무도상 강판형 철도교의 지진 위험도 해석

박주남,최은수,김성일,조성철,Park, Joo Nam,Choi, Eun Soo,Kim, Sung Il,Cho, Sung Cheol 한국강구조학회 2009 韓國鋼構造學會 論文集 Vol.21 No.1

우리나라 기존철도 교량의 40% 이상이 무도상 강판형교로 구성되어 있으며, 이들 중 대부분은 1970년대 이전에 건설되었기에 일반적으로 지진하중의 고려 없이 설계되었다. 이들 무도상 강판형 철도교의 내진성능을 향상시키기 위해서는 내진성능이 부족한 요소들에 대하여 여러가지 방법의 내진보강을 수행할 수 있는데, 내진보강의 적정수위를 정하기 위해서는 이에 대한 지진위험도 평가가 필수적이라 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 확률적 지진 위험도 해석과 확률적 손상해석을 통해서 무도상 강판형교에 대한 지진위험도 평가를 수행하였다. 먼저 받침 및 교각을 교량의 지진 응답에 주 영향을 미치는 주요 요소로 정의하고 각 요소 별로 지진취약도를 작성하였다. 그 후 작성된 취약도를 지진재해도함수와 결합하여 각 손상상태에 해당하는 연간 손상확률을 산정하였다. 지진 위험도 해석을 통하여 50년 초과손상확률을 계산한 결과, 무근콘크리트로 되어 있는 무도상 강판형 철도교의 교각은 우리나라의 지진상황에서 위험도가 매우 낮게 나타났다. 이는 무도상 강판형교의 특성 상 가벼운 상부구조로 인하여 지진 시 하부구조에 전달되는 횡하중이 상대적으로 적기 때문인 것으로 분석된다. 반면에 선받침으로 구성된 무도상 강판형교의 받침요소들의 50년 초과 손상확률은 상대적으로 크게 나타났는데, 그 중 자유단 받침의 경우 slight damage에 대한 초과손상확률이 12.78%로 고정단 받침의 4.23%보다 높게 나타난 반면 complete damage에 대해서는 자유단 받침과 고정단 받침 모두 비슷한 수준의 초과손상확률($0.18%{\sim}0.19%$)을 보였다. 본 연구에서 수행한 지진 위험도 평가는 추후 강판형 철도교의 내진보강을 수행함에 있어서 의사결정을 뒷받침할 수 있는 자료로 효과적으로 사용될 수 있을 것이다. More than 40% of railway bridges on the conventional lines in Korea consist of track-on-steel plate girder (TOSPG) bridges. This type of bridge is typically designed without considering seismic loadings, as most of them were built before 1970. The seismic performance of this particular type of bridge could be upgraded through various seismic retrofit schemes, and seismic risk assessment could play a key role in decision-making on the level of the seismic retrofit. This study performed a seismic risk assessment of TOSPG bridges in Korea. The seismic damage of several crucial components of TOSPG bridges--fixed bearings, free bearings, and piers--were probabilistically estimated, and their seismic fragility curves were developed. The probability that the components would exceed their predefined limit states was also calculated by combining the fragility curves and the seismic hazard function. The analysis showed that the piers of TOSPG bridges, which are made of plain concrete without rebars, have relatively low risk against seismic loadings in Korea. This is because the mass of the superstructures of TOSPG bridges is relatively small, and hence, the seismic loading being transferred to the piers is minimal. The line-type bearings typically used for TOSPG bridges, however, are exposed to a degree of seismic risk. Among the bearings, the probability of the free-end bearings and the fixed-end bearings exceeding the slight damage state in 50 years was found to be 12.78% and 4.23%, respectively. The gap between these probability values lessened towards more serious damage states. This study could effectively provide an engineering background for decision-making activities on the seismic retrofit of railway bridges.

경간 구성 및 시스템 손상을 고려한 강판형 철도교의 지진 취약도 해석

박주남,김이현,Park, Joo-Nam,Kim, Lee-Hyeon 한국강구조학회 2010 韓國鋼構造學會 論文集 Vol.22 No.1

Seismic risk assessment of railway bridges is an important issue for a transportation network, because loss of functionality of railway bridges could result in severe disruption of the railway line, as no redundant routing systems generally exist. Although many studies have been conducted by numerous researchers regarding fragility analyses of bridge structure, little or no studies have been done for fragility analyses of a class of bridge structures considering their geometric variability. This study performs a fragility analysis for Track-on Steel-Plate-Girder (TOSPG) railway bridges in Korea considering their span variability. Seismic fragility curves are developed for a series of bridges with different spans varying from 2 to 15. At last, the fragility curves for the whole TOSPG bridges in Korea are also developed using the total probability theorem. This study is expected to effectively contribute to the seismic risk assessment of railway lines, where a number of bridges are present. 지진에 의한 철도교량의 손상은 철도 교통에 큰 영향을 미치기 때문에 철도 시스템의 내진성능 확보에 있어서 교량 시스템에 대한 지진 위험도 평가는 매우 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 교량의 지진 취약도는 교통 시스템의 지진 위험도 평가를 위한 효과적인 도구로 사용될 수 있는데, 최근 들어 교량의 지진 취약도 해석에 대한 연구가 많이 이루어져 왔으나 대부분의 경우 개별 교량 또는 특정 교량형식을 대표하는 단일 교량에 대해서만 취약도 연구를 수행하였을 뿐 실제 임의의 여러 경간수를 가지는 교량 군(群) 전체에 대한 지진 취약도 연구는 이루어진 바가 없다. 본 연구에서는 국내 철도교의 대표형식 중의 하나인 무도상 강판형 철도교에 대하여 경간 변화를 고려한 지진 취약도 해석을 수행하였다. 먼저 교량 주요 요소의 손상 정보를 수집한 후 이를 바탕으로 시스템의 전체적 손상을 나타낼 수 있는 시스템 손상지수를 정의하였으며, 이렇게 정의된 시스템 손상지수를 이용하여 교량 주요 요소의 손상을 통합하는 시스템 손상에 대한 지진 취약도를 작성하였다. 2경간 에서 15경간까지 경간수를 증가시키며 무도상 강판형 철도교에 대한 지진 취약도 함수를 작성하였으며, 이를 바탕으로 전확률 이론(Total Probability Theory)을 적용하여 국내 무도상 강판형 철도교의 실제 경간 분포를 고려한 전체 무도상 강판형 철도교량 군(群)에 대한 지진 취약도를 작성하였다. 본 연구는 교량의 경간 수에 따른 지진 취약도를 탄력적으로 작성할 수 있게 해주어 철도의 노선 별 내진성능 평가 시 이를 효율적으로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

예비위험분석기술(PHA)과 품질기능전개(QFD) 기법을 이용한 철도사고 시나리오 분석기술 개발

박찬우(Park Chan-Woo),곽상록(Kwak Sang-Log),왕종배(Wang Jong-Bae),홍선호(Hong Seong-Ho),박주남(Park Joo-Nam) 한국철도학회 2005 한국철도학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.- No.-

The objective of this study is to devise an accident scenario analysis method adept at creating accident scenarios at the Preliminary Hazard Analysis(PHA) step of a hazard analysis for railway system. This approach was inspired by the Quality Function Deployment(QFD) method, which is conventionally used in quality management and was used at the systematic accident scenario analysis(SASA) for the design of safer products. In this study, the QFD provides a formal and systematic schema to devise accident scenarios while maintaining objective. The accident scenario analysis method first identifies the hazard factors that cause railway accidents and explains the situation characteristics surrounding the accident. This method includes a feasibility test, a clustering process and a pattering process for a clearer understanding of the accident situation. Since this method enables an accident scenario analysis method to be performed systematically as well as objectively, this method is useful in building better accident prevention strategies. Therefore, this study can serve to reduce railway accident and be an effective tool for a hazard analysis.

철도 사상사고 위험도 평가를 위한 정량화 분석 기초모델 개발

박찬우(Park Chan-Woo),왕종배(Wang Jong-Bae),박주남(Park Joo-nam),곽상록(Kwak Sang-Log) 한국철도학회 2007 한국철도학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.- No.-

The objective of this study is to develop qualification analysis preliminary frame for railway personal injury accident. In this research, we develop accident scenarios to analyze systematically and evaluate quantitatively fatality accident scenarios for railway personal. The accident scenario analysis first identifies the hazardous events and explains the hazardous conditions that surround the accident and cause railway accidents. This method includes a feasibility test, a clustering process and a pattering process for a clearer understanding of the accident situation. Since this method enables an accident scenario analysis to be performed systematically as well as objectively, this method is useful in building better accident prevention strategies. Therefore, this study could serve to reduce railway accidents and could be an effective tool for a hazard analysis.

철도 위험도평가 전산시스템(RAIMS)의 설계 및 개발에 관한 연구

박찬우(Park Chan-Woo),곽상록(Kwak Sang-Log),박주남(Park Joo-nam),왕종배(Wang Jong-Bae) 한국철도학회 2006 한국철도학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.- No.-

Risk assessment of a railway system should be periodically conducted managing a large amount of accumulating accident/incident data and scenarios, which generally requires enormous time and efforts. Therefore, special information management system is essential for railway risk assessment, where data needed for decisions on managing the railway safety could be promptly supported. In this study, we develop the framework of a railway risk assessment information management system (RAIMS). The RAIMS is composed of two main modules: 1) hazard data processing module; 2) and risk assessment module. Hazard data could be turned into risk information using these two modules. The RAIMS will be useful in finding hazard conditions, quantitatively assessing the risk, and providing pertinent risk measures, eventually serving to prevent railway accidents and reduce severities of railway accidents.

철도 충돌탈선 사고 위험도 평가를 위한 사고 진전 시나리오 개발

박찬우(Park Chan-Woo),박주남(Park Joo-nam),왕종배(Wang Jong-Bae),곽상록(Kwak Sang-Log),최경진(Choi Kyung-Jin) 한국철도학회 2006 한국철도학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.- No.-

Accident scenarios analysis is a course to understand, analyze, and describe a process of an accident and behavior pattern of the parties to an accident. In the method of accident scenarios is that we described patterns represented between accidents and hazardous conditions, and then provide data to prevent the accident. In this paper, we made a study on accident scenarios to analyze systematically and evaluate quantitatively train collision/derailment risk. Initial hazard events which determine a probability for train collision/derailment were defined from the analysis of accident history data as a form of FTA and we defined relation between initial events and hazardous conditions caused to train collision/derailment accident. The accident proceeding scenario of initial events which estimate the severity of accidents was proposed as a form of ETA. Resulting risk assessment model of train collision/derailment accident will be produced by a probability and severity of initial event.

철도사고 위험분류 및 원인분석에 관한 연구

박찬우(Park Chan-Woo),박주남(Park Joo-Nam),왕종배(Wang Jong-Bae),조연옥(Cho Yun-ok) 한국철도학회 2005 한국철도학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.- No.-

As a public transportation possible to convey a large quantity, the railway is safe and keeps time, but it has hazards to cause a disaster if the accidents such as collision, derailment, and fire occur. So advanced countries carry out System Safety Plan with various program activities which have connected orders to maintain or improve safety level by finding hazards, evaluation, taking measures and practice, and improving problems. Especially they systematically manage hazards to cause railway accidents and the factors which possibly threat safety, using national classification of risk and causes with analysis of the related data such as establishing accident/incident data and safety regulations/standards. As executing railway safety regulations, domestic railway is currently trying to improve railway safety management system. The research of classification system of accidents/incidents is one thing to make railway safety management systems better. In this research, we reviewed hazardous factors of railway systems and classification of the causes as the beginning of system safety management, and we conducted study on development of railway accident classification based on findings of this research. The results are able to be used in identifying hazards and activities of systemic safety management at the step of railway accident report and investigation.

윕기반 철도 위험도평가 사고분석 프로그램 개발에 관한 연구

박찬우(Park Chan-Woo),곽상록(Kwak Sang-Log),왕종배(Wang Jong-Bae),박주남(Park Joo-nam) 한국철도학회 2006 한국철도학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.- No.-

Risk assessment of a railway system should be periodically conducted managing a large amount of accumulating accident/incident data and scenarios, which generally requires enormous time and efforts. Therefore, special information management system is essential for railway risk assessment, where data needed for decisions on managing the railway safety could be promptly supported. The objective of this study is to develop a railway accident analysis program for risk assessment. The program is application running on the web which links railway accident analysts throughout the railway industry to a central database. Data entered, together with associated code tables. is stored on MS-SQL database. The program uses the concepts of accident, safety events, causes, related factors(vehicle, person, infrastructure, tool/equipment), recommendations to bring together the various elements of railway accidents. The program will be useful in finding hazard conditions, accident scenarios, quantitatively assessing the risk, and providing pertinent risk measures, eventually serving to prevent railway accidents and reduce severities of railway accidents.

Comparison of Performance of Restrainers of Steel Cables and Shape Memory Alloy Bars for Multiple-Span-Simply-Supported Bridges

최은수,김이현,박주남,조효남,Choi, Eun Soo,Kim, Lee Hyeon,Park, Joo Nam,Cho, Hyo Nam Korean Society of Steel Construction 2007 韓國鋼構造學會 論文集 Vol.19 No.6

강케이블 변위제어장치는 미국 캘리포니아주에서 프레임 구조 교량의 낙교를 방지하는데 효과적인 것으로 지난 몇 차례의 지진에서 밝혀졌다. 이러한 효과를 바탕으로, 미국 중부의 다경간 단순지지 교량에 강케이블을 적용할려는 시도가 행해지고 있다. 또한, 형상기억합금의 인장거동을 이용한 변위제어장치가 동일한 적용을 위해서 연구되고 있다. 프레임 구조교량에서는 변위제어장치가 교각에 힘을 전달하지만, 다경간 단순지지 교량에서는 교대에 힘을 전달하게 된다. 따라서 이러한 교량에서는 교대의 거동을 동시에 점검해야한다. 본 연구에서는 다경간 단순지지 교량에 대한 세 가지의 변위제어장치의 성능을 비교하였다. 강케이블, 인장거동 형상기억합금 봉 및 휨거동 형상기억합금 봉을 이용한 변위제어장치의 중진 및 강진에 대한 변위제어성능 및 교대에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 이를 위해서 형상기억합금 봉의 휨 실험 및 해석모델을 제시하였다. 또한, 비선형 시간이력해석을 수행하여 원래의 교량과 보강된 교량의 거동을 비교하여 변위제어장치의 성능 및 영향을 파악하였다. 인장거동의 형상기억합금 봉은 내부힌지에서 열림의 상대변위를 제어하는데 가장 우수한 성능을 보여주었으나, 교대의 능동변위를 증가시켜 손상을 발생시켰다. 따라서 강진에 대해서는 변위제어장치를 설치하는 경우 교대의 능동거동에 대한 보강이 요구된다. Steel restrainer cables for multiple frame bridges in California in the United States have been shown to be effective in preventing unseating at internal hinges during the past several earthquakes. Consequently, the steel-cable-restrainer is being tested for applications on multiple-span-simply-supported (MSSS) bridges in the mid-American region. In addition, shape memory alloy (SMA) bars in tension are being studied for the same application, multiple frame bridges, the developed seismic forces are transferred to piers through the restrainers. However, in MSSS bridges, the seismic forces are transferred to abutments by the restrainers. Therefore, the abutment' behavior should also be investigated. In this study, we assessed the seismic performance of the three types of restrainers, such as steel restrainer cables, SMA in tension, and SMA in bending for an MSSS bridge from moderate to strong ground motion, bending test of an SMA bar was conducted and its analytical model was determined for this study. Nonlinear time history analyses were conducted to assess the seismic responses of the as-built and the retrofitted bridges. All three types of restrainers reduced the hinge opening and the SMA in tension was the most effective of the three devices in preventing the unseating, all restrainers produced damage on the abutment from the pulling action of the MSSS bridge due to strong ground motions, was found that the retrofit of the abutment in the pulling action is required in the installation of restrainers in MSSS bridges.

형상기억합금의 토목분야 적용성

최은수(Eun Soo Choi),박주남(Joo Nam Park) 한국강구조학회 2008 韓國鋼構造學會誌 Vol.20 No.4