포스터컬러의 채도감소에 따른 색상변화

배용진 ( Bae Yong-jin ),권오현 ( Kwon O-hyun ) 한국디자인트렌드학회 2013 한국디자인포럼 Vol.39 No.-

산업현장에서 혼색을 전문적으로 다루는 `조색사(調色士)` 가 오래전부터 활동하고 있으며, 2002년부터 한국 산업인력공단에서 실시하는 `컬러리스트 (산업)기사` 자격시험에서 포스터컬러를 사용한 육안조색을 테스트 항목으로 하고 있다. 육안조색에서의 채도조절은 유채색과 무채색의 혼색에 의해 이루어지는데, 조색초보자는 채도가 변함에 따라 색상도 함께 변화하는 성질을 예측하지 못해 색료(色料)의 색상선택에서 자주 실패하게 된다. 예를 들어 1GY~5GY의 색을 조색할 때 초보자는 연두계열인 Light green을 선택하여 조색에 실패하게 되는 경우가 다수이다. 이는 1GY~5GY의 색을 조색할 때는 Lemon yellow을 선택해야 하지만 Lemon yellow가 무채색과 혼색되면 연두의 색상을 나타냄을 예측하지 못하기 때문이다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 전문가용 12색 포스터컬러의 채도감소에 따른 색상변화를 제시하여 예측하게 함으로서 조색초보자·컬러리스트 응시자가 육안조색을 실시할 때 정확한 색상선택을 하게 위함이다. 실험결과를 검증하기 위해 채도감소에 따른 색상변화의 정도가 조색시 색상선택에 어느 정도 영향을 미치는지를 색채학을 수강하는 디자인 전공 학생 124명을 대상으로 설문을 실시하였고, 그 결과 채도감소에 따른 색상변화의 정도가 클수록 조색시 색상선택에 정답률이 낮아지는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구의 결과로 채도가 변함에 따라 색상도 크게 변화하는 색들을 제시하고, 이를 예측하게 함으로써 조색초보자·컬러리스트 응시자가 육안조색을 실시할 때 정확한 색상선택을 할 수 있기를 기대한다. `Color-mixing specialists` who are professionals in mixing colors have been working in the industrial fields for a long time and `naked eye-oriented color-mixing` has been part of the certification test to be a `colorist (industrial)` conducted by Human Resources Development Service of Korea since 2002. Adjustment of chroma through naked eye-oriented color-mixing is based on mixing chromatic and achromatic colors, and beginners have often failed in choosing the right colors of colorants, since they are unaware that colors tend to change as chroma changes. For example, when mixing colors of 1GY~5GY, beginners usually fail by selecting light green. It is because they are not aware that mixture of lemon yellow and achromatic colors result in light green, although they should choose lemon yellow while mixing colors of 1GY~5GY. Therefore, this study is aimed at allowing color-mixing beginners and colorist test-takers to choose accurate colors with naked eyes by presenting color changes based on reduction in chroma (desaturation) and helping them to predict them. In order to validate the experimental results, a survey was done on 124 design majors who were taking chromatology as to whether the degree of color changes based on desaturation affect their color selection while mixing colors, and they were less likely to choose correct colors as the color changes became greater. Hopefully. this study will allow color-mixing beginners and colorist test-takers to choose correct colors while mixing colors with naked eyes, by presenting colors that greatly change in accordance with chroma and helping them to be aware of them.

뉴럴 및 심볼릭 방법을 통합한 하이브리드 단락 검색

배용진(Yongjin Bae),이공주(Kong-Joo Lee) 한국정보기술학회 2022 한국정보기술학회논문지 Vol.20 No.7

Neural retrieval has the advantage of resolving the mismatch problem of symbolic retrieval, but the efficiency of symbolic retrieval is still high in a specific question and paragraph environment, so both methodologies are being studied in parallel. In this paper, we proposed a hybrid retrieval that integrates the two search methods in the Korean text. The features used in the hybrid search are a term frequency-based symbolic feature vector and a neural feature vector represented by language model based encoder. We calculated the relevance score of the question-passage by combining the two feature vectors. As a result of the experiment, the BR@Top1 improved by 6.35% and 4.41% compared to the single retrieval method in the wikipedia and office document collections, and also improved 1.00% and 0.73% via BR@Top50.

근대거리 도시재생의 환경색채 사례연구 - 마루노우치 거리와 바샤미치 거리의 역사건축물과 주변건축물의 색채를 중심으로

배용진(Bae, YongJin),이석현(Lee, SeokHyun) 한국색채학회 2019 한국색채학회 논문집 Vol.33 No.2

We carried out field study to investigate the successful regeneration of modern street. In particular, we attempted to identify how the areas have formed the authentic environmental color reflecting their own historical·cultural resources. We targetted two well-known success cases, such as Marunouchi Street and Bashamichi Street, where we conducted color and image samplings. Based on the analysis, we draw insights for color of the overseas regenerated urban environment, thereby proposing a color strategy for domestic regenerated urban area. First, both color and materials of urban artifacts should be in connected with those of historical architecture of the area. Second, a harmony is necessary between the historical landscape and artifacts in regenerated urban environemnt, where a sustainable management is essential. Third, studies should continue to plan and operate an environmental color system that properly serves the color of the regenerated urban environment.

공공공간의 사인색채 개선방향

배용진(YongJin Bae),이석현(SeokHyun Lee) 한국색채학회 2015 한국색채학회 논문집 Vol.29 No.2

최근 공공공간의 사인색채는 저채도 또는 무채색을 주로 하여 시각적 자극이 최소화된 색조로 변하고 있다. 그 결과 공공사인 색채의 미적인 측면은 강조되었으나, 상대적으로 색채의 기능적인 측면은 효과적으로 활용되지 못한 경우가 빈번이 발생되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 서울시 공공청사의 실내공간을 대상으로 사인색채의 현황과 문제점을 파악하고 색채 인지성 향상을 위한 개선방향 제시를 목적으로 한다. 연구의 방법으로는 첫째, 선행논문을 통해 기존연구의 동향을 살펴보고 연구목적과 방법을 설정한다. 둘째, 기존연구를 통해 공공사인의 색채 기능성에 대한 기본적인 특성을 파악하여 연구범위와 설문내용을 설정한다. 셋째, 공공공간의 사인색채를 측색하여 사인의 배경색과 그림색의 명도차와 그림색의 채도를 분석, 문제점을 제시한다. 넷째, 디자인 전공 학생들을 대상으로 현재 공공공간에서 사용되고 있는 사인과 개선하여 제안한 사인을 비교 설문하여 연구의 결과를 검증한다. 공공공간 사인색채의 인지성 정도를 현황 조사한 결과 주목성이 낮고 사용된 대부분의 무채색은 고명도로 실내공간 벽면의 주조색과 명도차가 작아 명시성도 낮다. 또한 주목성과 명시성이 부족한 사인물이 좁은 면적에 적용되어 더욱 인지하기 어렵다. 공공공간의 사인색채 개선방향의 제안은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 주목성을 높이기 위한 기능적이고 개성적인 색채의 사용이 요구된다. 단 채도를 높이는 정도는 시각적 공해를 고려해 사인물의 크기에 반비례하여 적용 할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 채도를 높이기 위한 색으로는 지역의 특성을 전달할 수 있는 상징적인 색을 사용하여 공공사인으로서 차별성이 필요하다. 셋째, 부득이하게 무채색을 사용해야 한다면 사인물의 배경색을 저명도로 하여 명시성을 높일 필요가 있다. 본 연구는 사인 고유의 기능인 인지성 향상을 위해 공공공간 사인색채의 현황을 파악한 점에서 향후 유사연구에 시사점을 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. Recently, the sign color of public space is changing into tone with minimized visual stimulus recently by using low chroma or achromatic color. As a result, the aesthetic aspect of public sign colors got emphasized, but the case of functional aspect of colors not getting utilized effectively is occurring relatively frequently. Therefore, this study was intended to identify the current situation and problems of sign color around interior space of the government office in Seoul and to provide improvement directions for improving the color awareness. As a result of investigating the current status of awareness level of sign colors used in public space, the attractiveness of color was low and most of achromatic colors used had high brightness that the explicitness was low as well as the brightness difference with the surface of walls in interior space was low. The first method of this study was to investigate the trend of existing studies through precedent research, and to set the research purpose and methods. Secondly, research range and survey contents were set by investigating basic characteristics regarding the functionality of colors on public sings through existing studies. Thirdly, this study analyzed the background color of sings, difference of lightness of illustrations, and chroma of illustrations by conducting the colorimetric method of public space. Fourthly, opinion survey was conducted by comparing signs that are being used in public space with improved signs on design major students to verify the result of this study. Suggestions for improvement direction of sign colors in public space are as follows. First, the use of functional and individual colors is being required to improve the attractiveness of colors. However, it is necessary to raise chroma in inverse proportion to the size of signs in consideration of visual pollution. Secondly, it is necessary to differentiate public signs by using symbolic colors in raising the chroma that can deliver and express regional characteristics. Thirdly, if it is inevitable to use achromatic colors, it is necessary to improve explicitness by using low brightness colors on the background of signs. This study is expected to provide implications for similar studies in the future as it suggested improvement directions of sign colors in public space to improve a characteristic function, the awareness.

전통건축물 소재색을 반영한 환경색채 사례연구

배용진(Bae, YongJin),이석현(Lee, SeokHyun) 한국색채학회 2018 한국색채학회 논문집 Vol.32 No.3

This is a case study that applied material color of traditional architecture to environmental color based on local history and culture. Through this, the study suggested an improvement measure to form urban image with identity of domestic historical area. The study examined trend of urban environment and environmental color through theoretic contemplation, and examined relevant polices of Japanese urban environmental color that presents various landscaping policies to seek desirable direction for domestic urban design. By selecting subjects that form urban image with identity which applied material color of traditional architecture, the study conducted field case investigation of photography, colorimetry and sketch and analysis. As the result of case investigation, Kyoto applied material color of historical architectures as the base color of street to revive the characteristics of region. As for the specific method, it unified the colors of historical architecture and its surrounding, and maintained the chroma of surrounding architectures low to make the historical architecture stand out, and gave variation to the street based on different brightness. The domestic environmental color guideline is mainly suggested based on soil and plant color, but there is a need to consistently apply the similar material and color of historical landscape resources to surrounding architecture considering the relation in the historical area. This will enable the formation of environmental color formation in historical area.

색채를 활용한 구도심 셉테드(CPTED) 사례 연구

배용진(YongJin Bae),이석현(SeokHyun Lee) 한국색채학회 2015 한국색채학회 논문집 Vol.29 No.3

서울시는 범죄취약지역인 염리동을 구도심에 처음으로 셉테드 시범구역으로 선정하였다. 좁고 어두운 계단과 골목길 등에 원색을 사용, 색의 심리적 효과를 바탕으로 밝은 분위기를 조성하여 색으로 범죄 예방을 시도하였다. 그럼에도 아직 다양한 시도에 비해, 범죄예방의 효과는 제대로 검증되지 못한 경우가 많아 이를 위해 지속적인 공간디자인 기법개발이 시급하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 염리동 소금길의 구도심공간을 대상으로 색채를 활용한 셉테드 개선에 대한 평가를 통해 향후 색채를 활용한 구도심 범죄예방 기법에 대한 시사점을 제시하고자 한다. 연구의 방법은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 기존연구 고찰을 통해 안전도시설계에 있어 색채와 연관된 논점 및 관점을 정리한다. 특히, 안전과 연관된 색채기능성과 경관색채에 대한 이론적 고찰로 평가연구방법과 내용을 설정한다. 둘째, 조사대상지의 현황과 색채특성을 측색하고 색채의 기능적, 경관적인 관점에서 분석을 실시한다. 셋째, 대상지의 현황분석 및 문제점 정리를 통해 향후 연구방향에 시사점을 제시한다. 향후 색채를 활용한 구도심 범죄예방 기법에 대한 시사점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 자연적 감시·자연적 접근통제·영역성과 같은 색채의 기능성 부분은 효과적이었으나, 색채의 미적인 부분은 주변 경관과의 조화를 고려할 필요가 있다. 특히 고채도 색을 주거공간 벽면의 주조색으로 사용하는 것은 경관의 부조화를 가져오며, 색채의 기능은 살리되 최소한의 면적에 사용하여 경관 색채로써의 미적기능도 고려하는 방안이 모색되어야 할 것이다. 둘째, 염리동과 같이 도색위주의 사업으로 진행되면 색채의 유지관리가 자연적 감시·자연적 접근통제에도 영향을 미치게 되므로 주민 참여를 통한 지속적인 관리방안이 요구된다. 셋째, 색채를 통한 범죄 예방시도는 긍정적인 효과가 있었으나, 향후 색채적용의 객관성을 높이기 위한 체계적인 검증이 요구될 것이다. The Seoul Metropolitan government, for the first time, has designated the old downtown Yeomni-dong, the vulnerable area of crime as a test area of CPTED. By using primary colors for narrow and dark stairs and alleys, a bright atmosphere has been created based on the psychological effects of color, thus, crime prevention method was tried. Yet, in comparison with diverse trials of this kind, the real effectiveness of crime prevention has not been properly verified in many cases, therefore, it is urgent to develop the technique of space design in constant manner. Consequently, this study aims to propose some implications on color-based CPTED prevention techniques which will be used in the future, through the evaluations of color-based CPTED improvement, oriented to the old downtown area of Sogeum-gil of Yeomni-dong. This study contains the following methodology: First, based on the consideration of precedent research, this study arranges the controversial points and perspectives related to color in terms of secure urban design. In particular, for the theoretical consideration of security-related functions of color and landscape color, the methodology of evaluation research and range of research will be established. Second, the actual state and chromatic feature of the target area will be measured, then, an analysis will be carried out from the perspectives of function and landscape. Third, some implications will be proposed for future study directions, through the analysis of current status and arrangement of problems of the target area. The implications of color-based CPTED techniques of future for old downtown areas are as follows: First, the chromatic functions such as, natural surveillance, natural control of access and territoriality have been fairly effective, however, it is still necessary to consider the harmony with the surrounding landscape in terms of the aesthetic part of color. In particular, to use colors of high chroma for the dominant color of walls of residential space can bring about a mismatch of landscape. In addition, it is required to seek the plans to consider aesthetic functions in the capacity of surrounding colors, by way of keeping its chromatic function only for minimum area. Second, if the maintenance management of color is proceeded focusing on painting works as in Yeomni-dong, it can affect the natural surveillance and natural control of access, therefore, continuous management plan is required through the participation of community residents. Third, it is confirmed that the trial for color-based crime prevention has brought positive effects, however, a systematic verification will be required to increase future objectivity of color application.

역사문화지구 주변의 색채조화를 위한 경관색채 개선방향

배용진(YongJin Bae),이석현(Lee Seokhyun) 한국색채학회 2016 한국색채학회 논문집 Vol.30 No.1

1970년대 이후 진행된 급격한 경제성장과 도시화에 따른 난개발은 도심 내 역사문화지구에서도 진행되어 역사문화지구와 주변경관과의 부조화를 형성시키는 원인으로 지적되고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 국내의 대표적 역사문화지구인 서울시 도심부 5대 궁 담장을 중심으로 주변 경관과의 색채실태와 문제점을 파악하고, 색채개선의 방향을 제안하고자 한다. 연구방법은 다음과 같다. 기존 연구의 고찰을 통해 역사문화지구에서 요구되는 경관색채에 대한 논점을 정리하고, 색채의 관계성과 색채의 연속성을 평가하기위한 객관적인 방법을 도출한다. 5대궁의 돌담·역사문화지구의 주변 건축물·시설물의 색채를 CIELab값으로 측색하여 색채의 연속성을 분석하고, 측색한 CIELab값을 Munsell Conversion으로 변환하여 색채의 관계성을 분석한다. 연구 대상지의 경관색채 문제점을 인식하고 개선방향을 제안한다. 5대 궁 담장과 주변 경관의 색채관계성을 분석한 결과 경복궁·창덕궁·창경궁주변 경관은 색채의 관계성이 양호하였으나, 경희궁 주변 경관은 난색과 한색이 비슷하게 분포하고, 채도 또한 폭넓게 분포하여, 색채의 관계성이 약하다. 유리소재를 사용한 고층 건축물들과 일관성 없는 버스 및 택시정류장의 시설물의 색채가 원인으로 개선이 필요하다. 5대 궁 담장과 주변 건축물의 색채연속성을 분석한 결과 경복궁·덕수궁·창덕궁·창경궁 주변 경관은 일부 돌출된 건축물을 제외하고 대체로 색채의 연속성이 양호하였으나, 경희궁 맞은편의 대다수 고층건축물들이 한색의 유리소재를 사용하고 있어 경희궁과의 소재와 색채의 관계성이 낮다. 역사경관자원과의 관계성·연속성을 고려하여 주변의 건축물과 시설물의 색채계획 시, 유사한 소재와 주조색의 적용이 장기적으로 요구된다. Sprawling development according to the rapid economic growth and urbanization since 1970s was progressed even in historic and cultural districts in urban areas that it is being pointed out as the cause of forming mismatch between historic and cultural districts and surrounding scenery. Therefore, this study intends to investigate the actual condition and problems of colors in surrounding scenery around the wall of 5 palaces in downtown Seoul, a representative historic and cultural district in Korea, and to suggest directions of improvement in colors. The research methods are as follows. This study will organize issues on the landscape color in historic and cultural districts by investigating earlier studies and deduce objective methods for evaluating a relationship and continuity of colors. This study analyzed continuity of colors by measuring colors of surrounding buildings and facilities of stone wall of 5 palaces and historic and cultural district with CIELab value, and analyzed a relationship of colors by converting the CIELab value into Musell Conversion. This study recognized problems of landscape colors of the selected site and suggested improvement directions. According to the analysis result of relationship of colors in the wall of 5 palaces and surrounding landscape, surrounding scenery of Gyeongbokgung Palace, Changdeokgung Palace, and Changgyeonggung Palace had good relationship of colors, but scenery around Gyeongheegung Palace had similar distribution of warm and cold colors and full range of chroma that showed weak relationship between colors. Tall buildings made out of glass and inconsistent colors of bus and taxi stop facilities were the cause that needed improvement. According to the analysis result of color continuity of the wall of 5 palaces and surrounding buildings, the color continuity of landscape around Gyeongbokgung Palace, Deoksugung Palace, Changdeokgung Palace, and Changgyeonggung Palace had generally satisfactory color continuity except for some protruding buildings, but the majority of tall buildings opposite to the Gyeongheegung Palace showed low relationship with Gyeongheegung Palace in material and color because they used cold color glass material. Application of similar material and dominant color are required in the long term when planning colors of surrounding buildings and facilities by considering relationship and continuity of historic landscape resources.

수원화성 및 주변 건축물의 환경색채 특성 분석

배용진(Bae, Yong-jin) 더나은도시디자인포럼 2019 도시디자인저널 Vol.- No.1

The purpose of the research is to examine and analyze the color of buildings around Suwon Hwaseong and present the environmental color problem of the site, and to find a way to create harmonious environment color between Mars and surrounding buildings. The method of this study first recognizes the domestic environmental color flow and the problem at the site, as well as clarify the purpose and method of this study. Second, we look at the literature on the definition and process of environmental color. Third, a literature survey on the site, visiting the site, and conducting and analyzing color surveys such as photography and colorimetric studies. Fourth, based on the field survey results, improvement measures are proposed for the formation of a sites identity color. Problems and suggestions for field survey results are as follows. First, as a king, it is necessary to organize the structure into the EE family, which has the highest distribution ratio for the construction or readjustment of nearby private buildings. Second, although painting is sometimes recommended for buildings with difficult maintenance, it should be considered carefully as it may look more messy over time. In such cases, the use of color should be considered in relation to historical buildings according to the regional guidelines. Third, many buildings with dark, one-colored glass materials reduce the relationship between street continuity and historical structures. Use clear glass or recommended use of the same series of colors.

단락 검색을 위한 다중 관점 토큰 기반 늦은 상호작용 방법

배용진(Yongjin Bae),배경만(Kyoungman Bae) 한국정보기술학회 2023 Proceedings of KIIT Conference Vol.2023 No.11

질의어 확장을 이용한 단어 중요도 기반 단락 검색

배용진(Yongjin Bae),이공주(Kong-Joo Lee) 한국정보기술학회 2022 한국정보기술학회논문지 Vol.20 No.1

Natural language question answer system requires the high search recall of the passage and the high precision of machine reading comprehension to extract the answer. Recent studies have focused on extracting the correct answer based on the large-scale language model, but the performance of searching for the correct answer passage should be satisfied primarily. In this paper, we propose a traditional retrieval system considering contextual information of deep learning. The importance of a word was inferred by considering the context of paragraph, and the word importance was indexed by converting it into a frequency. The word importance inference model extends the limited training targets of previous study including not only exact word matching but also synonym words of the question. As a result of the experiment, the average MRR improved by 2.02% and 0.36% compared to previous study in the common sense and legal domains, and also improved 1.34% and 0.9% via BR@Top1.