산성화된 산림토양에 석회 , 황산약토 및 복합비료 시비가 토양의 화학적 성질에 미치는 영향

유정환,변재경,김춘식,이충화,김영걸,이원규 ( Jeong Hwan Yoo,Jae Kyoung Byun,Choon Sig Kim,Choong Hwa Lee,Young Kul Kim,Won Kyu Lee ) 한국산림과학회 1998 한국산림과학회지 Vol.87 No.3

The effects of CaO, CaO+MgSO₄, and CaO+MgSO₄+compound fertilizers(NPK) on soil chemical properties of acidified forest soils were studied in Quercus spp. and Panes rigida stands in Mt. Namsan and Mt. Surak in urban areas, and Kwangnung in a mountain area. The soil samples were collected in November 1995 after every year fertilization from November 1991 through April 1995. The fertilizations affected soil chemical properties. Soil pH increased after fertilizations compared with control. However, the effect was different between the stand types and the areas. Organic matter and total nitrogen content were not changed, while exchangable rations such as calcium and magnesium increased after fertilizations. However, these ration concentrations after fertilizer treatments were lower in P. rigida than in Quercus spp. stands. These rations also showed increased leaching characteristics more in the urban area than in the mountain area.

산성화(酸性化)된 산림토양(山林土壤)에 석회(石灰), 황산고토(黃酸苦土) 및 복합비료(複合肥料) 시비(施肥)가 토양(土壤)의 화학적(化學的) 성질(性質)에 미치는 영향(影響)

유정환,변재경,김춘식,이충화,김영걸,이원규,Yoo, Jeong-Hwan,Byun, Jae-Kyoung,Kim, Choonsig,Lee, Choong Hwa,Kim, Young-Kul,Lee, Won-Kyu 한국산림과학회 1998 한국산림과학회지 Vol.87 No.3

산성화원 산림토양에 Ca, Ca+Mg, Ca+Mg+C.F. 등의 시비가 토양의 화학적 성질변화에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 알아보기 위해 도시지역인 남산과 수락산, 산림지역인 광릉의 참나무류 임분과 리기다소나무 임분을 대상으로 1991년 11월부터 1995년 4월까지 매년 시비한 후 시비 5년차인 1995년 11월에 토양의 화학적 성질을 조사하였다. 시비는 산림토양의 화학적 성질에 변화를 초래하였다. 토양 pH는 비료의 종류에 관계없이 상승하였으나 지역이나 임분에 따라 다른 경향을 보였다. 유기물, 전질소함량 등은 비료 종류간에 뚜렷한 차이가 나타나지 않았으나, 칼슘, 마그네슘, 염기총량은 시비 후 증가하였다. 치환성 양이온 함량은 리기다소나무 임분이 참나무류 임분에 비해 낮은 값을 보이고 있으며, 또한 도시지역이 산림지역에 비해 낮게 나타나 도시지역 산림에서 이들 양분의 용탈이 더 심한 것으로 나타났다. The effects of CaO, $CaO+MgSO_4$, and $CaO+MgSO_4$+compound fertilizers(NPK) on soil chemical properties of acidified forest soils were studied in Quercus spp. and Pinus rigida stands in Mt. Namsan and Mt. Surak in urban areas, and Kwangnung in a mountain area. The soil samples were collected in November 1995 after every year fertilization from November 1991 through April 1995. The fertilizations affected soil chemical properties. Soil pH increased after fertilizations compared with control. However, the effect was different between the stand types and the areas. Organic matter and total nitrogen content were not changed, while exchangable cations such as calcium and magnesium increased after fertilizations. However, these ration concentrations after fertilizer treatments were lower in P. rigida than in Quercus spp. stands. These rations also showed increased leaching characteristics more in the urban area than in the mountain area.

참나무림내 천연발생한 잣나무 치수의 지상부 현존량 및 양분분포

지동훈(Dong-Hun JI),변재경(Jae-Kyoung Byun),정진현(Jin-Hyun Jeong),이명종(Myong-Jong Yi) 한국토양비료학회 2011 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.44 No.6

잣나무는 우리나라의 대표적인 조림수종으로서 종자가 비산하지 못하고 조류나 설치류등의 동물에 의해 운반, 산포됨으로써 잣나무 인공조림지 주변 산림의 하층에 잣나무 치수가 천연 발생하게 된다. 조사 임분 내에서는 직경급, 수고급별 분포에서 역 J자형을 나타내는 음수의 잣나무가 상층의 참나무림에 의해 낮은 광환경과 토양의 비옥도가 낮은 조건하에서 생육하고 있다. 조사 임분은 비교적 온도가 높고 건조한 남서사면이지만 상층의 참나무림 임관에 의해 완화되며, 따라서 잣나무 종자의 발아나 치수를 보호하는 미세 입지환경을 제공 할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 잣나무 치수의 전체 현존량은 잣나무 인공림에 비해 높았으며 참나무림 하부의 낮은 광 환경에서도 적응하는 것으로 생각된다. 각 기관별 질소와 인의 농도는 인공 잣나무림 및 혼효하는 참나무림의 각 기관별 농도보다 낮았으며 양분량도 현존량에비해 상대적으로 적었다. 이들 양분은 일반적으로 식물의 성장에 필요한 주요 성분이므로 잣나무와 활엽수 혼효림의 시업에 있어서 지조부는 임상에 존치 시키는 것이 유리할 것으로 판단된다. The occurrence of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) advance growth has been noticed in the deciduous oak forest being adjacent to the mature Korean pine plantation. the korean pine seedlings in the forest were regenerated naturally from harvested and transported Korean pine seeds and cones by rodents, mainly red squirrels. Mongolian oak (Quercus bariabilis), which formed dominant overstory, had close-to-normal distributions of height, diameter and age classes. Korean pine, which dominated the understory, had the reverse J-shaped height, diameter and age distributions that are expected of a shade tolerant species. Growing in the summer shade of the oak, Korean pine seedling had slow, but steady height growth during the past four decades. Total biomass of Korean pine seedling ranged from 2,835-8,541 kg ha<SUP>-1</SUP> and biomass allocation of Korean pine seedling was follows : stem (with bark) 〉 foliage 〉 branches 〉 roots. Korean pine seedlings allocated more biomass to foliage and branches compare to planted Korean pine. The smaller root/shoot ratio of Korean pine seedling in the site is to believed to be result of competition for light. Contents of N and K for Korean pine seedling were greatest in foliage follow by branches, stem ad roots, while content of P was greater in the order of foliage 〉 roots 〉 stem 〉 branches.

산림토양(山林土壤)의 산성화(酸性化) 민감도(敏感度)에 대(對)한 실험적(實驗的) 평가(評價)(II) - 추출성(抽出性) 황산(黃酸)이온(SO₄^2-) 함량(含量)과 황산(黃酸)이온 흡착능(吸着能)의 활용(活用) -

이승우,김영걸,이충화,변재경,Lee, Sung Woo,Kim, Young Kul,Lee, Choong Hwa,Byun, Jae Kyoung 한국산림과학회 2001 한국산림과학회지 Vol.90 No.4

산퇴적물에 대한 산림토양의 산성화 민감도를 평가하기 위하여 4개 지역 소나무림을 대상으로 토양내 추출성 황산이온 함량과 황산이온 흡착능을 정량하였다. 유기물층의 수용성 황산이온 함량은 강화와 홍천에 비해 울산과 남산에서 현저히 높아 황산화물의 지역적 유입특성을 반영하였다. 그러나 광물질 토양내 추출성 황산이온 함량은 황산화물의 유입량과 토양 흡착능의 상호작용으로 울산, 강화, 남산 및 홍천 순으로 높게 나타났다. 대기오염 우려지역인 남산, 강화 및 울산의 황산이온 특정흡착률(총 추출성에 때한 불용성의 비율)은 각각 16.6%, 56.8% 및 37.4%로써 산퇴적물에 대한 토양산성화의 상대적 민감도는 남산에서 가장 높았다. 황산이온 흡착등온식($RE=mX_i-b$)의 추가유입량($X_i$)과 흡착량(RE)간의 정의 상관성은 광물질 토양에서만 유의적으로(p<0.05) 나타났다. 흡착등온식의 회귀계수(m)로 나타낸 토심 30cm까지의 황산이온 흡착능은 남산, 강화, 울산 및 홍천에서 각각 0.16, 0.24, 0.25 및 $0.32mmol_c\;kg^{-1}$으로 이에 근거한 지역별 토양산성화 민감도는 남산에서 가장 높았다. 황산이온 영점흡착량(null-point adsorption)은 남산, 강화, 울산 및 홍천에서 각각 3.81, 2.17, 4.96 및 $0.65mmol_c\;kg^{-1}$으로 홍천을 제외한 나머지 지역은 현실적인 황산이온 퇴적량을 훨씬 초과하는 추정치이었다. The extractable sulfate content and sulfate adsorption capacity in soils of four Pinus densiflora stands were measured to assess the soil acidification sensitivity to acid deposition. The soluble sulfate content in organic horizon which reflects the previous deposition of sulfur oxides was much higher for Namsan and Ulsan than Kanghwa and Hongcheon. In mineral soils, however, the extractable sulfate content was the greatest for Ulsan followed by Kanghwa, Namsan and Hongcheon due to the interactive effect of previous deposition and soil adsorption of sulfate. Adsorption rates of specifically adsorbed sulfate(proportion of insoluble sulfate to total extractable sulfate) for Namsan, Kanghwa and Ulsan affected by acid deposition were 16.6%, 56.8% and 37.4%, respectively, so that the soil in Namsan had the highest acidification sensitivity to acid deposition. For sulfate adsorption isotherm($RE=mX_i-b$), the significantly positive correlations between added sulfate($X_i$) and adsorbed sulfate(RE) were found only in mineral soil(p<0.05) over all regions. The regression coefficient(m) that means soil sulfate adsorption capacity by 0-30cm depth was 0.16, 0.24, 0.25 and 0.32 in $mmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ for Namsan, Kanghwa, Ulsan and Hongcheon, respectively, indicating that soil acidification sensitivity is the highest for Namsan. The added sulfate($X_i$) that could make the adsorbed sulfate(RE) null was 3.81, 2.17, 4.96 and 0.65 in $mmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ for Namsan, Kanghwa, Ulsan and Hongcheon, respectively and the values of former three regions considerably exceeded the realistic sulfate deposition.

춘천지방 소나무림에서 임내우 및 토양수내 이온동태

유정환,김영걸,이충화,변재경,최경,오정수,Yoo, Jeong-Hwan,Kim, Young-Kul,Lee, Choong-Hwa,Byun, Jae-Kyoung,Choi, Kyung,Oh, Jeong-Soo 한국생태학회 2000 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.23 No.5

본 연구는 강원도 춘천지방의 소나무임분을 대상으로 임내우와 토양수의 이온동태 특성을 알아보기 위하여 1998년 4월부터 10월까지 수행되었다. 임외우, 수관통과우, 수간류의 평균 pH는 수간류가 4.8로 가장 낮았으며 토양수 pH는 심토층으로 내려갈수록 높았다. 전기전도도는 수간류가 55.9 μS/cm로 가장 높았고, 토양수에서는 심토층으로 내려갈수록 낮아졌다. 양이온은 임외우·임내우에서 K/sup +/, Ca/sup 2+/, 토양수는 Ca/sup 2+/, 음이온은 임외우·임내우는 SO₄/sup 2-/, 토양수 NO₃/sup -/가 가장 높았다. This study was conducted to determine the ions dynamics in rainfall, throughfall, stemflow and soil solution of Pinus densiflora stands at Chunchon, Kangwon-Do. Ion concentration of stemflow was greater than that of rainfall and throughfall. The EC values of rainfall, throughfall and stemflow were 15.3 μS/cm, 23.9 μS/cm and 55.9 μS/cm, respectively. Average pH of soil solution was 4.8, 5.4, 5.5 and 5.8 at 10, 20, 30 and 50 cm depth, respectively. The cations were higher in K/sup +/ and Ca/sup 2+/ for rainfall, throughfall and stemflow, and in Ca/sup 2+/ for soil solution. The anions were higher in SO₄/sup 2-/ for rainfall, throughfall and stemflow, and in NO₃/sup -/ for soil solution.

아까시나무 황화현상 발생임분의 토양 이화학적 특성

이승우(Seung-Woo Lee),변재경(Jae-Kyoung Byun),지동훈(Dong-Hun Ji),권영대(Young-Dae Kwon) 한국토양비료학회 2009 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.42 No.6

아까시나무는 척박지에서 적응력이 뛰어나 과거 산림녹화와 사방조림 등에 많이 이용된 수종이다. 그러나 2000년 이후 황화현상이 국지적으로 빈번히 발생해 오다가 2006년에는 전국적으로 확산된 바 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 경기도 오산시 3개 지역에서 아까시나무의 황화현상 피해지와 미피해지 내에서 산림토양의 물리화학적 특성을 조사, 분석하여 그 관계성을 파악하고자 수행되었다. 조사지 일대 토양은 사방지토양, 갈색건조산림토양 및 갈색약건산림토양이 주를 이루었다. 피해지의 유효토심(16㎝)과 전토심(25㎝)은 미피해지(30㎝, 56㎝)에 비해 현저히 낮게 나타났다. 또한 미피해지에 비해 피해지 토양에서 고상률은 높은 반면 기상률은 낮고, 가비중도 높은 결과를 보여 근계부내 공기와 수분 이동성의 상대적 저하를 반영하였다. 또한 전체 조사지가 산성도가 매우 높은 강산성 토양이지만 피해지의 토양산도는 평균 pH 4.42로 미피해지의 pH 4.54보다 다소 낮았으며, 토양내 유효인산, 칼슘, 마그네슘 함량과 염기포화율의 결과 역시 피해지에서 낮게 나타났다. 이러한 미피해지에 비해 열악한 황화현상 피해지의 토양 물리화학적 성질은 양분과 수분에 대한 보유 및 공급능력의 상대적 저하로 아까시나무 임분이 다른 환경 스트레스에 보다 민감하게 반응할 수 있음을 반영한다. In 1970’s Black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia) had been widely planted Korea as an important forest greening species for erosion control afforestation. Since 2000, however, the tree’s leaf-yellowing symptom has often been observed at a limited region and then spreaded out over the country in 2006. This study was conducted to study soil physiochemical properties of black locust stands with and without the leaf-yellowing symptom in Osan, Gyeonggi province. Most of soils in sampling sites were mostly slightly eroded, dry, and moderately dry. Available soil depth(16㎝) and total soil depth(26㎝) in leaf-yellowing (LY) site were significantly lower than in non leaf-yellowing (Non-LY) site’s soil depths which were 30㎝ and 56㎝, respectively. And solid phase proportion and bulk density in soils were lower in LY site than in non-LY site soils, while soil liquid phase proportion was also low. It could reflect that LY site soils might have a lower air and moisture movement in the rhizosphere of black locust stand compared with non-LY site soils. Soil acidity in both sites was very strong acid, soil pH (4.42) of LY site was slightly lower than non-LY site’s (pH 4.54). Content of available phosphorous, exchangeable Ca²? and Mg²? and percent base saturation were less than LY site. These results indicated that soil physiochemical condition in LY site, more deteriorated than non-LY site, should adversely affect the retention and supply capacity of soil nutrients and moisture. Therefore the black locust may be more sensitive to other environmental stresses.

서울시 산림토양내 중그속 분포

김춘식(Choon Sig Kim),유장환(Jung Hwan Yoo),변재경(Jae Kyoung Byun),정진현(Jin Heon Jeong),이봉수(Bong Soo Lee) 한국산림과학회 1999 한국산림과학회지 Vol.88 No.1

Distribution of heavy metal (Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd) concentrations within forest soils was investigated in Mts. Surak and Bulam around the outskirt area, and Mts. Bukak and Inwang around the downtown area of Seoul. Metal concentrations in these soils were higher in the A horizons than in the B horizons. The mean concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cd in the A horizons were 4.39 ㎎/㎏, 9.09 ㎎/㎏, 1.67 ㎎/㎏, and 0.03 ㎎/㎏, respectively. The concentrations in the B horizons were 2.18 ㎎/㎏ in Zn, 5.74 ㎎/㎏ in Pb, 0.55 ㎎/㎏ in Cu, and 0.01 ㎎/㎏ in Cd, respectively. With positive correlation among the metal concentrations, Zn, Pb, and Cu concentrations in the A horizon were positively correlated with soil organic matter contents (r=0.39∼0.83, p$lt;0.01), while Pb and Cu concentrations were negatively correlated with soil pH (r=-0.53∼0.59, p$lt;0.01). The results suggest that the metals in forest soils have accumulated more in the downtown than in the outskirt areas.

산림토양의 산성화 민간도에 대한 실험적 평가 ( 2 ) - 추출성 황산이온 ( SO42- ) 함량과 황산이온 흡착능의 활용 -

이승우(Sung Woo Lee),이충화(Choong Hwa Lee),변재경(Jae Kyoung Byun),김영걸(Young Kul Kim) 한국산림과학회 2001 한국산림과학회지 Vol.90 No.4

The extractable sulfate content and sulfate adsorption capacity in soils of four Pinus densiflora stands were measured to assess the soil acidification sensitivity to acid deposition. The soluble sulfate content in organic horizon which reflects the previous deposition of sulfur oxides was much higher for Namsan and Ulsan than Kanghwa and Hongcheon. In mineral soils, however, the extractable sulfate content was the greatest for Ulsan followed by Kanghwa, Namsan and Hongcheon due to the interactive effect of previous deposition and soil adsorption of sulfate. Adsorption rates of specifically adsorbed sulfate(proportion of insoluble sulfate to total extractable sulfate) for Namsan, Kanghwa and Ulsan affected by acid deposition were 16.6%, 56.8% and 37.4%, respectively, so that the soil in Namsan had the highest acidification sensitivity to acid deposition. For sulfate adsorption isotherm(RE = mX_i - b), the significantly positive correlations between added sulfate(X_i) and adsorbed sulfate(RE) were found only in mineral soil(p$lt;0.05) over all regions. The regression coefficient(m) that means soil sulfate adsorption capacity by 0-30㎝ depth was 0.16, 0.24, 0.25 and 0.32 in mmol_c ㎏^(-1) for Namsan, Kanghwa, Ulsan and Hongcheon, respectively, indicating that soil acidification sensitivity is the highest for Namsan. The added sulfate(X_i) that could make the adsorbed sulfate(RE) null was 3.81, 2.17, 4.96 and 0.65 in mmol_c ㎏^(-1) for Namsan, Kanghwa, Ulsan and Hongcheon, respectively and the values of former three regions considerably exceeded the realistic sulfate deposition.