서구 수사학의 발전과 소멸에 대한 재조명

방교영 경희대학교 인문학연구원 2024 인문학연구 Vol.- No.58

이 논문은 고대 그리스의 수사학이 로마 시대를 거쳐 중세 그리고 수사학이 소멸하는 17세기까지 여정을 다룬다. 고대와 중세 수사학자와 철학자들의 문헌을 고찰하여 과거의 수사학 교육과 교육 방침을 추적한다. 이로써 아리스토텔레스 이래 수사학이 언어와 세계를 한데 종합하는 과학적 사유였으며 동시에 교육의 지침으로도 활용된 민주적 도구였음을 기술한다. 문제의 제기, 논리의 구성, 언어 표현의 점검, 자료화, 대중에로의 점검 과정을 거치는 수사학은 학자가 대중과 만나 스스로 논지를 교정하는 변증법적 성격을 지닌다. 수사학은 학적으로나 교육 방침으로서 개방된 체계다. 반면, 객관이라 부르는 명제로부터 출발한 근대과학은 수사학을 없애고 자족적 체계에 갇히는 운명을 걸었다. 체계가 자족적이었기에 근대과학은 평균화되고, 창의성이 사라진 주입식 교육을 지향했다. 본 연구는 근대과학의 일반 절차보다 사유의 폭이 더 넓고 개방적인 수사학적 체계가 진실을 찾는 데보다 효율적일 수 있다는 가설에 접근한다. The rhetoric examines modes of inquiry, logic, argumentation, the ethos of scientific practitioners, and the character of scientific discourse and debates. The article tries to pursue firstly a historical path of the Western rhetoric education and its pedagogy from the Greek to the 17th century Europe when it disappeared. This historical examination could characterize the rhetoric as a way of logical and dialectical thinking from the first century of its birth, opening to its critics by nature for studying and teaching as well. Built upon the destruction of rhetoric tradition, the modern science was extended by Bacon and Newton and was proved fruitful in every technical sectors. But it has been confined in its own thinking and evaluation system, by closing all of dialectical door to public and other world. This self-sufficient nature made also its teaching method by rote and its creativity almost nonexistent. In the conclusion, if there is no special method exists that can guarantee the success of science, the ancient rhetoric could be reintroduced in the scientific world today, by way of opening the scientific system to public.

사회단체가 제공하는 전화통역서비스 : ‘BBB 코리아’ 러시아어 통역 사례를 중심으로

방교영,홍서연 한국외국어대학교 통번역연구소 2018 통번역학연구 Vol.22 No.3

The purposes of this paper are firstly to grasp the status of telephone interpretation provided by a social organization ‘BBB Korea’, and secondly, to examine what kind of characteristics such interpretation has and what role it plays in Korean society. Therefore, the researcher analyzed 3,119 data of Russian interpretation which were requested for ‘BBB Korea’ in 2017. In the analysis results, not only did the characteristics of community interpretation appear in the telephone interpretation provided by ‘BBB Korea’, but it is also seen that the interpretation is available free of charge, the anonymity of the conversation participant is guaranteed, and the interpretation volunteers also played a role in transmitting information besides interpretation. It is found that these telephone interpretations, provided by social organization, serve as a bridge between the professional interpreters and the users, it will eliminate the blind spots of community interpretation that cannot be provided in the dimension of government sector, and prevent the loss of administrative power. As this study is the first study as to community interpretation by telephone provided by social organization, it is thus hoped that this will expand the horizon of community interpretation research in Korea and discuss the role of government and social organizations in solving communication problems of foreigners and migrants.

한-EU FTA 협정내용 번역불일치의 사회기호학적 조망 - 민변 반박사례를 중심으로

방교영,신항식,배선경 한국외국어대학교 통번역연구소 2011 통번역학연구 Vol.15 No.1

The paper examines 207 Korean mistranslations found in Korea-EU Free Trade Agreement to identify their features and analyze the causes, such as cultural differences, translators’ incompetence and intentions and translation practices. Considering the fact that the mistranslations were found in an inter-state agreement, they should be seen not as mere translation errors, but as translation gaps(번역 불일치), which are attributable to the Korean government’s attitude toward the European Union and the United States as a subordinate trade partner. In other words, the free trade agreement was translated into Korean without any mutual discussions with the writers of the original English version of the agreement. The unilateral translation encouraged Korean translators to believe that they just need to translate EU’s requests without considering whether they comply with Korean laws. To put it socio-semiotically, the translators set EU's requests, instead of the negotiated contents, as their object to work on and regarded the translated Korean-version of the FTA just as a representation. This turned the original English version into an interprestation that needs to be interpreted in the future by Korean companies for its full meaning. As an organization to exercise the nation’s sovereignty, the Korean government should review based on semiotic principles whether the Korea-EU FTA complies with the existing Korean laws, so that both Korean and English version of the agreement could be translated into any direction – from English to Korea or vice versa - without any changes in meaning, since they should duly enjoy equal legality.

구성적 영상물 번역에 있어서 언어의 특수성 문제

방교영,이용수 한국일러스트레이션학회 2016 일러스트레이션 포럼 Vol.17 No.48

영상콘텐츠는 번역을 필요로 한다. 영상번역은 번역되는 지역언어의 문화, 번역어가 들어 갈 그릇으로서 영상의 특성을 함께 고려할 때 보장된다. 오늘날 세계화는 번역영상의 질적 가치를 고려하게 만들었다. 자국과 타국어의 종교, 미신까지 모두 염두에 두어야 하며 인터넷의 용어 또한 염두에 두지 않으면 안 되는 상황에 이르렀다. 본 연구는 영상번역에서 벌어지는 이국주의, 과잉교정의 위험과 오류를 문장과 어휘의 사례에서 설명하고 이에 대한 번역학적 설명을 했다. 번역영상물이 처한 오늘날의 포스트 모던한 세계에서 번역가와 영상기획자들이 염두에 두어야 할 것은 전통적인 문화적 판단이다. 그 판단의 기저에는 민족적 전통, 젠더, 사회계층의 문제가 놓여 있다. 현재 한국영상계는 외국어 소통가치보다는 콘텐츠의 내용 자체만 직역하는 경향을 갖는다. 이 영상물들이 시장을 지향하며 유통되지만 그 지역의 특수 가치들이 보장되어 있지 않으면 이 영상물들은 저작자의 의도에 대한 대표성을 잃게 된다. 영상의 번역이 유통을 위한 필수적인 선택이라 할 때, 영상번역에 필요한 지역적 특수성들은 영상학의 범주 안에서 이해되고 적용되어야 한다. Moving image contents (as other general term, film) need a process of translation. The translation of significance becomes to be valid when we consider characteristics of moving image as a bowl which reserves local linguistic culture. Nowaday globalization is going to make us consider qualitative values. We have to care about religion or superstition of one's and other's nation, furthermore, internet terminology like slang. This paper explores examples of experiences and mistakes coming from exoticism and excessive proofread in sentence or vocabulary on the perspective of translation studies. In the post-modern world, which is dominating moving image translation, what translators and moving image producers have to care is traditional cultural judgements. On the nadir of them are issues of national tradition, gender, social order. Now, film industries of Korea seem to have an inclination to directional translation, overlooking values of cultural communication. When these outputs are lack of regional peculiarities, they are apt to lose their representative regarding intention of an author. Because translation is inevitable choice for distribution, regional peculiarities need to be understood and applied in the boundary of image science.

한-EU FTA 협정내용 번역불일치의 사회기호학적 조망 - 민변 반박사례를 중심으로

방교영,신항식,배선경 한국외국어대학교 통번역연구소 2011 통번역학연구 Vol.15 No.-

The paper examines 207 Korean mistranslations found in Korea-EU Free Trade Agreement to identify their features and analyze the causes, such as cultural differences, translators’ incompetence and intentions and translation practices. Considering the fact that the mistranslations were found in an inter-state agreement, they should be seen not as mere translation errors, but as translation gaps(번역 불일치), which are attributable to the Korean government’s attitude toward the European Union and the United States as a subordinate trade partner. In other words, the free trade agreement was translated into Korean without any mutual discussions with the writers of the original English version of the agreement. The unilateral translation encouraged Korean translators to believe that they just need to translate EU’s requests without considering whether they comply with Korean laws. To put it socio-semiotically, the translators set EU's requests, instead of the negotiated contents, as their object to work on and regarded the translated Korean-version of the FTA just as a representation. This turned the original English version into an interprestation that needs to be interpreted in the future by Korean companies for its full meaning. As an organization to exercise the nation’s sovereignty, the Korean government should review based on semiotic principles whether the Korea-EU FTA complies with the existing Korean laws, so that both Korean and English version of the agreement could be translated into any direction – from English to Korea or vice versa - without any changes in meaning, since they should duly enjoy equal legality.

까자꼬프의 문화에 나타난 인간과 자연

방교영 한국외국어대학교 외국학종합연구센터 러시아연구소 2000 슬라브연구 Vol.16 No.2

푸틴의 민족주의와 관련 용어의 번역

방교영 한국외국어대학교 통번역연구소 2020 통번역학연구 Vol.24 No.1

Nationalism is a problem that has been a longtime political issue in the West, especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining a nation-state's interest. It has also raised a semantical and translation problem among other terms which were closely linked each other; state, nation, country, government, people etc. Often combined with the Western's attacking ideologies on Russia, Putin has been blamed for his nationalism, misunderstood by the Western themselves. This study inquired into the semantical categories of nationalism by analyzing his speeches to catch up on what kind of semantical terms his own nationalism is composed of. A content analysis was applied on them, as the method which could sampled some semantical units contained in his speech The results showed as following: 1) Putin's nationalism was linked with the notion of family and economy comprising that country. 2) His notions of the state and the government were used as an instrument for the nation and the country. 3) His notion of Russia was used as an objective one but with sovereignty. Under consideration for these results, his nationalism would be more properly translated.

유리 까자꼬프의 자연관 연구

방교영 한국노어노문학회 2001 한국노어노문학회 학술대회 발표집 Vol.2001 No.11

디지털 영상시대의 통번역

방교영 한국외국어대학교 통번역연구소 2013 통번역학연구 Vol.17 No.1

The main focus of this paper is to illustrate and explain our interpreting and translation actualities which have been continuously confronted with digital technology and its perceptive-oriented culture. Then digital society demand us to transfer and receive the messages as quickly as possible without any reflection for profound comprehension. And the interpreter and translator, who have traditionally worked in the intercultural, interpretative and reflective manners, became to overcome this new historical situation occurred by economical tendency and marketing. For the purpose, I set up firstly some etymological concepts of interpreting and translation, with which the present situation could be suitable for going in harmony. Transmission of message in the interpreting and translating activities is not only confirming of given cultural shares between sender and receiver also cooperating to interpret the messages given by these shared culture. In this cooperation, interpreter, translator and receptor can trace the semantical answer to understanding and empathy that they have wanted together. Because the phrase-centered convention would fall into the error of semantic confusion in their instance of enunciation. In word level, they would lose sense of discursive hierarchy between two words/phrases countered such as grammatical and semantical message communication. This study insist that we need a semantical and cultural adjustment(or strategy of consentment) for pursuit to common understanding by cooperative mutuality. In textual level, they are puff off their sense that all semantic concept is related to speaker-receiver's intentionality and cooperative culture. Linguistic sign do not has competence to designate something in the reality that man can conceive in his everyday life, but in the reality that receiver-speaker conceives as a reality, of which such proposition is a Saussurian principle in our modern linguistics. Interpreting and translation are concerned not only with communicative part of two cultures but with interpretor-translator's semantical cooperation of two languages encountered.

암호화폐, 국가의 애증 (Love-Hate)

방교영 한국외국어대학교(글로벌캠퍼스) 러시아연구소 2019 슬라브연구 Vol.35 No.1

This is a study on the cryptocurrency in connection with legal tender's national and social meaning. Money, generally accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts, is not only a medium of exchange, but an historical product for longing to store life-related value. The actual passion for the cryptocurrency could be also considered as the same either for normal citizen or the state. But the latter is differently circumstanced in the way of thinking and longing for it. This study tries to explain some love-hate phenomenon at the side of the state, especially through a Russian's case. Declared by a government to be legal tender, the fiat currency has a kind of velocity which increases inflation(quantitative growth) in its nature. Every national currency in the world can not avoid this inflation caused by the US dollar's speculative and inflatory policies. The cryptocurrencies pose a challenge to US central banks' inflatory policies over the important functions of monetary and exchange policy. Many governments like the Russian, are attracted by its technological aspects while having taken a cautious approach toward them, fearing their lack of central control and the effects they could have on financial security. They wanted have the cake and eat it. This is a love-hate passion for the cryptocurrency. This study has been able to confirm, by the case of Russian government's back and forth policy toward the cryptocurrency, that the state's love-hate passion came from his desire to maintain the money creation and supply by his own power. Discussion and policies on the cryptocurrency and blockchain technology can not be caught in the mesh of the power, but for orienting to get a real national wealth for the people. 본 논문은 암호화폐의 국가, 사회적 의미를 논한다. 화폐와 역사적 배경을 통하여, 화폐의 기능이 물품 교환에 머무는 것이 아니라, 자산의 가치를 보존, 확대하고자 하는 인간들의 오랜 욕망의 산물이라는 점을 이해한다. 암호화폐 열풍 또한 이런 욕망의 결과로서 이해할 수 있다. 국가단위로 발행되는 국정화폐는 은행과 정부의 화폐주조권을 통해 해당 국가가 보유한 금의 양을 벗어나 발행량을 확대해 왔다. 이는 세계적인 인플레이션으로 연결되었다. 암호화폐는 인플레이션으로 인해 가치가 떨어진 국정화폐에 대한 민간의 반발로 이해할 수 있다. 각국의 정부는 국정화폐를 지키는 동시에, 암호화폐를 발생시키는 블록체인 기술만을 따로 떼어 이용하려는 정책으로 일관하고 있다. 이것이 국가가 암호화폐에 대하여 가지는 애중의 현대사이다. 본 논문은 푸틴 대통령과 메드베데프 총리의 암호화폐와 블록체인에 대한 몇 가지 언급과 러시아 정부의 오락가락 정책을 살핀다. 이 모든 언급과 모호한 정책들은 실은 암호화폐의 유효한 부분만 얻는 반면, 암호화폐에 대항하여 은행과 정부가 주조권을 장악한 국정화폐 루블을 유지하고자 하는 정부의 욕망을 드러낸 것으로 이해할 수 있다. 즉 암호화폐 논쟁은 결국 화폐주조권과 유통을 둘러싼 민간과 국가의 권력싸움의 양상인 것이다. 이에 암호화폐의 영향에 관한 경제학적 양상과 더불어 사회학적 논의 또한 필요하다 할 것이다.