Arthur F. Bentley의 집단리론(集團理論)에 관한 연구(硏究) -그의 접근방법론(接近方法論)을 중심(中心)으로-

방정항 ( Jung Hang Bang ) 東亞大學校附設 石堂傳統文化硏究院 1982 石堂論叢 Vol.6 No.-

Since early 20th cencury, political research has come to focus increasingly upon the group concept. Prior to this time, political analysis was largely concerned with forms of government, political theory, and constitution. The shift in emphasis is attributed to Arther F. Beatley`s The Process of Government of 1908. Bentley provided a reorientation in political analysis toward the activity of groups as a more realistic and empirical way of viewing and understanding political and social action. While there had been some qualification and reservation, Bentley`s announced position and intention in The Process of Government "to fashon a tool", prompted American writers in politics to accept the view that the group is the basic unit of political analysis. According to the almost universal testimony of students of group politics, Bentley`s "ground clearing" systematic statement and theoritical formulation of the group phenomena in political process continues to set the pattern of group theory. He has then, at least, the claim on our attention of a revered pioneer. At this point, It is important to recall Sidney Ratner`s description that "Bentley`s The Process of Government is recognized as one of tile great classics of political science. The purpose of this paper is to inquire into the complicated methodological and semantics` reasons underlying Bentley`s position or the ways in which he attempted to state everything there is to state at least about political process, in terms of groups. In this connection this paper concentrated all effort to clarify the key characteristics of Bentley`s group approach, and then to review. the essential methodolagical basis of his theoritical structuring of the scientific study of groups for the refinement of general group theory. The general outline of Bentlcy`s position is as follows. He begins his positive argument with a such question: what are the raw materials of government? The basic material for the study of politics, Bentley holds, is a multiplicity of groups in conflict, each group pursuits its interest, and the interest know only from the activity. The phenomena of government are the activities of group pressing toward and adjustment or balance of an undisclosed kind. Any agency of government is to be understood as the reflection or representation of group struggle at a given time. So the balance of group pressure is the existing state of society at any given time. Inspite of much criticisms are directed his methodological apparatus and his paradoxical equation of group, its activity and its interest, Bentley`s call for empirical and quantitative method in politics, his emphasis on government as process and the non-governmental forces in politics and, above all his democratic orientation in politics place him among the most creative pioneers of contemporary behavioral science.

정책결정(政策決定)에 있어서의 집단모형(集團模型)에 관한 연구(硏究)

이성덕 ( Sung Duk Lee ),방정항 ( Jung Hang Bang ) 東亞大學校附設 石堂傳統文化硏究院 1978 石堂論叢 Vol.2 No.-

As its title indicates, this study is designed to serves two purposes. The first purpose is to describe a set of theoretical models as a frame of reference for policy-making. The second is to analyze especially the utility and limitation of the group model in modern societal context. Because the influence of groups, as a mojor participant of policy making process, is so great that we cannot fully understand the policy phenomena except the group dynamics. The general outline of this study is as follows; after tracing the problem-discussed and the reasons why the group study is the most necessary part for the study of policy-making in Chapter I, we concentrated all our effort to examine a set of models for the analysis of public policy, without trying to determine which is best in Chater II. In terms of policy-models, the elite, group and institutional models emphasis on the process or activities involved in making a policy. To the extent that they describe how policy-makings are made by individuals, groups and institutions, they are empirical and descriptive rather than prescriptive in tone. But the rational-comprehensive, incremental and mixed-scanning models of policy-making attempt to analyze the outputs and effects of public policy, so that they are concerned to the efforts to prescribe ways to prove the content of policy-making by presentation of "how decision should be made." In reviewing briefly both processual and the output oriented thrusts of policy-making, our aim is simply that, to review and to direct toward raising questions rather than providing definitive answers. In Chapter III, we extended a more detailed discussion of group model on the consideration that the study of group behavior comes out to be the most useful components for the practical analysis of political and administrative process. In this thesis, what is concerned with us was the function and role of the groups, especially the interest groups as policy-aspiration groups or demand-groups. And then, in order to adequate understanding of interest groups` activities and the style of group action for policy-making, we suggested the ways and methods of group interests-articulation. The utility criteria of group model wad the subject tatter of chapter IV. In the case of practical application of group model in complex societal context, it is containly hard to install the criteria with which to effectuate the policy goals. In our concern with this, however, the general concept of political culture could be introduced as a criteria to judge the group model`s utility. Because it can regulate the functional autonomy of group activities as well as to reflect the fundamental ethos of a nation. Also we should be careful not neglect the facts that the major characteristics of group structure and policy-making institution of a particular situation could be operate as a criteria to judge thee utility of group model. Finally, in Chapter V, we dealed with the conclusions of this study as follows. First, the utility and limitation of policy-making models can be judged in connection with the policy-environment. Second, at the present time, group model is indentified as a very realistic operational tools for effective policy-making owing to the development of modern society which is distinguished by highly industrialized and functionally differentiated society. Third, particularly group model is widely used in pluralistic democratic society for policy-marking, but in case of non-western countries, this model can be served as a guideline for the political development. Fourth, In so far as the utility of group model can be judged by political culture, the characteristics of the group structure and policy making institution, if a nation is endowed with the participation political culture, he stabilized group structure and got service-oriented bureaucracy, the utility of group model is more increased at all points.

Theodore J. Lowi의 政策類型論 : Theodore J. Lowi's Perspectives

方正恒 동아대학교 부설 사회과학연구소 1986 사회과학논집 Vol.4 No.-

No single theoretical construct has been more important to the development of public policy studies than Lowi's categorization scheme. This is because many studies about policy process have treated the policy contents as a dependent or subordinate variable, but he has criticized this process-oriented format and advocated that the policy contents must be treated as independent variables by pointing out the degree to which group activities vary the type of public policy at issue. As we know, the heart of Lowi's argument is that ''policies determine politics." He developed, in a series of articles, a typology containing distributive, regulative, redistributive, and constituent policies and argued that policy process will differ significantly depending on the policy type involved. At this point, it is important to recall J. David Greenstone's description that Lowi's pivotal work must be recognized as one of the most influential typology of public policy. The purpose of this paper is to discuss a particular analytical perspectives within policy studies which Lowi's, its formost advocate, described as the way "policies determine politics", above-mentioned. . In this connection, this paper concentrated all efforts to clarify the key characteristics of Lowi's typology of public policy and to review the basic propositions of logical structuring and the essential epistemological framework of his typology for the preparation of a new ground to refine his theoretical-bakeup. For the sake of these objectives, this paper has traced the background of problem-consciousness and the reasons why the policy typology is the most necessary part for recent development in the study of public policy as an introduction in chapter I. And then, this paper Entended a more detailed discussion on the Lowi's analytical perspectives and the logical structure of his typology. In chapter Ⅲ and Ⅳ, this paper reviewed in depth the characteristic features of Lowi's classification and its relations with the policy process. In spite of much criticism are directed Lowi's methodological apparatus and epistemological framework, at the moment this is only a hope for the future. But if "policies determine politics" is to become anything more than one of slogans which already abound in the policy sciences, this is the way we will have to go.

再分配政策의 決定過程에 관한 事例硏究 : 醫療保險政策事例를 中心으로

方正恒 동아대학교 사회과학대학 1988 사회과학논집 Vol.6 No.-

As its title indicates, this study is to designed to the following two purposes. The first purpose of this dissertion is to find out the key characteristics of redistribution policy-making processes in Korea on the basis of Theodore J. Lowi's 8 comparative criteria, and also to compare with the very differences and similarities of the American redistribution policy-making process. The second review is concerned with the extraction of some analytical insight and theoretical frame of reference for the further study of Korean public policy and to discuss the effectiveness of a comparative case study method in policy studies with relations to its epistemological framework. This study has been divided into four chapters in order with these problems. The first chapter as introduction deals with the background of problem-consciousness and the very aim of this study. And then, this introduction involves the method and the scope of this study, namely methodological appratus. Chapter Ⅱ and Ⅲ deal with the case of redistribution policy-making process, Korean Medical Insurance Act. This case comes from a severely restricted domain and representation. In this case study, Lowi's 8 comparative factors for the analyses of policy contents and their contextual variables intervened in policy-making process are adopted as criteria to analyze the key feature of redistribution policy-making process in Korea. Chapter Ⅳ has been drawn as concluding chapter which deals with following points. ① The policy-making process of Medical Insurance Act had been decisively affected by the political and administrative system itself. ② The role of gevernment technocrats and the personality of president had greatly affected policy-making process. ③ The role of parliament was not important in the process of redistribution policy-making. ④ The relationships among primary political units was not ideological, but bargaining. In this connection, the lobby role of interest groups was more important than American cases. ⑤ The informal personal tie played a very important role in the policy-making process in Korea.

大學 서어클 活動에 관한 分析的 硏究 : 새로운 方向 設定을 위한 한 試論 An Attempt to Guide a New Direction

方正恒,沈貞宅,黃惠子 東亞大學校 學生生活硏究所 1986 學生硏究 Vol.15 No.-

福祉國家의 危機論과 그 含意

方正恒 東亞大學校 大學院 1997 大學院論文集 Vol.22 No.-

The End of The Second World War was followed by a steady increasing in social expenditures, and in the 1960s there was general confidence that the continuation and development of the welfare was assured. However, this confidence began to evaporate with the onset of economic problems stemming from the from the oil crisis of 1973. The rate of economic growth slowed down and the economy actually contracted between 1973 and 1975 as investment and profits fell and unemployment increased. In these postwar economic processes, there has been much talk about crisis in welfare states. Welfare states, it is claimed, are experiencing problems of crisis proportions arising from government overload and from fiscal and economic difficulties above mentioned. Neo-Marxists and the New Rights seem to be in agreement that capitalist state has become over-bureaucratic and that it is unresponsive to people's needs. Eventually, the argument continues, a legitimation crisis will develop as fiscal and economic problems become ever more serious and the welfare state loses public supports. There can be little doubt that government have promoted the notion of crisis as a means of justifying cuts in social expenditures, which they wish to bring about for ideological reasons. But the problems arise from a lack of political commitment to the welfare state and refusal to accept that retrenchment is not the only possible response to present difficulties. As its title indicates, this study is intended as a contribution to the continuing debate on welfare crisis in capitalist societies, and one of its purpose is to discuss and identify some of the problems involved in restructuring directions for better future welfare services and to investigate the practical alternatives for overcoming the welfare crisis. In this connection, there may be important lessons to be learned from studying the future desired state of welfare in Korea, but a different set of questions is implied.

組織風土論 序說

方正恒 동아대학교 부설 사회과학연구소 1985 사회과학논집 Vol.3 No.-

This study is designed to serve the following three objectives. The first objective is to identify the meaning and content of the concept of organizational climate from the viewpoint of a unified integrated approach as a framework for a clear picture of organizational climate In this perspective, through a series of theoretical analysis and endless interpretations offered by theorists, we defined organizational climate as the quality or property of the organizational environment that is perceived or experienced by organization members and influence their behavior. The second is to represent expecially the overall evolution process of organizational climate theory in order to overcome the limitation of cognition for explaining the climate concept. In our concern with this, this paper was shown that organizational climate is interwoven into both contemporary theories(for example. Likert, Lawrence and Lorsch) and classical theories (for example, Lewin and Brunswik) of management and organizational behavior. In addition, personal descriptions of climate dimensions were provided so that the reader could start think about climate in which he has studied. The third purpose is to trace the factors and dimensions of the construct of organizational climate in connection with the development of a climate measurement instrument with reasonable reliability and validity. In this thesis, what is concerned us was the extraction of interpretable climate properties including task structure, individual autonomy, managerial support trust and openness, fairness in giving rewards, risk-taking, conflict, and conformity Next the normative conditions to build the desirable organizational climate and the effects of organizational climate on such variables as organizational effectiveness and organizational development were highlightened. This is certainly not the final word on organizational climate. It is instead a necessary beginning in that it is concept that should be included when discussing structure process and behavior in organization. As displayed in this study organizational climate is an ever-present force that shapes employees' behavior which results in various levels of effectiveness and performance There are, however, theoretical and methodological issues as yet unresolved.

政策結果 分析의 模型과 基準에 관한 硏究

方正恒 東亞大學校 1983 東亞論叢 Vol.20 No.2

What is a good public policy? How may it best be implemented? The serch for answers to these questions is old as the human race. But attempts to provide more rigorous and systematic answers in the form of policy analysis are less than three decades old. These scientific efforts built on wide range of social science contribution, especially from Harold Lasswell's pioneer research of policy-oriented framework for political inquiry in 1950 to the policymaking theories of Charles Lindblom and Yehezkel Dror, and other modern investigations of policymaking. In accordance with these academic achievement, from now on, the study of the process and content of public policy hs became the major theme of political science and public administration. In its most general sense, the analysis of policy outcomes defines as activity which can contribute greatly to the understanding and improvement of policy development and implementation. However important the policy outcomes' analysis may be, until very recently it was one of the least explored of the functional activities in the policy process. As Jerry W.Lansdowne properly observed in 1968, "There has been a propensity to think in the relatively static terms of politics and administration as the totality of the policy process" Since that time, there has been growing interest in the analysis of policy outcomes among policy analysis and policy scientists. "The role of social science in government lies not in the formulation of social policy but in the measurement of its results". The above-mentioned words ol Daniel Moynihan indicate that outcomes' analysis withinpublic policy area can well be a key to progress, a platform ofr learning on which future policy can be based. The primary objective of this paper is to imake a contribution to the refinement of theories and methodologies of public policy by reexamining critically the models and criteria for the analysis of policy outcomes. In this connection, this paper concentrated all effort to explain and compare various analytical models and criteria on which evaluation can be based for the preparation of a new ground to foster systematic thinking in an emerging scientific discipline. For the sake of this objective, this paper has traced the background of problem-consciousness and the reasons why the policy outcomes' analysis is the most necessary part for recent developement in the study of public policy as an introduction. In the second chapter this paper extended a more detailed discussion on the meaning and purposes of the policy outcomes' analysis viewed as a sequential pattern of actoins. In the third chapter, this paper reviewed the characteristic features of the goal model, system model and impact for the analysis of policy outcomes concerning with the context of discovery, and represented the limitation and utility of each models. In the last two chapter, this paper, first of all, clarified the criteria i. e. effectiveness and efficiency, adequacy, equity, responsiveness, and appropriateness for the analysis of policy outcomes in connection with the contexc of validation and then dealed with the conclusion. It is my conclusion that the idea fo methodological purity may be impossible in the analysis of policy outcomes because of its political overtones, but the construction of adequate models as a simplified abstraction of real situation and relevent criteria are acute.

大學서어클活動의 活性化 方案

方正恒 東亞大學校 學生生活硏究所 1985 學生硏究 Vol.14 No.-

地方議會의 組織과 機能

方定恒 동아대학교 부설 사회과학연구소 1989 사회과학논집 Vol.7 No.-

As its title indicates, this study is designed to serve the following two subsequent purposes. The first primary purpose of this study is to identify and review the organization and functions of local councils especially with reference to the proposed local autonomy in Korea. The second objectives is to present some new ideas and directions that offer new vision and increase participation for people the development of local councils in overall process of democratization in Korea. The general outline of this study is a follows : after tracing the background of problem-consciousness and the reasons why the local councils are the most important part in the framework of local autonomy system, this study concentrated all effort to explain the relationships with the local autonomy system and local councils as an introduction. In the second Chapter, This paper reviewed a more detailed discussions on the origin and evolution of local councils in the period of 1952~1961. In reviewing briefly the history of local councils in Korea, the main aim is simply that, to direct toward raising questions rather then providing definitive answers. At this points, what in concerned with us was the very bitter experience of the operations of local councils in that period. The institutional powers and functions of local councils were the subject matters of Chapter Ⅲ. Legislative function, function of deliberation and decision, administrative control function (investigation function), request for attendance and answer, staff function, and self-regulation function could be extracted as the key functions of local councils. In Chapter Ⅳ, this article traced also the organization and operation of local councils in connection with proposed bill on local autonomy amendment law in 1989. In our concern with these, the most outstanding feature regarding organization and functions of local councils is to be found in its embodiment of local inhabitants and democracy, mayor-council form, power vested in the councils based on the enumeration principle, etc. Finally, in Chapter Ⅴ, I have tried to deal with the conclusions of this paper. In order to pave the way for better development of local councils, I'd like to quote especially the following Dr. Seo Wook Chung's suggestion, "It is obvious that the satisfactory outcome of local autonomous system will be obtained only when the qualification of the councilors is enhanced, and thus the councils can run in normal and rational way."