大邱地域 河川水 및 地下水 水質에 관한 地化學的 硏究

서정율 慶北大學校 1992 국내석사

海外旅行約款 認識度에 따른 問題點과 改善方案에 관한 硏究 : 대구광역시 거주 해외여행경험자를 중심으로

서정율 啓明大學校 貿易大學院 1995 국내석사

남북한 통일정책의 비교연구

서정율 경희대학교 행정대학원 1992 국내석사

東南鑛山의 地質과 鑛床成因에 對한 硏究

서정율 慶北大學校 大學院 1983 국내석사

This thesis deals with geology and ore deposits in the Dongnam mine area. The Dongnam mine is located at 128˚4' 128˚4'E, 37˚1' - 37˚1'N in Mureong-ri, Nam-myun, Jeongseongun, Gangweon-do, Korea. Geology of the area consists of Cambrian slate(Myobong formation) and Ordovician limestone (Poongchon and Hwajeol formation), Cretaceous (?) granitic. intrusives, and Quaternary alluvium deposits. General trend of strike and dip of bedding plane in sedimentary rocks is N10˚- 45˚E, 5˚- 30˚SE, and joints in granitic intrusive strike NS-- N30˚E, dipping 70˚- 80˚NW. Main lineament of the study area shows a trend of NNE - SSW. Granitic intrusive, diorite and quartz porphyry, is classified depending on the predominent normative minerals and chemical compositions: diorite into diorite - tonalite -- monzodiorite - granodiorite and quartz porphyry into granite - quartzmonzonite -- granite. The petrochemical nature of source magma inferred from Niggli value is semi-ferric, intermediate alkaline and c-normal for diorite, and salic, alkali-rich and c-poor for quartz porphyry. Sedimentary rocks were thermally metamorphosed by the granitic intrusive to form mostly albite-epidote hornfels from pelitic Myobong slate and hornblende-hornfels from Poongchon limestone. In addition, contact metasomatic deposit of magnetite and hematite was formed in the country rocks in the border zone with the intrusive, and hydrothermal stockwork deposits of molybdenite in the intrusive itself. The hydrothermal deposits is thought to be formed in the early solidified margin by the residual mineralized solution of the intrusive itself. Molybdenite-bearing skarn is plotted in the triangular diagram of diopside-hedenbergite-johannsenite within the same compositional region as the copper-bearing skarn of general porphyry copper deposits. The wallrock alteration is potassic in diorite and propylitic in quartz porphyry. As shown in A. C. F. and A. K. F. triangular diagram quartz porphyry belongs to epidote-chlorite-calcite and kaolinite-muscovite-chlorite facies The sequence and stage of minerolization is: igneous intrusionskarnization-Fe oxide-Fe sulphide-sulphide-rhodochrosite calcite-faulting-sulphide-supergene enrichment of Mn oxide. The Dongnam mine has two types of ore deposits: contact metasomatic deposit at the border zone of limestone with the granitic intrusive and disseminated hydrothermal stockwork deposit in the intrusive itself. Main ore minerals are composed mainly of magnetite and hematite in the contact metasomatic deposits and Mn carbonate, galena, sphalerite and molybdenite in the hydrothermal deposits. Mn oxides are enriched at surface by surpergene oxidation of primary Mn carbonate.

The hydrogeochemical characteristics of soils and aquifers in reclaimed lands of Port Jackson, Australia

서정율 University of Sydney 2002 해외박사

Port Jackson is one of four major estuaries in the greater Sydney region on the eastern seaboard of Australia and like many other harbours, a large proportion (20%) of the port has been reclaimed over the past 200 years. This study focuses on the environmental impacts of reclaimed lands on the estuarine environment. The Olympic Games 2000 site, on the southern shores of Homebush Bay, in the upper estuary and Bicentennial Park, adjacent to Rozelle Bay in the central harbour, were used in the current study to assess environmental effects of reclamation on the adjacent receiving basin. Prior to developing the Olympic Games site, the area was comprehensively investigated for soil and groundwater contamination, producing one of the largest datasets of its kind. Access to these data provided an excellent opportunity to research the processes and extent of contamination associated with infilling using waste material along the foreshores of Port Jackson. The data collected at the Olympic Games site enabled a thorough characterisation of the soils and groundwater in the reclamation area. The information gained at the Olympic Games site provided a sound basis for designing a hydrogeochemical study in the reclaimed area at Bicentennial Park. The Olympic Games site was divided into three areas; e.g. infilled (inter-tidal areas), landfill (supra-tidal) and non-infilled areas based on past land use. The distribution of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn and Cr) in soils at the site was closely association with the type of fill materials (municipal garbage, putrescible wastes, construction debris and dredged sediment) used for reclamation and were enriched enough to pose a threat to groundwater. Boreholes from different depths (deep boreholes, shallow boreholes and standpipes) were used to assess the hydrochemistry of groundwater impacted by waste materials and saline water at the Olympic Games site. The mean concentrations of Na, Ca, Mg, Cl and SO₄ in groundwater were higher in reclaimed areas, than landfill areas and where least abundant in non-infilled areas because of saline intrusion and the geographical approximation to creeks and the estuary. The mean concentrations of K, HCO₃ and NO₃ in groundwater were highest in landfill areas, followed by reclaimed areas and non-in filled areas because these chemicals are influenced by anthropogenic activities. The hydrochemistry of groundwaters in deep boreholes are characterised by Mg- and SO₄- enrichment, whereas groundwaters in shallow boreholes and standpipes are enriched in K, NO₃ and HCO₃. The cation (Na, K, Ca and Mg) and anion (Cl, SO₄, HCO₃ and NO₃) contents of groundwater in the three types of boreholes investigated showed different hydrochemical characteristics, dependent upon the nature and chemical composition of the waste material deposited at the site. The relationship between total dissolved solids and major elements, indicates that these two types of groundwaters, i.e. from shallow (boreholes/standpipes) and deep (deep boreholes) zones, have undergone different evolutionary pathways during subsurface circulation. Four groundwater types are evident in the shallow (boreholes/standpipes) and deep (deep boreholes) zones, i.e. Na-Cl, Na-HCO₃, Na-SO₄ and Ca-HCO₃. Two distinct groundwater systems operate at the Olympic Games site; a discontinuous group of perched aquifers, associated essentially with fill and other superficial materials, and a deeper system associated with fractures within the underlying shale and sandstone. There is no relationship between pH and metal concentrations in reclaimed, landfill and non-infilled areas, with the exceptions of Fe and Mn. In landfill areas, Fe and Mn show a increase in concentration with declining pH, a trend not observed for other metals (Cu, Pb, Zn and Cr). The reason for the wide pH range in landfill groundwater is unclear, but is probably related to the heterogeneity of the materials that were deposited at the Olympic Games site. Heavy metal concentrations in groundwater and soil are unrelated, probably due to the varied nature of the materials deposited at the Olympic Games site and the movement of groundwater in this area. The Olympic Co-ordination Authority (OCA) implemented remediation strategies to clean up the site prior to developing the area. Remedial action included consolidating waste and capping it with an impervious layer; excavating waste material and clean filling; and processing contaminated material on site. Two types of waste material were used at Bicentennial Park adjoining Rozelle Bay for reclamation, i.e. fill materials and dredged estuarine sediment. Major ion concentrations in groundwater at the site exhibit an abundance order of Na >> Mg > Ca > K for areas filled with construction waste materials, whereas abundances are Na > Ca> Mg > K for areas filled with dredged estuarine sediments. Similarly, an anionic abundance order of Cl> SO₄ > HCO₃ was observed for areas filled with construction materials and HCO₃ > Cl > SO₄ for areas filled with dredged marine sediments. There is a number of factors controlling the concentration and migration of groundwaters associated with fill materials in Bicentennial Park. The redox behaviour of the groundwater and soil influence the behaviour of redox-sensitive elements, e. g. Mn and Fe. During dry periods, when the water table recedes, oxygen ingress from the atmosphere leads to biologically catalysed oxidation reactions resulting in a reduction in pH and an associated increase in the concentration of some trace elements (Cu, Cr and As). Abundant shell fragments in marine sediment from Rozelle Bay used for fill at the site, results in elevated concentrations of bicarbonate in the groundwater. Dilution of seawater by the ingress of freshwater from up-gradient areas decreases the solubility of some elements (Fe and Mn) relative to that of chloride, whilst increasing others (Pb, Zn, Ni, Co and Al). The hydraulic gradient of the groundwater at this site probably results in elevated concentrations of these trace elements entering the estuary from the material used for fill at this site. Fresh- and saline-water column experiments were performed to determine the geochemical effects of rainwater and estuarine water percolating through infilled areas using soils taken from the reclaimed land in Bicentennial Park. In the early stages of the experiment (until approximately week 12 out of 22 weeks), the concentrations of major elements (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, SO₄ and HCO₃) in water percolating from the two columns were high. Subsequently, there was little change in the concentrations of the major elements in water percolating from the freshwater column, whereas a considerable increase in concentration was observed in the saline water column for Ca, Mg, Na, K and Cl, with a decline in the bicarbonate concentration. In the middle stage of the saline column experiment (approximately weeks 6 to 13), the concentration of Na and Cl in the water percolating from the saline column was less than that added in the constant head tank, indicating that Na and Cl ions were ion exchanging (weakly adsorbing) to the fill material in the column. At later times (weeks 18 to 20), Na continued to ion exchange with other cations, resulting in an increase in the concentrations of other major cations (Ca, K and Mg) in the water percolating from the saline column. The high and relatively invariant oxidation-reduction potential of the water percolating from both columns indicated that both of the waters are oxic. Thus, Fe and Mn occurred in oxidized forms and, at the pH of the fresh- and saline-water, these elements were in relatively low concentrations due to the precipitation of Fe and Mn hydroxides/oxides. Geochemical modelling indicated that the Fe concentration in the percolating saline water was controlled by the solubility of amorphous ferric hydroxide. However, the increased pH observed in water from the freshwater column resulted in an increase in the concentration of Fe due to its amphoteric nature, i. e. an increase in the formation of Fe(OH)₄. The behaviour of Mn was similar to that of the major elements (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, SO₄ and HCO₃) at the start of the experiments. In the saline column, a large amount of soluble Mn was released, followed by much lower Mn release during the middle stage (weeks 7 to 14) of the experiment. This period was followed by an increase in the release of Mn due to ion exchange between the added Na and Mn which was weakly bound/adsorbed to the surface of the column material. The increased solubilisation of Cu, Zn and Pb from the feshwater column from weeks one to five, resulted from the increased bicarbonate/carbonate concentration in the water percolating from the column. These elements were solubilised as carbonate and hydroxycarbonate species, as indicated by geochemical modelling. The geochemical modelling also indicated that the concentration of Cu released from the freshwater column was controlled by the solubility of malachite (Cu₂(OH)₂CO₃). The flux from the columns indicated that the time to reach steady-state will be of the order of a few years to a couple of tens of years. Considering that the fill used in the field site has been in place for a substantially longer period (15-20 years), it is assumed that it already has reached steady-state. Since the field concentrations of trace metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, As and Cr) are considerably higher than those measured in the column experiments, and, are very much higher (by orders of magnitude) than those measured in seawater, it is evident that elevated concentrations of trace metals (Cu, Pb, Zn and Cr) are entering the estuary. The current research has demonstrated that heavy metals contained in soils of the many reclaimed areas on the shores of Port Jackson are being exported to the adjacent estuary. However, to determine the total amount of metals entering the estuary from the reclaimed lands, the current study requires further study both spatially hydrogeological movement and interaction between salt water and fresh water with large number of boreholes across the entire area. A comprehensive, long-term investigation of reclaimed areas of Port Jackson should be made as part of an effective management strategy for the estuary.