‘滿洲里’를 다녀와서

박경석(Park, Kyungsuk) 중국근현대사학회 2019 중국근현대사연구 Vol.83 No.-

1950년대 중국의 제도화된 ‘五四紀念’과 ‘新5·4운동’

박경석(PARK, Kyungsuk) 중국근현대사학회 2020 중국근현대사연구 Vol.86 No.-

In this paper I looked at how the ‘May 4th Day’ executed in the 1950"s after the founding of the People"s Republic of China. In December 1949, the ‘May 4th’ was officially established as a national memory day. It happened 30 years after the May 4th Movement. In addition, guidelines for national supervision of the ‘May 4th Day’ have been issued almost every year. It specifically supported the institutionalized ‘May 4th Day.’ Since then, Youth Day has held a grand celebration every 10 years, in the middle, the celebrations were relatively small each year. This pattern has been established and continues to this day. This has changed considerably compared to the period of the Republic of China. At that time, the activities of the ‘May 4th Day’ were largely suppressed, but it was not until the establishment of the People"s Republic of China that the ‘May 4th Day’ was institutionalized and organized by state power. Based on the institutionalization as above, the activities of the ‘May 4<SUP>th</SUP> Day’ were carried out regularly throughout the 1950s. A striking feature of the ‘May 4th Day’ in the 1950s is that political messages have been strongly transmitted from above to the ‘May 4th Day’ every year. Every year, major events or pending issues have been featured in the ‘May 4th Day’ as a political message. The political message above was not related to the May 4th Movement or the student class. So I will call this feature ‘the politicization of the May 4th Day given from above.’ In reality, however, there was a certain difference between the political power and the masses of students in recognizing the important values of the May 4th, such as democracy and science, freedom and equality. This was evident in the ‘May 19th Movement’ which were initiated by students at Beijing University during the ‘Hundred Flowers Campaign’ in 1957 and the ‘Anti-Rightist Campaign’ suppressed it. In the end, students" demands for ‘true socialism’ or ‘socialist democracy’ are soon suppressed by Anti-Rightist Campaign. This leads to ‘extreme left conservatism’ such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution. The ‘socialist democracy’ that students claimed in 1957 is an ideological legacy to be restored and referenced for political reform in China. It is also an ideological legacy that we should not be wiped out. Now remembering and restoring the ideological legacy of 1957 is very important for the commemoration of ‘May 4th.’

청말(淸末) 이래 ‘의진(義賑)’의 전개와 20세기 ‘재해 거버넌스’의 변용

朴敬石 ( Park Kyungsuk ) 중국사학회 2021 中國史硏究 Vol.- No.135

This paper looked at the development of “Yizhen”(Charity Disaster Relief, 義賑) over the first half of the 20th century since the Late Qing. In particular, attention was paid to the collaborations between “Guanzhen(Government Disaster Relief, 官賑)” and “Yizhen”. This was intended to reveal the characteristic aspects of disaster relief in the 20th century from the perspective of ‘Disaster Governance.’ “The Great Drought Disaster in North China” of the Late Qing clearly revealed the limitations of Guanzhen. On the other hand, new attempts and experiences related to disaster relief were accumulating in the charity sector, which is so-called Yizhen. Since then, the Yizhen activity continued, and there was a distinct trend by the Late Qing Dynasty and Early Republic of China. Of course, even before Yizhen, there were small-scale and peripheral private relief activities covered in the magnetic field of Guanzhen, but Yizhen is clearly distinguished from this historically. Yizhen overcame regional and hierarchical closeness due to social and economic changes in modern China. It expanded its scope of activity throughout the country, secured ‘autonomy’ to the government as a social force, and it improved the rationality of the operating system. This emergence of private Yizhen is significant in that it has led to a change in the disaster relief system itself, that is, a new disaster governance, by supplementing the decline of Guanzhen in Late Qing. In the summer of 1931, an unprecedented major flood occurred in the Yangtze River basin, and Chinese society's response to this disaster was also new and effective unprecedented. This was possible because the collaboration between Guanzhen and Yizhen developed very efficiently at the national level. That means that Yizhen which was started in Late Qing, maintained vitality until 1931, and the representative organization was “Shanghai's Association for Planning Rapid Relief for Those Provinces Stricken by Flood(上海籌募各省水災急賑會).” This Association efficiently raised donations from a wide range of classes and carried out relief activities nationwide across the 16 Provinces and 3 Cites. In addition, it has the basic characteristics of Yizhen, which excludes Guanzhen and collects it from the private sector and processes it directly by the private sector, and applies efficient and transparent procedures and regulations. In addition, “Collaboration Relief of Government and Charity(官義合賑)” was typically conducted at the scene of the disaster. A close cooperation relationship, that is, harmonious ‘disaster governance’, was formed between the central and local governments and nongovernmental Yizhen. From the summer of 1942 to the spring of 1943, drought damage was severe in Henan. The victims were neglected because it was a ‘war situation’, and the tragedy reached its peak. Accordingly, there was active criticism from domestic and foreign media, and domestic and foreign public opinion sympathizing with the victims was a great burden on the national government. The National Government urgently took relief measures, but the effect was very limited. As Guanzhen was sluggish again this time, Yizhen supplemented it. At that time, the Yizhen organization representing Shanghai was the “Shanghai Association for Rapid Relief of North China(上海各界華北急賑會).” Shanghai was under the “Wang Jingwei Regime(汪精衛政權)”, but the main figures that made up this Association were those who had led the Yizhen in the Nanjing National Government Period. “Chongqing National Government”, “Wang Jingwei Regime”, Japanese Army, Shanghai's national Yizhen, and Xian(西安) and Zhengzhou(鄭州)'s Yizhen intertwined with each other appeared. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, “Catastrophic Flood(特大洪水)” occurred in Yangtze River basin in 1954. People's Government responded actively and had a relatively effective effect, thanks to preemptive repair projects and the rapid establishment of a relief system in the early days of its foundation. The fact that the People's Government was so active is deeply related to its experience of emphasizing disaster relief during the revolution. In addition, disaster relief was a ‘political project’ to strengthen political support for the New Regime. Through the practice of “politicalized” disaster relief, the ‘governance’ structure was ‘nationalized’ as the state's control penetrated widely and deeply into the underlying society, which led to a change in the subject of disaster relief. Now, the social relief system independent of state power has disappeared. Disaster governance, which has been composed of a collaboration between Yizhen and Guanzhen since the Late Qing, has been transformed into “Yizhenless governance”.

중화인민공화국 초기 자본가의 ‘사회주의 개조’ 수용과 ‘家屬’ — 1952~56년 上海 “상공업자 가속공작”의 작용 —

박경석(Park, Kyungsuk) 중국근현대사학회 2021 중국근현대사연구 Vol.92 No.-

This paper looked at the “Work on the Family Members of Business Owners” in Shanghai from 1952 to 1956. “Work on the Family Members(家屬工作)” began in 1952 with the ‘Five Antis Movement(五反運動)’ and continued until ‘Socialist Transformation’ was completed with the ‘Joint State-Private Mergers(公私合營)’ in 1956. Of course, “Work on the Family Members” will continue at another level afterwards, but during that period, it was closely related to the process of capitalists accepting the Socialist Transformation. In other words, “Work on the Family Members” promoted the acceptance of the Socialist Transformation by business owners, contributing to the smooth progress of the entire transformation. This pattern was evident on two occasions. One is that in the first half of 1952, when the Five Antis Movement was in full swing, “Work on the Family Members” was actively promoted for the Accusations and Confessions of commercial and industrial capitalists. Another was when the Socialist Transformation of capitalist commerce and industry was completed in 1956, “Work on the Family Members” was conducted to help capitalists actively accept the ‘Joint State-Private Mergers’ of entire enterprises. I think the above two “Work on the Family Members” could be a sufficient factor for business owners to subjectively accept the Socialist Transformation. It would have been much easier for business owners to change their minds if their wives persuaded them to cooperate with the measures for the Socialist Transformation, while fully agreeing with the government policy. Moreover, the child"s recommendation would have had a greater ‘impact’ than the wife’s persuasion. In this regard, the Youth League explained that the political awakening of the children of business owners has increased amid the heightened renovation. Wouldn"t business owners be willing to give up their companies without difficulty, looking at the future of their children building their own positions in the ‘New China’ by actively cooperating with the Socialist Transformation?

1931년 ‘장강(長江) 대수재(大水災)’ 구제(救濟)와 국제협력(國際協力) : 국민정부(國民政府) 구제수재위원회(救濟水災委員會)의 외국인(外國人) 인력(人力)과 해외(海外) 재원(財源)

朴敬石 ( Park Kyungsuk ) 중국사학회 2021 中國史硏究 Vol.- No.130

In this paper, the elements of “international cooperation” involved in relief work for ‘the Great Flood Disaster in 1931’ of ‘the National Flood Relief Commission(NFRC)’ were examined in terms of staffing and funding. In terms of personnel organization, a large number of foreign experts participated in the NFRC. Not only quantitatively but also qualitatively, it played a very important role at every strategic point. “International cooperation” in the composition of human resources has become a foundation for the NFRC to promote modern changes in the relief system and methods of relief. Regarding the financial resources, there was no other way in China to find the necessary resources for the relief of flood damage, so it was more and more desperate to find a breakthrough in international cooperation. Finally, the main financial resources consisted of “American Wheat Loan” (58.9%), “Special Surtax of Customs” (25.2%), and “Relief Fund for Flood Victims” (13.3%). “American Wheat Loan” is a in-kind foreign debt, which was negotiated by the Chinese government and the US government for about a month or so. It is a matter of course that the source of financial resources is abroad. “Special Surtax of Customs” is also taxed on foreign imported goods, and in reality, it can be collected only with the implicit consent (cooperation) of the foreign powers, and the source is also deeply related to the abroad. “Fund raising” was obtained from overseas through “international cooperation”, as donations from Overseas Chinese made up 21.9%, and support from foreign governments and private sectors accounted for 18.3%. Therefore, the total amount of financial resources procured from abroad through “international cooperation” exceeds 90% of the total. Without “international cooperation,” the NFRC could not have financed it, and the response of the Chinese government would have been extremely limited, and it would not have been able to find a new relief system or methods. The reason why “international cooperation” was able to become active was also due to the high international interest in the “Great Flood in 1931.” The appeals of the Chinese government and private organizations contributed to this, as well as detailed reports from foreign media. In addition, the ‘international cooperation network’, which was normally operated, also helped. Of course, it wasn't the first time that international aid was made to save China's disaster. There has been ‘international cooperation’ since quite early on, and we can see the ‘international cooperation’ of 1931 as the Nanjing Nationalist Government has aggregated and maximized the existing flow. Also, this ‘international cooperation’ was not one-sided. In another aspect, however, the fact that the above-mentioned concentration of overseas financing well shows the weakness of China's finances at the time. In other words, it shows one aspect of ‘structured external dependence.’

자동차 머플러용 배기가변밸브 구성요소의 응력해석

박대언(Daiun Park),박경석(Kyungsuk Park),박세종(Sejong Park),손성만(Sungman Son) 한국자동차공학회 2005 한국자동차공학회 춘 추계 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2005 No.11_1

The muffler to reduce the exhaust noise and vibration from engine influence on the engine performance. Recently, exhaust variable valve setting up in the muffler controls the backpressure in the exhaust system. And the backpressure variation according to the exhaust variable valve opening develop the engine performance.<br/> First, the preceding of structural analysis is needed and simulation experiment is requested for the study on the design factor to influence on the operation of the exhaust variable valve.<br/> In this study, setting up the various variables according to each composition element needed tor the structural analysis of the exhaust variable valve, it is experimented the analysis on the influence of each design factor with the calculation of stress distribution and the displacement to cause about the back pressure for the valve through parameter study.

자동차 배기시스템의 피로내구 해석 및 평가

박세종(Sejong Park),박경석(Kyungsuk Park),서호철(Hocheol Suh) 한국자동차공학회 2004 한국자동차공학회 춘 추계 학술대회 논문집 Vol.- No.-

The exhaust system of automobile is faced with random or spectrum types of fatigue loads during usage life and so needs to be closely estimated for quality and performance to have enough certainty on design endurance life during preliminary design process. Structural operation conditions, operation load history, property of material and manufacturing process etc. should be considered by performing experiment approach. Using the software program for predicting fatigue life quickly and exactly in preliminary design stage saves plenty of time and cost generated by fatigue tests. In this paper, fatigue life prediction was performed on the basis of fatigue analysis using MSC/FATIGUE and load data from field test and the life of development items was estimated and compared through the results.

스파크 점화기관의 블록진동 분석에 의한 노킹 해석에 관한 연구

장석형(SeokHyung Jang),박경석(KyungSuk Park) 한국자동차공학회 2012 한국자동차공학회 학술대회 및 전시회 Vol.2012 No.11

가솔린 엔진에서 급가속 운전시 노킹 측정 및 분석

이종화(Jonghwa Lee),박경석(Kyungsuk Park),김현용(Hyunyong Kim) 한국자동차공학회 1999 한국 자동차공학회논문집 Vol.7 No.9

반능동형 머플러의 열유동 특성

손성만(Sungman Son),박경석(Kyungsuk Park),박세종(Sejong Park) 한국자동차공학회 2005 한국자동차공학회 춘 추계 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2005 No.11_1

Recently, the study of variable type muffler is carrying out according to the necessity about the muffler satisfy the noise side and the performance side of engine. The active muffler is able to the structural deformation of the muffler about the backpressure variation and engine characteristics. The semi-muffler setting up the exhaust variable valve control the backpressure increase and the engine performance decrease through the valve opening in the high speed area of the engine. So it is able to maintenance the regular power performance in the area of the whole revolution speed.<br/> This study analyze backpressure distribution and flow characteristics of the semi-active muffler and the passive muffler, analyze the improvement of the backpressure and flow causing to the setting up the exhaust variable valve through the thermal flow numeral analysis.