치는 영향

박현준,박혜경,손가연,남보은,김재근 한국습지학회 2020 한국습지학회지 Vol.22 No.2

For the conservation of both Sericinus montela (vulnerable species by red book of Korea) and A. contorta, we investigated environmental factors affecting the growth and reproduction of Aristolochia contorta. We selected four A. contorta habitats at Gapyeong, Pyeongtaek, Cheongju, and Yeoju in Korea and surveyed community and habitat characteristics of companion species, herbivore appearance, support types, and soil physicochemical properties in July and October, 2018. Habitat environments and the growth and reproduction characteristics of A. contorta were different according to four habitats of different regions. In particular, the fastest growth speed and earliest flowering and fruiting were observed in Pyeongtaek. Growth of A. contorta in Cheongju and Yeoju were interrupted by aboveground damage from human disturbance. In this study, support types seemed to be important for growth speed of A. contorta. Flowering and fruiting timing were likely to be related to combined effects of soil cation contents and competitive and herbivore stresses. Therefore, providing effective support and reducing biological stress should be necessary for stable growth and proper flowering and fruiting timing of A. contorta. In addition, experimental evidence would be needed to figure out the effect of soil cation and biological stress on flowering and fruiting of A. contorta in detail. 본 연구에서는 국가적색목록 취약종(VU)인 꼬리명주나비와 그것의 유일한 먹이 식물인 쥐방울덩굴의 보전을 위하여, 수변 지역에 서식하는 쥐방울덩굴의 서식지 환경과 이들 중 생육과 생식에 영향을 미치는 주요 환경 요인을 파악하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 네 개의 국내 쥐방울덩굴 서식지(가평, 평택, 청주, 여주)에서 2018년 7월과 10월에 방형구조사를 수행하였으며, 주요 동반종, 초식 곤충의 출현 여부, 지지대의 유형, 토양의 이화학적 특성을 조사하였다. 조사결과 쥐방울덩굴 개체군의 서식지 환경과 생육 및 생식 양상은 지역에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 특히, 평택 개체군에서가장 빠른 생육 속도와 개화 및 결실 시기를 나타냈으며, 청주와 여주 개체군에서는 인간의 교란으로 인한 지상부 손상이 원활한 생육을 방해한 것으로 드러났다. 본 연구에서 쥐방울덩굴의 생육 속도는 쥐방울덩굴의 초기 생육 시기부터 제공된 지지대의 유형에 영향을 받은 것으로 판단된다. 쥐방울덩굴의 개화 및 결실 시기에는 경쟁과 섭식 스트레스의 생물적 요인과 높은 토양 양이온 함량의 비생물적 요인이 복합적으로 작용한 것으로 여겨진다. 따라서 쥐방울덩굴개체군의 빠른 생육과 적절한 시기의 개화와 결실을 위해서 안정적인 지지대의 제공과 경쟁과 섭식 스트레스의 완화를 위한 노력이 필요할 것으로 보인다.

일부 지역 치위생(학)과 학생들의 취업 인식도 조사

양송이 ( Song Yi Yang ),손가연 ( Ga Yeon Son ),조미숙 ( Mi Suk Cho ),오상환 ( Sang Hwan Oh ) 한국치위생학회 2015 한국치위생학회지 Vol.15 No.4

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to investigate the awareness towards employment in the dental hygiene students. Methods: A self-reported questionnaire was completed by 425 dental hygiene students in Chungcheongdo and Gyeongsangdo from July to September, 2014. Except incomplete answer, 401 data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 program. The questionnaire consisted of three questions of general characteristics of the subjects, nine questions of awareness towards employment, six questions of awareness of employment preparation, and eleven questions of awareness of employment outlook. Results: The dental hygiene students prefer to dental hygiene related institution including dental hospital, dental clinic, general hospital, and university hospital. The awareness for the knowledge of desired employment institution was average. The main access for the information of the employment was internet, and senior and professor’s advice, The most important preparations for the employment were a practical skill, trust, certificate, license, communication skill and English proficiency. The future outlook for the dental hygienist within five years was not optimistic, and the best way to overcome the weka point was specialization of the dental hygienist. Conclusions: This study will provide the useful information on improvement of employment strategy program for dental hygiene students.