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서정율 University of Sydney 2002 해외박사
Port Jackson is one of four major estuaries in the greater Sydney region on the eastern seaboard of Australia and like many other harbours, a large proportion (20%) of the port has been reclaimed over the past 200 years. This study focuses on the environmental impacts of reclaimed lands on the estuarine environment. The Olympic Games 2000 site, on the southern shores of Homebush Bay, in the upper estuary and Bicentennial Park, adjacent to Rozelle Bay in the central harbour, were used in the current study to assess environmental effects of reclamation on the adjacent receiving basin. Prior to developing the Olympic Games site, the area was comprehensively investigated for soil and groundwater contamination, producing one of the largest datasets of its kind. Access to these data provided an excellent opportunity to research the processes and extent of contamination associated with infilling using waste material along the foreshores of Port Jackson. The data collected at the Olympic Games site enabled a thorough characterisation of the soils and groundwater in the reclamation area. The information gained at the Olympic Games site provided a sound basis for designing a hydrogeochemical study in the reclaimed area at Bicentennial Park. The Olympic Games site was divided into three areas; e.g. infilled (inter-tidal areas), landfill (supra-tidal) and non-infilled areas based on past land use. The distribution of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn and Cr) in soils at the site was closely association with the type of fill materials (municipal garbage, putrescible wastes, construction debris and dredged sediment) used for reclamation and were enriched enough to pose a threat to groundwater. Boreholes from different depths (deep boreholes, shallow boreholes and standpipes) were used to assess the hydrochemistry of groundwater impacted by waste materials and saline water at the Olympic Games site. The mean concentrations of Na, Ca, Mg, Cl and SO₄ in groundwater were higher in reclaimed areas, than landfill areas and where least abundant in non-infilled areas because of saline intrusion and the geographical approximation to creeks and the estuary. The mean concentrations of K, HCO₃ and NO₃ in groundwater were highest in landfill areas, followed by reclaimed areas and non-in filled areas because these chemicals are influenced by anthropogenic activities. The hydrochemistry of groundwaters in deep boreholes are characterised by Mg- and SO₄- enrichment, whereas groundwaters in shallow boreholes and standpipes are enriched in K, NO₃ and HCO₃. The cation (Na, K, Ca and Mg) and anion (Cl, SO₄, HCO₃ and NO₃) contents of groundwater in the three types of boreholes investigated showed different hydrochemical characteristics, dependent upon the nature and chemical composition of the waste material deposited at the site. The relationship between total dissolved solids and major elements, indicates that these two types of groundwaters, i.e. from shallow (boreholes/standpipes) and deep (deep boreholes) zones, have undergone different evolutionary pathways during subsurface circulation. Four groundwater types are evident in the shallow (boreholes/standpipes) and deep (deep boreholes) zones, i.e. Na-Cl, Na-HCO₃, Na-SO₄ and Ca-HCO₃. Two distinct groundwater systems operate at the Olympic Games site; a discontinuous group of perched aquifers, associated essentially with fill and other superficial materials, and a deeper system associated with fractures within the underlying shale and sandstone. There is no relationship between pH and metal concentrations in reclaimed, landfill and non-infilled areas, with the exceptions of Fe and Mn. In landfill areas, Fe and Mn show a increase in concentration with declining pH, a trend not observed for other metals (Cu, Pb, Zn and Cr). The reason for the wide pH range in landfill groundwater is unclear, but is probably related to the heterogeneity of the materials that were deposited at the Olympic Games site. Heavy metal concentrations in groundwater and soil are unrelated, probably due to the varied nature of the materials deposited at the Olympic Games site and the movement of groundwater in this area. The Olympic Co-ordination Authority (OCA) implemented remediation strategies to clean up the site prior to developing the area. Remedial action included consolidating waste and capping it with an impervious layer; excavating waste material and clean filling; and processing contaminated material on site. Two types of waste material were used at Bicentennial Park adjoining Rozelle Bay for reclamation, i.e. fill materials and dredged estuarine sediment. Major ion concentrations in groundwater at the site exhibit an abundance order of Na >> Mg > Ca > K for areas filled with construction waste materials, whereas abundances are Na > Ca> Mg > K for areas filled with dredged estuarine sediments. Similarly, an anionic abundance order of Cl> SO₄ > HCO₃ was observed for areas filled with construction materials and HCO₃ > Cl > SO₄ for areas filled with dredged marine sediments. There is a number of factors controlling the concentration and migration of groundwaters associated with fill materials in Bicentennial Park. The redox behaviour of the groundwater and soil influence the behaviour of redox-sensitive elements, e. g. Mn and Fe. During dry periods, when the water table recedes, oxygen ingress from the atmosphere leads to biologically catalysed oxidation reactions resulting in a reduction in pH and an associated increase in the concentration of some trace elements (Cu, Cr and As). Abundant shell fragments in marine sediment from Rozelle Bay used for fill at the site, results in elevated concentrations of bicarbonate in the groundwater. Dilution of seawater by the ingress of freshwater from up-gradient areas decreases the solubility of some elements (Fe and Mn) relative to that of chloride, whilst increasing others (Pb, Zn, Ni, Co and Al). The hydraulic gradient of the groundwater at this site probably results in elevated concentrations of these trace elements entering the estuary from the material used for fill at this site. Fresh- and saline-water column experiments were performed to determine the geochemical effects of rainwater and estuarine water percolating through infilled areas using soils taken from the reclaimed land in Bicentennial Park. In the early stages of the experiment (until approximately week 12 out of 22 weeks), the concentrations of major elements (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, SO₄ and HCO₃) in water percolating from the two columns were high. Subsequently, there was little change in the concentrations of the major elements in water percolating from the freshwater column, whereas a considerable increase in concentration was observed in the saline water column for Ca, Mg, Na, K and Cl, with a decline in the bicarbonate concentration. In the middle stage of the saline column experiment (approximately weeks 6 to 13), the concentration of Na and Cl in the water percolating from the saline column was less than that added in the constant head tank, indicating that Na and Cl ions were ion exchanging (weakly adsorbing) to the fill material in the column. At later times (weeks 18 to 20), Na continued to ion exchange with other cations, resulting in an increase in the concentrations of other major cations (Ca, K and Mg) in the water percolating from the saline column. The high and relatively invariant oxidation-reduction potential of the water percolating from both columns indicated that both of the waters are oxic. Thus, Fe and Mn occurred in oxidized forms and, at the pH of the fresh- and saline-water, these elements were in relatively low concentrations due to the precipitation of Fe and Mn hydroxides/oxides. Geochemical modelling indicated that the Fe concentration in the percolating saline water was controlled by the solubility of amorphous ferric hydroxide. However, the increased pH observed in water from the freshwater column resulted in an increase in the concentration of Fe due to its amphoteric nature, i. e. an increase in the formation of Fe(OH)₄. The behaviour of Mn was similar to that of the major elements (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, SO₄ and HCO₃) at the start of the experiments. In the saline column, a large amount of soluble Mn was released, followed by much lower Mn release during the middle stage (weeks 7 to 14) of the experiment. This period was followed by an increase in the release of Mn due to ion exchange between the added Na and Mn which was weakly bound/adsorbed to the surface of the column material. The increased solubilisation of Cu, Zn and Pb from the feshwater column from weeks one to five, resulted from the increased bicarbonate/carbonate concentration in the water percolating from the column. These elements were solubilised as carbonate and hydroxycarbonate species, as indicated by geochemical modelling. The geochemical modelling also indicated that the concentration of Cu released from the freshwater column was controlled by the solubility of malachite (Cu₂(OH)₂CO₃). The flux from the columns indicated that the time to reach steady-state will be of the order of a few years to a couple of tens of years. Considering that the fill used in the field site has been in place for a substantially longer period (15-20 years), it is assumed that it already has reached steady-state. Since the field concentrations of trace metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, As and Cr) are considerably higher than those measured in the column experiments, and, are very much higher (by orders of magnitude) than those measured in seawater, it is evident that elevated concentrations of trace metals (Cu, Pb, Zn and Cr) are entering the estuary. The current research has demonstrated that heavy metals contained in soils of the many reclaimed areas on the shores of Port Jackson are being exported to the adjacent estuary. However, to determine the total amount of metals entering the estuary from the reclaimed lands, the current study requires further study both spatially hydrogeological movement and interaction between salt water and fresh water with large number of boreholes across the entire area. A comprehensive, long-term investigation of reclaimed areas of Port Jackson should be made as part of an effective management strategy for the estuary.
이상민 University of Sydney 1997 해외박사
본 연구는 204명 서울시민의 설문조사를 바탕으로 서울의 현 이미지와 아이덴터티의 특성을 분석하고 그에 따른 도시설계의 문제점과 방향을 제시하는데주요 목적이 있으며, 도시의 이미지/아이덴터티를 시스템(이하 도시 이미지 시스템)으로 가정, 그 시스템의 다양한 면을 분석함으로서 실제 도시설계가들에게 도시이미지 향상을 위한 그들의 역할과 접근방법에 대한 보다 나은 이해를 제공하고자 하였다. 본 논문이 다루고자 하는 주요 분석 내용은 서울 시민들이 인지하고 있는 복합이미지 (또는 아이덴터티)의 심층분석, 공공 이미지의 주요 구성요소, 기호도, 기대사항, 인지지도의 특성 분석 등을 포함하며, 서울의 공공이미지 특성을 분석하기 위해 본 연구는 몇개의 시스템 구성요소(예를 들면, 물리적, 상징적, 색깔, 애정적, 감각적, 행동적 이미지)의 두 종류의 설문 조사방법( 전화인터뷰와 인지지도 그리기를 포함한 설문지 조사 방법)을 이용했다. 본 논문은 현재의 도시환경 문제가 도시인의 삶과 경험의 질에 상당히 부정적 영향을 미칠 뿐만 아니라 시민들이 인지하고 있는 도시이미지 시스템의 형성에도 큰 영향을 미치고 있다는 설문조사 결과를 바탕으로, 현 도시의 부정 적 이미지 시스템을 개선하는 일은 전반적인 도시문제 해결 노력의 성공에 의존하며 (특히 도시환경), 시각적 또는 미적 만족(예를 들면, 건물의 외적 디 자인을 통한 도시의 미적 추구)만으로는 충분하지 않다는 것과, 둘째는 정부 의 공공분야에서의 도시설계 연구와 실시의 주도적 역할과 통합된 장기적 안 목의 도시정책, 시민들의 적극적 참여와 관심, 각 학문들 간의 긴밀한 협조와함께 도시설계의 적극적이고 전략적인 개입을 통해서 총체적인 도시 이미지 개선을 이룰 수 있다고 주장했다. 본 연구를 통하여 서울 도시이미지 연구와도시설계 실시의 중요성과 필요성이 부각 되었으며 특히 환경지탱적 도시설계의 개념도입과 함께 도시민들에게 양질의 도시생활을 제공할 환경지탱적 도시이미지 시스템의 구축, 보강 및 유지를 위한 세 가지, 즉 생태학 의식적, 문 화 지지적, 인간 반응적 도시설계의 대 원칙들이 제안되었다. 본 연구의 결과 서구도시에서 행해진 도시이미지 연구에서 밝혀진 이론과 방법론 등이 서울환경속에서도 그 융통성, 유효성 그리고 유용성이 입증되었 으며, 끝으로 도시 전체적인 이미지와 아이덴터티의 개선과 관리에 보다 많은관심과 체계적인 연구가 있어야 한다는 결론을 내렸다.
Australia-Korea Relations Since the 1960s
이화선 University of Sydney 2002 해외박사
The present study broadly examines the historical development of Australia-Korea relations from the 1960s up to the present. In doing so, it specifically focuses on two aspects of these relations – economic/trade and defence/security aspects, which are analysed in the context of a changing regional and global milieu with special reference to the evolution of Australia's engagement with Asia in particular. The main fmdings of this study support the broad hypothesis that bilateral relations between Australia and Korea have been shaped and have evolved largely because of changes in Australia's policy towards Asia. Above all, it shows that Australia-Korea relations are largely driven and dominated by economic and trade issues. Another important finding is that, in the defence/security dimension, Australia and Korea are still very much preoccupied with their relationships with the United States – deriving from each country's particular defence/security considerations. The overall conclusion drawn from this study is that a high degree of economic interdependence between Australia and Korea plays a significant part in the two countries' interactions, as Australia's engagement with its Asian neighbours is still largely driven by economic logic. In the foreseeable future, there will be few changes in Australia's relations with Korea, given that economic/trade relations are likely to continue to dominate the two countries' relationship.
정순석 University of Sydney 1994 해외박사
이 논문에 실린 연구는, DNA 염기 중 티민합성에 관련된 엽산을 환원시키는 효소인 이수소엽산 환원효소 (DHFR)에 관한 것이다. 그 내용으로는 DHFR의 반응 메카니즘에 근거해 합성한 새로운 기질인 8- R- PTERIN류의 화학적 성질 및 생화학적 메카니즘, 그리고 그들의 구조와 활성도 사이의 관계, 또한 같은 근거로 합성한 억제물질인 8- R- N5-DEAZAPTERIN류의 효소결합시 이온화 상태 이다. 먼저, 몇 종의 8-(2'-HOET)Pt을 합성했고, 그 구조를 UV/VIS와 NMR 분광기 를 써서 조사한 결과, pH, 용매, 또는 6, 7번 탄소의 치환기에 따라 복잡한 양상을 띠었다. 그 중 6과 7번에 메칠기가 치환된 화합물에서는 지금까지 알려지지 않은 재미있는 결과를 얻었다. 이 화합물들은 염기에서 불안정했고 시간이 지남에 따라 변했다. 효소와의 역학적 관계 및 열역학적 결합을 연구 한 결과 8번 탄소에 친수성 치환기를 가져서 좋은 기질이 아님을 알았다. 실험에서 8- R- Pt과 N5d-Pt이 강한 형광물질임을 알았다. 따라서 형광분 광기를 이용하여, 테린의 유사체인 6, 8- diMe- N5d-Pt이 NADPH를 가진 DHFR 에 결합시 이온화 상태를 연구할 수 있었다. 효소-조효소에 결합한 3차 복합 체에서 효소는 이온화됐고, 리간드는 양성화됐음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 결합 한 리간드는 pH 5-8 범위에서는 반드시 양성화됐다. 그리고 pH 5-8범위에서 6,8 - diMePt 을 가지고 한 효소와의 역학적 관계 및 동위원소 효과 연구결과 알 수 있었던 내용은 이 화합물이 좋은 기질이고, 촉매작용을 위해 효소와 결합할 때 효소의 이온화와 기질의 양성화를 필요로 하고, 반응과정에서 수소이온 전달이 반응 율속단계라는 것이다. 이 연구를 위해 더 낫고 새로운 (4R)-[²H]NADPH의 합성 및 분리방법도 개발되었다. 그리고 이 실험에서 얻은 역학적 결과를 발표된 문헌의 자료들과도 비교했다. Studies are reported on the chemistry, biochemical mechanisms and structure-activity reIationships of new mechanism-based substrates (8-aIkyl-pterins) of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and on the ionization state of the enzyme-bound form of the new mechanism-based inhibitors (8-alkyI-N5- deazapterins). SeveraI 8-(2 hydroxyethyI)pterins were synthesized and their structures were studied by UV/vis and NMR spectroscopies. Complex structural patterns were found as a function of pH, solvent and 6,7-substitution pattern. Interesting resuits were obtained for 6- and 7-methy substituted compounds, isomers not available for previously-reported studies. Compounds in base were unstabIe and decomposed as a function of time. Enzyme kinetics and thermodynamic binding studies showed that these compounds with a hydrophilic 8-substituent are poor substrates. 8-AIkyI-pterins and N5-deazapterins were found to have high fluorescence quantum yields (<p), especially so for the 8-alkyl-N5-deazapterins, so that spectrofluorimetry could be used to probe the ionization state of the pterin analogue 6,8-dimethyl-N5-deazapterin when bound to DHFR in the presence of NADPH. The resuIts suggested that the compound bound to DHFR.NADPH to form a ternary complex of ionized enzyme with protonated Iigand. EssentiaIIy a11 the bound Iigand was protonated in the pH range 5 -8. Ligand bound more tightly to DHFR in the presence of NADPH than in its absence. Enzyme kinetics and isotope effects studies on 6,8-dimethylpterin in the pH range 5-8 indicated that the compound is a good substrate, that ionized enzyme and protonated substrate are required for the formation of the enzyme-substrate compIex and for cataIysis, and that hydride-ion transfer is the rate-limiting step. A better method for the preparation and separation of (4R)-[zH]NADPH was deveIoped as part of these studies. Based on the kinetic resuIts, literature results on the kinetics of dihydrofolate reduction to tetrahydrofolate by DHFR have been re-interpreted.
우석훈 University of Sydney 2000 해외박사
This thesis analyses the interrelationship between production system and employment relations in the Korean automotive industry. It includes a case study of how Kia Motors sought to introduce a lean production system in two plants: an older site in Seoul (the S1 plant) and a newer site in the rural area of Asan (the A3 plant). A key finding reported in the thesis is that a hybrid production system emerged in each plant as the result of the interaction between external variables and internal company-specific variables. Three key factors were investigated in each plant: the production structure, the organization of work, and employment relations. Strong worker and union resistance to lean production, on the ground that it would lead to work intensification, was encountered by Kia Motors. The hybrid production system which emerged at each plant contained elements of both the traditional mass production system and the newer lean production system, although there were differences between the approaches adopted at S1 and A3 plants. The thesis provides an alternative perspective to other studies which have portrayed the Korean automotive industry following either a Fordist mass production system or a Toyota-inspired lean production system, and shows how Kia has developed its own hybrid production system.
이대암 University of Sydney 1991 해외박사
X축과 Y축방향의 오차들을 갖는 데이타 (점, 수평선분, 수직선분 혹은 직사각형)의 특성을 만족하는 매끄러운 군사곡선을 Hilbert공간 H�틸【��내적의 특성을 이용하여 C��Clase인 매끄러운 3차 SPLINE곡선을 이용하여 새로운 방법을 찾고 이 방법을 여러 가지 예로 그 특성을 구현하고 규명하였다.
Characterising and mapping porcine endogenous retroviruses
이준헌 University of Sydney 2000 해외박사
The initial focus of this PhD project was on comparative gene mapping. Comparative gene mapping is facilitated by consensus PCR primers which amplify homologous gene fragments in many species. As a part of an international co-ordinated programme of comparative mapping in pigs, 47 CATS (Comparative Anchor Tagged Sequence) consensus primer pairs for loci located on human chromosomes 9, 10, 20, and 22, were used for amplifying homologous loci in pigs. After optimization of PCR conditions, 23 CATS products have confirmed by comparison with homologous sequences in GenBank. A French somatic cell hybrid panel was used to physically map the 6 porcine CATS products distinguishable from rodent background product, namely ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ARSA, GNAS1, OXT and TOP1. Of these, the map location of ADRA1A and OXT showed inconsistency with the previously recognised conserved relationship between human and pig. The other four loci mapped to positions consistent with known syntenic relationships. Despite low levels of polymorphism, frequently indistinguishable rodent and porcine products in somatic hybrids and some confusion of identity of gene family members, these CATS primers have made a useful contribution to the porcine-human comparative map. The focus of the project then changed to genetic and molecular characterisation of endogenous retroviruses in pigs and their relatives. Pigs are regarded as a potentially good source of organs and tissues for transplantation into humans. However, porcine endogenous retroviruses have emerged as a possible problem as they can infect cultured human cells. Two main types of pig retrovirus, determined by envelope protein, PERV-A and PERV-B, are widely distributed in different pig breeds and a third less common type, PERV-C, has also been recognised. Endogenous retroviruses were analyzed from the Westran (Westmead transplantation) inbred line of pig, specially bred for biomedical research. Thirty-one 1.8 kb env PCR product clones were sequenced after preliminary screening with the restriction enzymes KpnI and MboI. Five recombinant clones between A and B were identified. 55% of clones (17/31) sequenced had stop codons within the envelope protein-encoding region, which would prevent the retrovirus from making full-length envelope protein recognizable by cell-surface receptors of the virus. The endogenous viruses were physically mapped in Westran pigs by FISH (Fluorescence In Situ Hybridisation) using PERV-A and PERV-B envelope clones as probes. Preliminary FISH data suggest that there are at least 22 PERVs (13 PERV-A and 9 PERV-B) and the chromosomal locations of these in the Westran strain are quite different from European Large White pigs. The sequences and mapping results of inbred Westran pig suggest that there are relatively few PERV integration sites compared with commercial pigs and further that a large proportion of clones are defective due to premature stop codons in the envelope gene. To investigate the relationship of endogenous retroviruses in peccaries and pigs, a set of degenerate primers was used to amplify peccary retroviral sequences. The sequences of two putative retroviral clones showed close homology, albeit with a 534 bp deletion, to mouse and pig retroviral sequences. Also, four non-target sequences were amplified from peccary with the degenerate retroviral primers. They are a part of the peccary cofilin gene, a SINE, and a sequence containing a microsatellite. The peccary endogenous retroviral sequences are significant in that they are the first such sequences reported in peccary species and repudiate old claims in the literature that peccaries do not have C-type retroviral sequences.
이해정 University of Sydney Faculty of Health Sciences (L 2004 해외박사
The aim of this thesis was to identify the physical characteristics of those subjects who experience neck pain but do not seek treatment (sub-clinical neck pain), and to do this using common clinical measurement tools. Although neck pain is common, it is generally benign and self-limiting. This is borne out by the fact that many of those who say they are experiencing neck pain do not seek treatment. The sub-clinical neck pain condition considered in this thesis is important, however, as its characteristics are relevant not only to the design of management programs but also to strategies for prevention of the development of more serious neck pain and disability. Physical impairment was assessed, based on Panjabi’s model for joint stability, with; structural measures (studies 1, and 2), range of motion (ROM) and muscle strength measures (studies 1, 2, 4, and 5), and a proprioceptive sensitivity measure (studies 3, and 4). Data on pain and functional status were collected using pain and disability questionnaires in studies 2, 4, and 5. Study 1 (chapter 3) found decreased neck muscle endurance time, reduced left rotation and extension ranges (sensitization), but greater range (stretch) of retraction at second testing in sub-clinical neck pain subjects compared to asymptomatic subjects. Subjects with no pain and sub-clinical and clinical neck pain groups comprised study 2 (chapter 4) with the finding that on second test, asymptomatic subjects had greater ROM compared with the first test. Conversely, both the subclinical and clinical subjects demonstrated decreased endurance time and lower ROM on the second test. The clinical subjects reported higher affective scores on the Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SFMPQ) and on disability questionnaires compared to the sub-clinical group. A cervicocephalic kinesthetic sensitivity device was developed to test neck proprioceptive sensitivity. Using a protocol derived from classical psychophysical methods, a measure of sensitivity to differences in the extent of neck movements was obtained. The apparatus, which could test ability to discriminate extent differences in each of left/right rotation, flexion/extension and retraction/protraction directions, is described in Chapter 5. In the third study (chapter 6) the apparatus was utilized in the measurement of neck movement discrimination in an asymptomatic sample. Greater sensitivity was observed for neck retraction movements than for either left or right rotation movements. In chapter 7, the process of language and cross-cultural adaptation for a Korean version of three neck pain and disability questionnaires is described and a pilot test is reported on these translated versions of the questionnaires. Korean students who had sub-clinical neck pain or who were asymptomatic were divided into three groups based on their frequency of symptoms in study 4 (chapter 8). More frequent sufferers were found to score higher on the SFMPQ and three disability questionnaires while ROM was once again found to be lower on second test in subclinical pain subjects, this group was found to have greater sensitivity to rotation extent of movement. In the last study (chapter 9), a relationship between the location of sub-clinical neck pain, as indicated on pain drawings, and two physical impairments was observed. Rotation away from the painful side was significantly reduced on second testing while neck muscle endurance time was decreased in all pain location groups compared to the group with no pain. Even though it is not clear whether the changes observed in these studies are a cause of or an effect of neck pain, early management of neck muscle dysfunction focusing on strength and flexibility but not proprioception may be suggested as logical interventions at the sub-clinical neck pain stage, when the goal is preventing development of more severe or on-going neck pain.