임간초지 개발에 관한 연구 VIII. 차광정도가 주요목초의 품질, 소화율 및 질산태질소 함량에 미치는 영향

박문수,서성,한영춘,이종경,Park, Moon-Soo,Seo, Sung,Han, Young-Choon,Lee, Joung-Kyong 한국초지조사료학회 1988 한국초지조사료학회지 Vol.8 No.3

本 실험은 林間草地의 改良과 管理 및 利用에 관한 基鍵資料를 얻고자 趣光程度를 0%區(無週光區), 25%, 50%, 75%로 인위적으로 조절하고. orchard grass, timothy, perennial ryegrass, ladino clover를 供試하여, 일반成分, 세포벽構成物質(CWC),,消化率, 可溶性탄수化物 (WSC) 함량 및 실산유실요 (NO, - N) 含量등을 分析하였으며 1985년도 축산시험장 草地시험포에서 수행되었다. 1. 一般成分과 CWC含量 및 消化率을 고려해 볼 때 ladino clover가 화본과목장에 비해 품질이 좋았으며, 未本科목장중에서는 perennial ryegrass의 品質이 좋았다. 2.粗蛋白質, 조회분 및 消化率은 草種에 관계없이 차광을 많이 할수록 增加하였으며, 粗織維系 統은 차광을 많이 할수록 未本科救草에서는 減少하였으나 ladino clover에서는 오히려 曾加하였다. 3.利用時期에 따른 목초의 消化率은 봄철에 자란 목초는 여름철 고온조건하에서 자란 옥초에 비해 良好하였다. 4.草種別 WSC 含量은 perennial ryegrass>ladino clover$\geq$orchardgrass$\geq$timothy 順이었으며 차광을 많이 할수록 WSC含量은 減少하여 (P< 0.05) 無遮光區$\geq$25%週光區$\leq$50%차광구$\geq$75%차광구 순 이었다. 5.草種別 NO,-N 含量은 perennial ryegrass orchardgrass ladino clover timothy 順이었으며, 차광을 많이 할수록 $NO_3$-N含量은 급격히 增加하 여 (P< 0.05) 75%차광구>50%차광구 25%차광구 無차광구 순이었다. 차광정도와 $NO_3$-N 함량과의 회귀식에서($r^2$=0.90**,$r^2$=0.95**) 43~44% 이상의 차광은 실산중독 위험수준 이상이었다. 6. 以上의 결과로서 임간초지개랑시에는 가축에게 실효중독을 야기시키지 않고 목초의 품질과 수량등을 고려한 한계 차광정도는 40%정도(자연광량의 60% 以上 受光條件)로 생각된다. A field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of shading degrees (0: full sunlight, 25, 50 and 75%) on the proximate components, cell wall constituents (CWC), digestibility, water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and nitrate nitrogen ($NO_3$-N) concentration of grasses grown in forest. For the test different artificial shading houses were established and pasture species used were orchardgrass, timothy, perennial ryegrass and ladino clover. The experiment was performed at LES in Suwon. 1985. 1. Considering proximate components, CWC and digestibility of grasses, ladino clover showed the best quality, and then perennial ryegrass. 2. The contents of crude protein, crude ash, and digestibility of grasses were increased with shading, regardless of pasture species. As the shading degrees are increased, the contents of crude fiber in orchardgrass, perennial ryegrass and timothy were decreased, while that in ladino clover was increased with shading. 3. Grasses grown in spring showed higher digestibility than those grown in summer season. 4. The content of WSC was the highest in perennial ryegrass, and then ladino clover, orchardgrass, and timothy, in that order. Also WSC was decreased as the shading degrees are increased. 5.The content of $NO_3$-N was the highest in perennial ryegrass, and then orchardgrass, ladino clover and timothy, in that order. Also the $NO_3$-N was significantly increased with higher shading level. In the regression equation between shading degrees and $NO_3$-N ($r^2$=0.90**, $r^2$=0.95**), shading degree of 43 to 44% was critical level, causing nitrate poisoning to animal. 6 Considering grass quality, dry matter yield and $NO_3$-N, less than 40% of shading degree (over 60% of full sunlight) was desirable for better grassland improvement, management and utilization in the forest.

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박문수(M.S.PARK),서완식(W.S.SEO),고정훈(J.H.KO),김용환(Y.H.KIM) 대한전자공학회 1985 대한전자공학회 학술대회 Vol.1985 No.6

초지의 관개효과에 관한 연구 1 . 관개와 질소시비수준이 토양수분장력과 목초의 재생 및 수량에 미치는 영향

서성,박문수,한영춘,이종열 ( S . Seo,M . S . Park,Y . C . Han,J . Y . Lee ) 한국축산학회 1986 한국축산학회지 Vol.28 No.2

Pasture irrigation has been much paid attention to for the increase of forage yield and persistence in dry area. This field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of irrigation and nitrogen(N) fertilization on the soil moisture retention, regrowth and yield of orchardgrass/ladino clover mixtures during the dry season. Irrigation point was 0.5bar, irrigation method was sprinkler system, and N levels (subplot) were 140, 280 and 420 ㎏/㏊. The experiment was performed at Livestock Experiment Station in Suweon, 1985. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Considering the meteorological conditions during the experimental period, the temperature was higher by 0-2℃ than that of average year, and the dry season was prolonged from May 20 to June 26. 2. With irrigation the temperature of soil surface and underground was decreased by 4.4℃ and 1.6℃, respectively. 3. The regrowth plant length, leaf area and dry weight of grasses with irrigation were markedly increased during the dry season. Also under the irrigation condition the regrowth speed was significantly increased with increasing level of N, while that of unirrigated pasture was no differences between the plots of N 280 and N 420 ㎏/㏊. 4. With irrigation dry matter yield (5.9 t/㏊) and fresh yield (35.4 t/㏊) during the dry season (at the second and the third cut) were significantly (P$lt;0.05) increased by 36% and 50%, respectively. 5. Yield of irrigated pasture was rapidly (P$lt;0.05) increased with increasing level of N application. However, that of unirrigated pasture was shown no difference between the plots of N 280 and N 420 ㎏/㏊.

초지의 관개효과에 (灌漑效果) 관한 연구 Ⅳ. 봄철 1차 예취후 (刈取後) 한발정도가 (旱魃程度) 목초의 재생과 수량 및 질산태질소함량에 미치는 영향

서성(S . Seo),박문수(M . S . Park) 한국축산학회 1989 한국축산학회지 Vol.31 No.1

This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of spring drought after the first cutting on the regrowth, dry matter yield, digestibility and nitrate nitrogen(NO₃-N) concentration of grasses, and irrigation efficiency. The effects of non-irrigated treatments were investigated during early regrowth stage(May 4-May 13, T₁), middle regrowth stage (May 14-May 23, T₂), late regrowth stage (May 24-June 2, T₃), early-middle stage (May 4-May 23, T₄) and whole period(May 4-June 2, T_5), and irrigated plot (T_6) during entire experimental period served as control. During experimental period, rainfall was controlled artificially. In grass growth and yield, there were no significant differences among T₁, T₂, T₃ and T_6. However, yields of T₄, and T_5, were decreased significantly (P$lt;0.05) by 28 % and 56 % compared with control (2.45 MTha^-1), respectively. Regrowth yield was not significantly different among all treatments. Irrigation efficiency was high in T₁, T₂ and T₃ compared with control (19.8 ㎏ ha^-1 ㎜^-1), and that of T₄ was the lowest. DM digestibility was not significantly different in all treatments. The digestibility of T, was the lowest, and that of control was slightly lower than that of others. N0₃-N concentration of grasses was 0.05-0.12% at first regrowth, and that at 10 days (grass ht., ca. 26cm) after cutting was over 0.2% (especially 0.3% in T_5), which was toxic level to animal in all plots, except control. But N0₃-N at 20 days(ca. 46 cm) after cutting was low level (0.08-0.13%), and that at 30 days (ca. 51 cm) was very low(0.04∼0.08 %) in all treatments.

초지의 관개효과에 관한 연구 3 . 봄철 생육시기별 한발 ( 旱魃 ) 이 목초의 생육과 수량 및 품질에 미치는 영향

서성(S . Seo),박문수(M . S . Park),이종경(J . K . Lee),한영춘(Y . C . Han) 한국축산학회 1988 한국축산학회지 Vol.30 No.11

For basic understanding on pasture irrigation, this experiment was carried out to determine the effects of spring drought in relation to growing stage on the growth, dry matter yield and quality of grasses. Duration of non-irrigated treatments were early vegetative stage (Mar. 24-Apr. 5, T₁), vegetative stage (Apr. 6-Apr. 18, T₂), boot stage (Apr. 19-May 1, T₃), and heading stage (May 2-May 14, T₄) and irrigated plot (control, T_5) was involved. During experimental period, rainfall was controlled artificially, irrigation point was 0.5-1.0 bar, and the experiment was conducted at LES in Suwon, 1988. 1. With irrigation, temperature of sod surface and underground was decreased. The highest decreasing effect was observed in T₄, and then T₃, T₂, and T₁, in that order. 2. In grass growth and yield, boot stage (T₃) was the most harmful (DM 3.57 MT ha^-1 ), and there were not significant differences among T₁, T₂, T₄ and T_5. However, regrowth yield was not significantly different among all treatments. 3. DM production per mm of water applied was also the lowest in boot stage (42.0 ㎏), and then in T_5 (46.3 ㎏). That of heading stage (57.4 ㎏ ha^-1 ) was the highest (P $lt;0.05). 4. DM digestibility and nitrate nitrogen concentration of grasses in T_5 were slightly lower than in T₁, T₂, T₃ and T₄, but the differences were not significantly different when compared with T_5. 5. The results indicates that enough water applied during boot stage may be desirable to improve pasture irrigation efficiency, and spring drought stress of short interval on regrowth yield and quality of grasses was very little.

고온기 초지의 예취관리에 관한 연구 6 . 고온기간중 예취높이와 질소 및 칼리추비가 혼파초지의 식생과 수량 및 목초품질에 미치는 영향

서성(S . Seo),조무환(M . H . Jo),박문수(M . S . Park),이종경(J . K . Lee),한영춘(Y . C . Han) 한국축산학회 1988 한국축산학회지 Vol.30 No.8

A field experiment was carried out to determine the effects of cutting height at the third cut and application of N and K₂O after cutting during mid-summer season on the soil temperature, plant height, grass coverage, percentages of grass and legume, yield and grass quality in orchardgrass dominated pasture. With three cutting heights (3, 6 and 9㎝) and 4 fertilizer levels (0, N 50㎏, K₂O 50㎏, and N 50㎏ + K₂O 50㎏ ㏊^(-1)), present experiment was conducted at Livestock Experiment Station, Suwon in 1987. 1. The soil temperature after the third cut was rapidly elevated, and lower value was observed with 9㎝ of cutting height through the regrowth period. Plant height after cutting was remarkably increased with higher stubble height regardless of fertilizer levels. 2. The grass coverage and percentage of grass were increased as stubble height was high, while the influence of fertilizer on those was very little. Application of N and K₂O with lower stubble height significantly increased the percentage of bareland. 3. The yield at the third cut was decreased with higher height. But the regrowth yield was significantly increased as the cutting height was increased regardless of fertilizer levels. Regrowth yield was great at N 50㎏ + K₂O 50㎏ $gt; 0 $gt; K₂O 50㎏, N 50㎏, in that order. However, there were not significantly different on regrowth yield among fertilizer treatment. 4. The contents of crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, P, K and Ca were decreased as stubble height was high, and that of crude fiber was increased at 9 ㎝ cutting height. Also the influence of N and K₂O fertilizer on grass quality was little.

고온기 초지의 예취관리에 관한 연구 5 . 고온기 예취방법에 따른 목초의 재생과 하고성 분석

서성(S . Seo),박문수(M . S . Park),한영춘(Y . C . Han),이종경(J . K . Lee) 한국축산학회 1988 한국축산학회지 Vol.30 No.3

This field experiment was carried out to determine the effect of the third cutting time (July 15 and Aug. 2) and cutting height (3, 6 and 9㎝) at the third cut on the regrowth and summer depression of grasses during mid-summer season. In this study, the grass growth and summer depression index were analyzed in association with temperature and rainfall, and this experiment was done at Livestock Experiment Station in Suwon during 1984-1986. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Ary matter production during mid-summer season was significantly (P$lt;0.05) increased with higher cutting height at the third cutting, regardless of cutting time. 2. The grass growth and summer depression index mostly depended on temperature after the third cutting, The summer depression index of grasses in 1984, 1985 and 1986 were 1.34, 1.83 and 1,51, respectively. 3. The summer depression index was significantly (P$lt;0.05) decreased with higher cutting height. The index observed were 1.89 (3㎝), 1.50 (6㎝) and 1.19 (9㎝) in the plot of July 15, and 2.54 (3㎝), 1.67 (6㎝) and 1.29 (9㎝) in the plot of Aug. 2, respectively. 4. From the results of regrowth of grasses and summer depression index after the third cut, it is suggested that the 9㎝ of cutting height is the most effective during the mid-summer season, regardless of year and cutting time.

고온성 초지의 예취관리 (刈取管理) 에 관한 연구 7 . 고온건조한 기상조건하에서 초장이 초지내 미기상환경 (微氣象環境) 과 목초재생 및 초지식생에 미치는 영향

서성(S . Seo),이종경(J . K . Lee),한영춘(Y . C . Han),박문수(M . S . Park) 한국축산학회 1989 한국축산학회지 Vol.31 No.8

This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of grass heights during mid-summer season on the microenvironmental conditions, grass regrowth, summer depression and botanical composition in orchardgrass dominated pasture. Four different grass heights(I 8cm, 29(cm 39cm and 48cm) were maintained during high temperature and drought season. As the grass heights were increased the soil temperature and relative illumination were decreased, but relative humidity was increased. The lodging and dead matter of grasses were high in 48cm, followed by 39cm, 29cm and 18cm. Also lodging after rainfall increased remarkably. Eighteen cm of grass height showed low daily production, poor botanical composition and high summer depression index(2.17). Also the longer grass height, the lower contents of crude protein and crude ash, and he higher contents of crude fiber and NFE were observed. From above results, 29cm to 39cm could be recommended as the optimum grass height for minimizing summer depression under high temperature and drought summer condition.

초지의 관개효과에 관한 연구 6 . 관개와 질소시비수준이 계절별 , 생육시기별 목초의 건물생산과 질산태질소 함량 및 관개효율에 미치는 영향

서성(S . Seo),이종경(J . K . Lee),이성철(S . C . Lee),박문수(M . S . Park) 한국축산학회 1990 한국축산학회지 Vol.32 No.3

For basic understanding on pasture irrigation, an experiment was conducted to determine the effects of irrigation and nitrogen(N) fertilization (200 and 400kg ha^-1 y^-1) on the seasonal grass dry matter (DM) production, nitrate nitrogen(N0₃-N) concentration, and irrigation efficiency in pasture mixtures dominated by orchardgrass, 1988. It was investigated on 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after harvesting in spring(May), summer(July) and autumn (Sept.), respectively. During experimental period, rainfall was controlled artificially, and irrigation point was ca. 1.0 bar. Higher DM production was observed in spring (1967 kg ha^-1), irrigated plot, and higher N fertilization plot, respectively. Also the DM production was increased with advancing maturity of plants. Irrigation efficiency in spring (20kg ha^-1 mm^-1) was significantly higher than summer(9kg), especially in high N fertilization plot. On the other hand, the efficiency in summer season was high in low N plot. NO₃-N concentration in spring was very low (less than 0.1%), however, the N0₃-N was high (more than 0.2%) in summer and autumn. Also the NO₃-N was increased remarkably with increasing of N level, and decreased slightly with advancing of plant growth. Based on the results, it is suggested that higher N in spring, and lower N fertilization in summer and autumn are more effective for grass production and irrigation efficiency. Also enough regrowth period is desirable to decline N0₃-N in summer and autumn.

임간초지 (林間草地) 개발에 관한 연구 10 . 임간초지에서 방목강도 (放牧强度) 가 목초생산성과 품질 및 초지이용율에 미치는 영향

서성(S . Seo),한영춘(Y . C . Han),이종경(J . K . Lee),박문수(M . S . Park) 한국축산학회 1989 한국축산학회지 Vol.31 No.6

A field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of grazing intensity on the grass production, grass quality, pasture utilization and botanical composition on woodland pasture. the experimental field faced south direction with 30% of shade(ca. 70% of full sunlight). The three levels of grazing intensity(low, optimum and high) used were set by the number of cows per hectar, which was adjusted according to the grass production. The low and high level of grazing intensity was 50% and 150% of optimum intensity. Optimum grazing density in spring was between 160 and 220 AU, while those of summer and autumn were 120 AU ha^-l d^-1, respectively. Higher regrowth yield were observed in the plot of optimum and low grazing intensity, compared with high intensity(p $lt;0.05). In spring, daily grass production was more vigorous(more than 2 times) than that in summer and autumn. The percentage of pasture utilization was remarkably high in high grazing intensity (85.8%), followed by optimum(75.8%) and low intensity(56.8%). However, the percentage of pasture grasses after final grazing in low, optimum and high grazing intensity was 87%, 81% and 69%, respectively. Nitrate nitrogen(NO₃-N) concentration of grasses was significantly higher in high grazing intensity than those of low and optimum intensity. NO₃-N in summer and autumn were remarkably higher than in spring season. But water soluble carbohydrate contents was not affected by grazing intensity. It may be concluded based on the results of present experiment that it is desirable to maintain optimum grazing intensity during grazing season for good regrowth and quality of grasses, pasture utilization and persistence on woodland pasture.