프랑스법상 여행계약의 법적성질과 책임법리 -기획여행계약을 중심으로-

문성제,Moon seong jea 한국비교사법학회 2014 비교사법 Vol.21 No.4

여행계약이 실현되는 모습은 매우 다양하게 나타날 수 있으며, 여행계약이 체결되고 계약의 내용이 실현되기까지는 사안에 따라서는 장기간의 시간이 소요될 수 있다는 점, 여행계약 의 내용이 실현되는 과정에서 계약 당사자 이외에 많은 사람들이 관여하게 된다는 점 등을 고 려할 때 여행계약에서의 법률관계는 매우 복잡한 양상을 띠게 된다. 특히 여행업자가 운송인 및 숙박시설의 경영자 등과 같은 다수인에 의하여 제공되는 서비스 등과 함께 여행자에게 제 공되는 단체기획여행 내지 패키지투어와 같은 경우 여행과정에서 여행자에게 손해가 발생했 을 때에 여행업자에게 어떠한 법적원인으로 그 손해에 대한 책임을 물을 것인가는 매우 중요한 문제 가운데 하나이다. 책임론에서도 여행계약이 체결되는 법률관계의 법적성질도 다양하게 나타날 수 있으나 아직 우리나라에서는 그와 관련하여 구체적으로 논의된 예는 그리 많아 보이지 않는다. 이전에 논의되었던 대부분의 내용들은 주로 독일여행계약법의 내용과 판례⋅학설 등을 소개하고 있는 실정이다. 그러나 독일의 경우 여행계약에 관한 내용은 1978년 독일민법 개정에 의하여 관 련 규정을 마련하여 민법전에 포함시키고 있으나, 그 같은 규정을 민법규정으로 두어야 할 필요성 자체에 대해서도 비판이 가해지고 있는 가운데, 아직 우리의 경우 여행계약에 관한 입법 론의 대부분은 독일여행계약법을 중심으로 논의가 이루어지고 있는 실정을 감안할 때, 새로운 시각에서의 접근도 필요하다. 이 같은 문제의식을 가지고 본고에서는 프랑스법상 기획여행계약과 관련한 주요 내용과 여 행업자 책임의 법리를 중심으로 고찰하였다. 특히 프랑스 민법전과 상법전에는 오늘에 이르기 까지 여행업자가 체결하는 계약과 그 책임에 관한 특별한 규정이 없으며, 주로 특별법에 의하 여 여행업자의 책임을 묻고 있는 실정이며, 최근에는 여행업자 책임에 관한 판결례에서도 새 로운 해석이 시도되고 있다는 점에서 향후 우리나라에서 관련 법률문제의 해결과 관련법을 제정하는 경우에 참고가 될 수 있을 것이다. Tour contract is implemented in a wide variety of ways: On a case by case basis, it may take long period of time to see that a tour contract is implemented in reality after it is signed in written by both parties (travel agency and client). Moreover, many other concerned parties, except both parties of such contract, may get involved in the course of implementing the terms and conditions of tour contract. In this regard, legal relations become very sophisticated in tour contract. In particular, travel services are usually available from many parties like carrier and lodging facility's manager, and even planned group tour or package tour services are often available to tourists from tour operators. In these kinds of tour, it is a crucial issue to find out possible legal causes for which a tour operator may take responsibility for any damages incurred by tourists, if applicable, in the course of tourism. In terms of this responsibility, legal nature of such legal relations concerned with conclusion of tour contract may appear in various aspects, but South Korean jurisprudential world doesn't yet have so much discussed this matter in more details. In South Korea, most of existing discussions are limited to introducing contents, judicial precedents and theories of German Tour Contract Act. With regard to the matters of tour contract, however, Germany has developed relevant regulations under the revised German Civil Act (1978) and has incorporated those regulations in the German civil code. But there are increasing criticisms about why it would be necessary to keep those regulations under civil code, and most of South Korean legislative discussions about tour contract are still focused on the German Tour Contract Act in reality. That is why we need to take a new approach of comparative laws to those discussions. Based on such a critical mind, this study focused on examining major matters of package tour contract under French law system as well as judicial principles of tour operator's responsibility. Particularly, French civil and commercial code have no special provision up to date concerning any tour contract signed by tour operators and their responsibility, but rely primarily upon special laws to find tour operators responsible for any damages incurred by tourists under tour contract. Interestingly, recent judicial precedents about tour operator's responsibility also have tried to take any new construction of existing relevant laws. Hence, it is expected that such a recent trend of judicial precedents will be a good reference for resolving relevant legal issues and legislating relevant laws in South Korea.

의약품에서의 결함의 개념과 그 증명

문성제(Moon Seong-Jea),이경환(Lee Kyung- Hwan) 성균관대학교 법학연구소 2004 성균관법학 Vol.16 No.3

All matters concerning ethical drug was not recent ones but already began to occur as pharmaceutical drugs became commercialized on large scale and thereby administered to patients owing to the advancement of pharmaceutical technology. There are some critical harmful aspects behind ethical drugs, although they consist of synthetic chemical substances to induce chemical reactions in our body so that they can help heal certain diseases and keep health. In other words, ethical drugs may still have any unknown side effect, and resulting harms may bring considerable damages even within shorter time than we think, because the drugs are often widely used among many populations around the nation or world. In the inherent characteristics of pharmaceutical drugs, they are generally approved as ethical drug mainly by the judgment of pharmaceutical values about the final result of comparing their effectiveness for certain diseases and the properties or extent of accompanying side effects respectively. However, there are still some limitations in perfectly estimating any side effect after marketing mainly through preclinical(physiochemical and animal experiment) and clinical study(human experiment). Besides, ethical drugs are typically subject to strict regulations throughout all relevant processes including preclinical and post-marketing process. Medical drugs are often used by practitioners and generic drugs are sold under the control of apothecary around pharmacy, drugstore, etc. On the other hand, the existence of ethical drug is approved with a combination of commodity and information in one. In particular, some information such as directions and warning is essential above all. Here, any pharmaceutical effectiveness and safety are confirmed and approved on the basis of certain conditions such as dosage, duration or method of administration and the like. Yet, if any violation of these prerequisites causes more or less damages in health care, it is unavoidable to bear any damage resulting from medical malpractice and pharmaceutical side effects. Therefore, we cannot help considering legal liabilities of pharmaceutical manufacturer that produces drugs causing any harmful side effects. Unfortunately, in Korea, there has been not yet any case of directly uncovering and pointing out the liabilities of pharmaceutical manufacturer in terms of pharmaceutical defect of ethical drugs, although there are a few literatures referring to the harmful risks inherent m pharmaceutical manufacturing. In the regard of these considerations, this study focuses on the necessity of suggesting any alternative or solutions for domestic pharmaceutical administration and relevant social problems even somewhat lately - in terms of latest marketing of cold remedy or tablets that contain phenylpropanolamine.

e-health와 의료과오의 제 문제

문성제(Moon Seong Jea) 성균관대학교 법학연구소 2007 성균관법학 Vol.19 No.3S

  The term e-health has emerged since the late 1990s to keep up with current global trend. There isn"t yet a solid academic foundation for that term nor any brief definition of it. WTO(World Health Organization) defines e-health as a technology to apply a combination of different sorts of ICT to medicine for a clinical, educational or administrative purpose. That corresponds to e-commerce in health and medical industry, and aims at providing medical service as a sort of business whereas telemedicine focuses on selling medical equipment and could consequently be said hardware-centered service. So e-health refers to a paradigm of medical information and technology in multiple forms. which ranges from simple techniques like automated treatment reservation to a wide variety of systems geared toward ensuring patients" information accessibility and to clinical application technology for the sake of assisting medical treatment.<BR>  Thanks to its benefits, e-health comes into spotlight lately. That makes it unnecessary for patients to visit medical institutions in person or to wait to receive treatment. Even if they have to wait, it won"t be any long, and they can have efficient access to medical service night and day without being restricted by time. Furthermore, they can remain anonymous, and regional gap will be eliminated by letting everybody benefit from quality medicine regardless of their dwelling site. Patients can be provided enough information before they make any decision, and all the benefits of e-health predicts its growth potentiality in the future.<BR>  However, there may be so me disadvantages as weil. Patients are likely to get into troubles if they don"t properly understand or comply with the instructions of doctors. The relationship between doctors and patients might get weaken, and a lack of face-to-face treatment might provoke unfavorable consequences. Moreover, there"s no guarantee that information provided is trustworthy. Every medical institution should be linked to ensure the clinical practice of e-health, and their link might engender problems that are related to the civil liability of individuals concerned or couldn"t be resolved by administrative regulations. Legal problems might be triggered by treatment without medical examination, invasion of personal medical information. trusting inaccurate online information, medical malpractice or incompetence of medical personnels.<BR>  There were lots of limits to the past paper-based information due to time and spatial restrictions, but modern people in the 21st century are exposed to new information environments called a cyberspace that has no time and spatial limitations. Under the circumstances, the establishment of a relevant legal system that could respond to such environmental chances is very critical in that it could definitely affect the survival of humans, let alone a maintenance of public order. One way to make it happen seems to enact a special law on e-health.

현금흐름 위험 기반 KOSPI 수익률 횡단면 연구

문성제 ( Sungjeh Moon ),송준혁 ( Joonhyuk Song ) 한국파생상품학회(구 한국선물학회) 2018 선물연구 Vol.26 No.3

본 논문은 Da(2009)를 바탕으로 장기소비 성장률과 현금흐름과의 공분산과 현금흐름 듀레이션을 2요인으로 두고 이 요인들이 KOSPI 주가 수익률 리스크 프리미엄을 어느 정도 설명하는지를 실증적으로 분석한 연구이다. 1991년부터 2017년까지 전체 KOSPI 상장주식(상장폐지 주식 포함) 대상으로 2요인 현금흐름 위험 모형과 벤치마크인 CAPM과 Fama and French 3요인(FF-3F) 모형과 대비하여 분석한 결과 현금흐름 2요인 모형의 경우 수익률의 횡단면 구조를 74.7% 설명하는데 비해 CAPM과 FF-3F의 경우 최대 각각 41.9% 및 64.1%를 설명하는데 그쳐 현금흐름 모형이 리스크 프리미엄 요인 구조를 더 잘 설명하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 가격오차에 있어서도 현금흐름 2요인 모형의 경우 4%에 머문 반면 CAPM과 FF-3F는 각각 7.7% 및 4.7%로 나타나 가격결정 성과 역시 현금흐름 모형이 벤치마크 모형에 비해 우월한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 주식 수익률 리스크 프리미엄의 횡단면 구조에 기업의 현금흐름과 장기소비가 관련되어 있으며, 따라서 현재 소비보다는 장기에 걸친 소비의 증가율이 리스크 프리미엄의 결정에 더 큰 영향을 미치고 있음을 시사한다. This paper introduces two risk factors which are the covariance between long-run consumption growth and cash flows and the duration of cash flow, and investigates how these factors serve to explain the KOSPI return risk premiums. Based on our empirical results comparing the proposed two-factor cash flow model with the standard benchmark models such as CAPM and Fama-French 3-factor model (FF-3F), using KOSPI equity including de-listed stocks, the cash flow model explains 74.7% of the cross-section of equity risk premium while CAPM and FF-3F model explains 41.9% and 64.1% to the maximum, respectively, showing that the cash-flow model is superior in explaining the risk premium factor structure compared with the benchmark models. Also, the pricing error is only 4% in the two-factor cash flow model, while CAPM and FF-3F are 7.7% and 4.7%, respectively, indicating the cash flow model outperforms the standard benchmark models in pricing error as well. These results can be interpreted that the cross section of the equity risk premium is related to a firm’s cash flow and long-run consumption, and therefore the growth rate of consumption in the long run rather than contemporaneous consumption growth rate has a greater influence on the determination of the risk premium.

개인정보의 제3자 제공으로 인한 피해에 대한 사법적 구제

문성제(Moon Seong-Jea) 성균관대학교 법학연구소 2005 성균관법학 Vol.17 No.2

The collection and utilization of information through cyberspace allow not only consumers but employers to have a successful communication with others. Users can benefit from cyberspace in many regards, including a reduction of cost and time, and they can apply for and be provided with all sorts of products, information and services. In contrary, there is much room for a misuse or abuse of personal information about users, since it could be gathered and disclosed without their consent. The focus of law has shifted from the protection of life and the body to that of reputation and privacy, as the advance in mass communication and information technology that has entailed sophisticated information- gathering technology has increasingly contributed to infringing on the reputation and privacy of individuals. Information is intangible, not being restricted by time and space. As one of intangible resources, that could be placed under the control of law. Owing to its unique characteristics, that can be circulated simultaneously in different and extensive geographic regions, and it's not an easy task to find out the appropriate and authentic legal principles that could be applicable to such a new object of law. This is the reason why that hasn't yet been placed under the reign of law, and why current law fails to determine how to approach the new object of law. So far, there is neither robust legal foundation for this field nor appropriate guidelines about the application and principles of relevant law. Now, it's required to discreetly study what types of remedies could be applicable in the area of the civil law in case anybody suffers loss just due to an exposure of information. There are two different remedies in the civil law. One is making financial reparation after one is damaged, and the other is preventing one from being damaged when it is anticipated. The first remedy is based on the tort law that specifies one who harms the body, freedom or fame of others or gives any mental pain to them are liable to make reparation for any losses other than property(the Para. 1 of Art. 751 of the Civil Law). One whose mental pain is rooted in another person's any intentional or unintentional illegal action can be remedied by the tort law. As for the second remedy, separate law is required instead of the tort law, since financial compensation or recovery of original state is necessary once after one is damaged. Korean precedents have applied the conception of 'personal rights' in order to remedy people whose fame or personal interests are infringed by the press or someone of publishing community. However, no specific efforts to approach the protection of privacy related to personal information from a perspective of the law of contract has yet been made, though there are much possibilities of solution for that approach. If the personal information of an individual gathered for a particular purpose is sold or provided to a third person without his or her consent, it seems possible to apply the law of contract to that. Therefore, it's attempted in this study to discuss civil remedies for damages triggered by the supply of personal information by a third person.

주관적 건강수준에 따른 독거노인의 사회적 관계망과 의료기관 이용 간의 관련성

문성제(Sungje Moon),손민성(Minsung Sohn),윤희수(Heesoo Yoon),최만규(Mankyu Choi) 한국콘텐츠학회 2017 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.17 No.5

본 연구는 주관적 건강수준에 따른 독거노인의 사회적 관계망이 의료기관 이용에 미치는 영향을 파악하고, 노인복지 서비스 참여의 조절효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 한국보건사회연구원의 노인실태조사자료(2014) 중 독거노인 2,344명을 연구대상으로 선정하였고, 기술통계, 카이제곱 검정 및 포아송 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과, 독거노인들의 사회적 관계망 확대 및 노인복지서비스 참여는 주관적 건강수준이 나쁜 독거노인들의 의료기관 이용에 영향을 주는 것으로 확인되었다. 주관적 건강수준이 나쁜 독거노인들의 경우, 가족과의 왕래 및 평생교육 참여로 인해 의료기관 이용횟수가 감소하였으며, 이웃과의 왕래가 증가하거나 노인일자리사업을 신청할 경우 의료기관 이용이 증가하는 결과를 보였다. 또한 노인복지서비스 참여의 조절효과를 확인한 결과, 친목시설 및 단체에 참여한 독거노인들의 사회적 관계망이 확대 될수록 의료기관 이용횟수가 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 이러한 결과에 근거하여 독거노인들의 사회적 관계망을 대체할 수 있는 노인복지서비스 확대를 제시하고, 의료이용 실태 파악을 통하여 실질적인 건강유지증진 및 예방을 지원할 수 있는 정책적 방향성을 모색했다는 점에서 의의가 있겠다. The objective of this study is to examine the association of social networks and medical care utilization of elderly living alone depending on self-rated health status, and also to measure the moderating effects of welfare services for elderly. To this purpose, the data which was collected from the 2014 National Survey on Elderly in Korea was analyzed by Chi-square test and Poisson regression. According to the results, social networks and elderly welfare services affected to medical care utilization of elderly living alone, only who aware of their self-rated health status as bad. With this group, the frequency of contact with family and participation in lifelong education had a significant effect on increasing medical care utilization. In contrast, the frequency of contact with neighbors and the participation in elderly employment program were significant to reduce the utilization of medical care. Furthermore, the moderating effects of elderly welfare services were also measured that formal social gathering has an effect of increasing the medical care utilization of elderly living alone by expansion of their social networks. Based on these results, this study consequently has an implication for suggesting expansion of elderly welfare services, which might be an alternative to social networks of elderly living alone, and also for seeking the direction of political intervention that helps health promotion and disease prevention through the research of medical care utilization.

온라인상에서의 개인정보보호에 관한 국제 동향 - 미국의 제도를 중심으로 -

문성제(Seong Jea Moon) 한국비교법학회 2004 비교법학연구 Vol.3 No.-

개인정보라 함은 사람의 인격과 관련하여 개인을 특정할 수 있는 모든 정보로서, 개인의 성명, 주소, 전화번호, 주민등록번호 등 기타 다양한 정보가 포함되는 개념으로, 이 같은 범위는 고정되어 있는 것이 아니라 지속적으로 확대되고 있는 개념이다. 이 같은 개인정보는 특히 현대사회에서의 전자상거래에서는 불가결한 요소로 등장하고 있으며, 이에 대한 적절한 보호가 이루어지지 않을 경우에는 전자상거래의 발전을 저해하는 주 요인으로서 작용하게 된다. 더 나아가 오늘 날 PC의 보급 발전으로 인터넷 이용이 일반화 되었으며, 이에 따른 문제점들이 속출하고 있다. 즉 회원가입 과정에서 제공된 이름, 주소, 주민등록번호, 미혼여부, 생년월일, 재산상태, 취미 등 개인에 관한 모든 정보가 인터넷상에 떠돌면서, 이 같은 정보가 상업적으로 악용되기도 하며, 더 나아가 불법 개인정보유출이 범죄로까지 이어지게 된다. 따라서 개인정보의 오·남용 등 개인정보침해에 따른 피해에 대한 구제책마련이 긴급하게 요구되고 있는 실정에 있다.<br/> 이와 같은 개인정보보호에 대한 관심은 오래전에 전 세계적으로 관심을 불러일으켜 왔는데, 유럽의 경우 1990년 9월부터 유럽 ED 집행위원회는 개인정보의 자유로운 유통을 촉진하는 지침마련에 착수하였고, 1995년 10월 24일에는 ED의회와 각료이사회가 개인정보보호지침을 채택하기에 이르렀다. ED 집행위원회는 1998 년 12 월「범세계적 네트워크상의 프라이버시보호에 관한 각료선언」(Ministerial Declaration on the Pritection of Privacy on Global Network)을 통하여 각국이 네트워크 환경에서 효율적인 프라이버시 보호조치를 취할 것을 촉구하였다. 그리하여 유럽연합은 개인정보에 관한 보호주의정책을 1998년 10월 25일 발효함으로써 유럽연합이외의 국가들도 이에 대한 적절한 시책을 실시하지 않는 한 유럽연합과 전자상거래를 통한 거래를 행할 수 없는 국제통상의 문제로 제기되었다.<br/> 특히 ED지침 제25조는 적절한 수준의 개인 Data 보호를 缺한 국가와는 Data교류를 금하는 규정을 함으로써, 특히 전자상거래의 강국이라 할 수 있는 미국은 이에 대하여 큰 충격을 받았다. 그러나 이 같은 문제점들을 극복하기 위하여 미국의 Data 보호 시책이 유럽연합으로서도 만족스럽게 양지역간의 전자상거래가 저해 받는 일이 없도록 하기 위한 합의를 목표로 정부 및 일반인을 포함하여 광범위한 협의가 이루어져 왔다.<br/> 결국 우리는 ED에서의 개인정보보호지침을 통해 일정 수준의 개인정보보호 기준을 충족하지 못할 경우, 국가간의 개인정보의 유통을 금지하는 등 개인정보 보호가 선진국 주도의 새로운 무역장벽으로 대두되고 있는 현실 속에 살아가고 있음을 감안할 때, 이에 대한 대책의 수립은 국제 경쟁 사회에서의 또 하나의 책임으로 떠오르고 있음을 否認할 수 없는 것이다.<br/> Individual information relates to all information capable of defining an individual connected with his or her personality, encompassing such various information as the individual's name, address, phone number and resident registration number and so on. Its range is not fixed, but continues to be expanded. Individual information has emerged as one of the most essential elements in today's e-trade, and will hurt the development of e-trade without the proper protection of individual information. In addition to this, the prevalence of PCs has led to the popularity of the Internet, bringing about a lot of problems. That is, such individual information as names, addresses, resident registration numbers, marriage status, birthday, property status and hobbies, etc. provided in the process of membership subscription is being leaked on the Internet and being badly used for the purpose of selfish commercialism. This illegal leakage of individual information has led to a crime. In this context, it is very important that specific measures should be worked out against the infringement of individual information including the misuse and abuse of individual information.<br/> Such individual information protection has attracted a lot of attention all over the world for a long time: The ED executive committee has launched the work of ironing out instructions as to the free distribution of individual information since September, 1990; The ED congress and ministerial council came to adopt the instructions on individual information protection on October 24, 1995. The ED executive committee urged each nation to take effective privacy-protecting measures in the network environment through 'Ministerial Declaration on the Protection of Privacy on Global Network' in December 1998. With the effectuation of protective policies about individual information by ED on December 25, 1998, other nations have to face e-trade friction unless they carry out proper policies related to individual information protection.<br/> Article 25 of ED instruction in particular stipulates that a nation shall not exchange data with other nations which fail to protect individual data at an appropriate level, dealing a serious blow to America where can be called a powerful nation of e-trade. Yet a wide range of consultations have been held among the governments and common people with a view to letting e-trade between ED and America not be infringed by American policies on data protection as a vehicle for overcoming these kinds of problems.<br/> Therefore it goes without saying that the establishment of countermeasures against the matter of individual information leakage should be regarded as responsibility for we are living in a condition where the protection of individual information including the prohibition of distributing individual information among nations may act as new tariff wall imposed by advanced nations in case a nation doesn't meet the standards of individual information protection established by ED.<br/> <br/> <br/>

제조물책임의 이론적 기초

문성제(Seong Jea Moon) 한국비교법학회 2005 비교법학연구 Vol.5 No.-

Today's product circulation structure is that the products from mass-production are sold with images through advertisement in TV, newspapers, and magazines and consumed in mass. As these uniformed products are sold in mass throughout the country and the selling places are such easily accessible ones as retailers, supermarkets, and agencies. customers generally don't directly purchase the products from the company which produces, manufactures, or distributes, but do just with trust in the company or the product.<br/> Under this structure of mass production, mass sales, and mass consumption, those products of reduced cost through mass production and standardized quality are sold in large scale distribution channels. and so it is not likely that all products are perfect. In case a customer is damaged from the defect in a product, he/she can rightfully demand a damage compensation to the manufacturer. Especially, damage by a defect good is such a damage to life, body, and asset, and the range is broad and severe, thus the best way is to prevent it in advance. Nevertheless, when a damage happens ex post facto, it is necessary to seek for a remedy.<br/> But, under today's product distribution structure, customers generally purchase goods without direct contract with the manufacturer. In this case, if the distributor/seller is called to account for the damage and the compensation is smoothly processed, there might not be a big trouble. but if the damaged customer is not enough and satisfactorily compensated, or the seller/agent evades or denies the responsibility on the event on the ground that they do only selling of the product, the customer can not help thinking over the problems and the method of damage compensation. Like this, when a customer calls the manufacturer or the seller who is not in a direct contract relation with the customer, remedy action for illegal behavior was first considered in the past, but now, with the enactment of Products Liability Act (Law Number 6109, newly legislated on January 12, 2000), overall problems resident in the present civil laws can be overcome to speculate manufacturer's compensation responsibility for the damage by the defect of good manufactured, and thus an institutional tool to secure the protection of victim, improve people's living stability, and contribute to a healthy development of economy was prepared.<br/> This Product Responsibility Act has been rooted as a global standard that many countries over the world are already implementing. In the present circumstance that the world is integrating into a market named global village, domestic enterprises are experiencing huge amount of compensation lawsuits under the application of overseas strict Product responsibility act, while domestic customers have not been rescued from damages because of no preparation of domestic law when they were damaged to life and body by the overflowing overseas defect goods. Considering these problems, this Product Responsibility Act is expected to have some positive effects including i) strengthening of product safety, ii) intensification of customer protection, iii) buildup of the competitiveness of enterprises. For the enterprises, product safety plans become the major concern in adminstration, which will lead the enterprises to perform stable production and sales competition, while customers get to select and use safe products, which drives the enterprises in product responsibility to strengthen their competitiveness. Recall system protects in advance the customers from any likely damage from defect goods, while Product Responsibility plays the function of indirectly securing customer safety through rescue of ex post facto customer damage.<br/> As the result, Product Responsibility Act allows to faithfully perform customer protection in case there is any customer damage from defect goods, make the criteria of dispute settlement explicit by taking defect as the responsibility requirement, and provide

국제물품매매계약에 관한 유엔협약(CISG)과 매도인의 담보책임

문성제(Moon, Seong-Jea) 한국재산법학회 2011 재산법연구 Vol.28 No.3

2004년 2월 17일 우리나라는 국제물품매매계약에 관한 유엔협약(The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods: 이하 CISG라 함)에 가입하여 2005년 3월 1일부터 본 협약의 효력이 발효되었다. 따라서 국제물품매매계약에 관하여 합의에 의하여 CISG의 적용을 배제하기로 하지 아니한 체약국으로서 상이한 국가에 영업소를 개설한 때에는 달리 합의를 하지 않더라도 국제거래의 준거법으로서 민법ㆍ상법 이외에 CISG가 적용되게 되었다. 결과적으로 국제물품매매계약과 관련하여 우리나라의 민법과 상법 그리고 CISG에서 규정한 각기 다른 법체계를 통일적으로 해석하여 적용해야 하는 과제를 안게 되었다. 그러나 국제물품매매계약에 의하여 매도인이 인도한 물품에 하자가 있을 때에 야기되는 갈등을 어떻게 해결할 것인가 하는 문제가 제기될 수 있는데, 이때에 생각할 수 있는 책임론으로는 채무불이행책임과 하자담보책임이 있으며, 지금까지 이들 책임론의 관계와 기능에 대한 논의는 민법학에서 중요한 논의 가운데 하나였다. 그러나 CISG에서는 인도한 물품에 하자가 있더라도 하자담보책임에 관한 규정이 없으므로 매도인이 인도한 물품이 계약의 본지에 따라서 인도되지 않은 경우에 매수인이 받은 손해를 어떻게 구제 받을 수 있는가에 대하여 의문이 제기될 수 있다는 문제의식을 가지고 본고는 CISG에서의 국제물품매매계약에서 매도인이 인도한 물품의 하자로 인한 법적인 문제와 그 해결책에 대해서 고찰하였다. South Korea signed as a member on the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (hereinafter referred to as ‘UNCISG’) on February 17, 2004, and the UNCISG came into effect from March 1, 2005. Therefore, South Korea became a contracting party that shall not exclude any application of UNCISG under its contractual agreement, so that UNCISG, apart from Civil Law and Commercial Law, became applied as a governing law to any contract for international sale of goods where a business office is opened in overseas country. As a result, the contract for international sale of goods has faced a challenge of consistently interpreting and applying different legal systems specified in Korean Civil Law, Korean Commercial Law and UNCISG. In general, any liabilities conceivable in case of a defect found from goods delivered after dealing can fall broadly into two categories, that is, liability for default and liability for warranty against defects. Traditional discussions about possible associations and functions of these two kinds of liability have been addressed as one of critical topics in the studies of Civil Law. However, the said UNCISG on which South Korea signed on February 27, 2004 contains no provision on any liability for warranty against defects. That is why there may be a controversy about how to resolve these problems appearing in contracts for the international sale of goods. Particularly, it will be necessary to present a favorable way to resolve any problem shown in international trades, since UNCISG shall be applied in advance of Korean Civil Law and Commercial Law to any case of defect found in goods delivered under contracts for the international sale of goods. In order to give any relief for damages due to such defect, the Korean Civil Law divides the relief broadly into 2 categories, i.e. relief based on liability for default and relief based on liability for warranty against defects respectively. But UNCISG uses an common concept called ‘breach of contract’ to make such a uniform provision that a seller who fails to implement his or her contractual obligation shall assume any resulting liability for buyer’s damages. In particular, in view of more or less differences between Korean statutory provisions and UNCISG in liability and relief when either of both parties violates any contract for the international sale of goods, there may be any unexpected risk resulting from inconsistency of legal system. Hence, it is necessary to review and examine major considerations of Korean relevant statutory provisions in comparison with relevant UNCISG provisions before developing a preventive safeguard measure.

가습기살균제로 인한 피해와 국가의 위험관리책임

문성제(Moon, seongjea) 한국소비자원 2014 消費者問題硏究 Vol.45 No.1