집골로 본 추가장 과정에 대한 예찰 - 경주 동천동 373번지 유적 사례를 중심으로 -

김헌석,우하영,이하얀 동국대학교 WISE(와이즈)캠퍼스 신라문화연구소 2020 新羅文化 Vol.57 No.-

Stone chamber with tunnel entrance tombs, the most common type of ancient tombs during the Unified Silla period, is considered to be used for additional burials. Due to the lack of the excavated case of additional burials, however, it is hard to reconstruct the process of additional burials and the layout of the inside of tombs. Gyeongju Dongcheon-dong Ancient Tombs is Ancient Tombs of the middle ruling class of Silla capital, and among them, the stone chamber tomb located in Dongcheon-dong 373 site where human bones were found is relatively large. Especially, on the dead floor on the short wall side of the Tomb No 1, human remains of two individuals were found. Their craniums were located along the wall and their limbs were gathered in front of the craniums. This position of discovered remains could indicate the bone collecting practice and the preparation for additional burials. The dead floor on the short wall side in stone chamber tombs is often described as the place for grave goods as it is narrow to lay the dead. However, based on this case study, it would appear that the dead floor on the short wall side in the stone chamber tomb is the place for the additional burials planned at the stage of the tomb construction. Considering the size, structure, and grave goods of the tomb where the bone collecting practice was found, this case shows the aspect of tomb structure and space layout for additional burials of the middle ruling class.

생물인류학적 관점에서 본 고고유적의 사람 뼈 : 학제적 연구의 성과와 미래

김헌석 한국상고사학회 2022 한국상고사학회 학술발표회 Vol.56 No.-

킬레이트 형성기로서 Ethylenediamine을 도입한 다공성 중공사막에 의한 금속이온의 흡착특성

김헌석,김민,이영기,김병식 동국대학교 산업기술연구원 1999 산업기술논문집 Vol.14 No.-

폐수나 초순수 중의 금속이온을 효율적으로 회수하기 위해 킬레이트 형성기로서 에틸렌디아민(EDA)을 방사선그래프트중합법에 의해 생성된 그래프트 체인에 도입하였다. 그래프트율에 따른 에틸렌디아민기의 밀도를 측정하였으며, 그래프트율 177%의 경우 4.25mol/kg으로 나타났다. 에틸렌디아민기가 도입된 중공사막의 금속이온에 대한 흡착용량은 투과법에 의해 측정되었다. 투과압력의 변화에 무관한 흡착용량을 나타내었으며, 흡착된 금속이온은 용리액에 의해 100% 용리가 되었다. 구리(Cu)와 카드뮴(Cd)의 2성분 흡착에서는 구리이온이 카드뮴이온을 치환흡착 하는 것을 알 수 있었다. An ethylenediamine(EDA)-group as a chelate forming group was appended onto a hollow fiber membrane for effective recovery of metal ion from waste water or ultra pure water by radiation-induced graft polymerization of an epoxy-group-containing monomer, glycidylmethacrylate(GMA), and subsequent chemical modification. The density of EDA-group was investigated as a function of the degree of GMA grafting(dg), and it was 4.25mol/kg in case of the dg 177%. The adsorption of metal-ion onto toe EDA-hollow fiber membrane was measured by the permeation method. The metal adsorption capacity during permeation of a copper solution through the EDA-hollow fiber at various flow rate demonstrated that a higher flow rate is not affected to the collection efficiency. In the binary adsorption of Cu^2+/Cd^2+, we could see that Cu^2+ ion was substituted for Cd^2+ ion and adsorbed finally.

포유동물유체로 본 영남지방 중심지의 동물이용의 현황과 양상

김헌석 대한체질인류학회 2020 해부·생물인류학 (Anat Biol Anthropol) Vol.33 No.2

As three-kingdom period ancient tombs were located in the central place of those days, animal remains excavated from shellmiddens and wetlands around ancient tombs could illustrate how hierarchy exploited the animal resources. For this purpose, five archaeological sites were selected and archaeozoological analysis was conducted. Five species including deer, boar, cattle, horse and dog were commonly found with the small number of wild species in each site. In terms of the proportion of animal species, deer comprise more than 50 per cent of fauna from Pusan and Gimhae of Gaya confederacy while the number of domesticates such as horse and cattle is small. On the other hands, the peculiarity of animal remains of Gyeongju and Gyeonsan, belong to Silla dynasty, is the low proportion of deer and boar. This feature could be related to the characteristics of central places as other regions such as Pungnaptoseong Fortress and Mongchontoseong Fortress show a similar tendency. Furthermore, as the category of boar includes domestic pig, the percentage of domesticates usage could be even higher. A part from the use of domesticated animals, cat and sea lion were found as well. As the cat is frequently discovered around the royal palace of Silla, it is worth to study how the cat was imported to the Korean Peninsula. Also, although sealion which is already extinct is often found around Pusan, archaeological evidence of exploitation practice is insufficient. However, considering the cutmarks on bone surfaces, it could be extrapolated that sealion was considered as one of the important resources. 삼국시대의 고분이 존재하는 곳은 당시의 중심지이다. 고분에 인접한 곳의 패총과 저습지에 출토하는 동물유체를 통해 당시 지배층이 이용한 동물의 양상을 파악할 수 있다. 이를 위해 5개의 유적을 선정해 출토종과 그 양상을 확인했다. 각 유적에서는 사슴, 멧돼지, 소, 말, 개의 5종이 공통적이고 소수의 야생동물이 확인된다. 그리고 각 종의 비율을 보면 부산과 김해(가야지역)의 유적에서는 사슴의 비율이 50%를 넘고 소, 말 등의 가축비율이 낮은 특징을 가진다. 반면, 경주와 경산지역(신라지역)에서는 사슴 및 멧돼지의 비중이 낮은 특징을 보였다. 이런 특징은 풍납토성과 몽촌토성의 다른 지역에서도 확인되는 점에서 중심지의 성격과 관련되었을 가능성이 있다. 그리고 멧돼지 속에도 집돼지가 다수 존재하고 있어 가축 이용 비율은 더욱 높을 것으로 생각된다. 이러한 가축 이용 외에도 고양이와강치가 확인된다. 고양이는 통일신라시대 신라의 왕궁주변에서 많이 보이고 있는 점에서 어떠한 경로로 한반도로 들어왔는지 확인할 필요가 있다. 또한 이미 멸종한 강치도 부산을 중심으로 많이 확인되고 있으나 고고학적으로 이용형태가 명확하지 않다. 그러나 뼈에 다수의 해체흔이 있는 점에서 중요한 자원으로 이용되었을 것으로 추정된다.

신석기시대 출토 동물유체의 연구 성과와 향후의 방향성

김헌석 한국고고미술연구소 2015 고고학지 Vol.21 No.-

동물 유체는 신석기시대 사람들의 식생활과 환경을 연구하는 중요한 자료로 활용된다. 본고에서는 신석기시대 패총에서 출토된 다양한 동물 유체 자료를 중심으로 포유류, 어류, 패류로 나누어 정리했다. 그 결과 포유류는 대부분의 유적에서 사슴류와 멧돼지가 중심이며, 일부 유적에서 강치와 같은 기각류의 수렵이 특징이 되는 곳도 존재했다. 어류는 돔류와 상어류를 중심으로 암초지대와 연안에서 포획하기 쉬운 종이 많았다. 패류는 서식환경에 따라 10가지의 군집으로 나누어 살펴본 결과, 외해의 암초지대와 모래바닥이 많은 환경 속에서 채집되고 있음을 확인했다. 또한 서해안은 갯벌 군집에서 남해안은 암초지대의 군집에 서식하는 종이 많이 확인되어, 주변 환경을 반영하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이와 같은 결과를 바탕으로 신석기시대의 동물자원을 계절성과 생계복원, 생계양식의 변화, 동물자원의 획득과 이용, 환경변화, 식생활 복원이라는 다섯 가지의 주제로 연구성과를 살펴보았다. 먼저 계절성과 생계복원에서는 유적에서 확인한 동물종을 바탕으로 각 유적의 점유시기를 파악하는 연구를 중심으로 설명했다. 이를 바탕으로 시기와 지역적 변천을 고찰하는 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 이는 동물자원을 어떻게 획득하고 유적으로 반입하는 지에 대한 유적의 성격에 관한 연구와 관련된다. 결국은 각 유적에 대한 자세한 보고를 통해 자료의 축적이 이루어지고 이를 비교고찰하는 것으로 생계에 대한 동물자원의 연구가 진행되어 왔다. 이와 더불어 유적이 형성될 당시의 환경에 관한 사항을 미소패류를 통해 추정하고 있는 연구도 진행되었다. 최근에는 출토된 인골의 자연과학분석을 통해 당시의 식생활을 복원하고 있으며, 이는 각 생업형태에서 보이는 양상과 유사함을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 생업경제적 측면에서 가축에 관한 관심이 필요하다. 현재 신석기시대의 생업은 농경이라는 요소를 어떻게 평가할 것인가에 따라서 사회의 모습이 달라질 수 있다. 농경으로 인해 가축사육이 시작되었을 가능성이 있으며, 중국에서는 초기 농경단계에서 가축사육이 확인되고 있다. 이러한 양상으로 보아 한국 신석기 연구에서도 가축사육 가능성에 대해 관심을 가져야 할 것으로 보인다. The remains of animals serve as important materials for researchers studying the food and environment of the Neolithic people. This paper divided such remains into mammals, fish, and shellfish. Most of the sites where the remains were found produced deer and boars among mammals, while the Pinnipeds like sea lions were found in select sites. As for fish, there were those that were easy to capture near rocks or along the coast like porgies and sharks. Shellfish were divided into ten groups according to their habitats. It was discovered that they were collected from rock areas and sandy bottom areas in the open sea. Many of them were those discovered in tidal flats in the West Coast and rock areas in the South Coast, pointing to the nearby surroundings. Then, research was carried out on the animal resources of the Neolithic Age with the focus on the following five subjects: 1) Restoration of seasonality and livelihood, 2) Changes in the livelihood patterns, 3) Obtainment and use of animal resources, 4) Environmental change, and 5) Restoration of food life. With regards to Restoration of seasonality and livelihood, this paper focuses on the period of occupation of each site by the animal species. At present, research is carried out on changes that occurred in the period and the locations of occupation. It is related to the analysis on how animal resources were obtained and put into the sites. The research on animal resources that sustained the livelihood of the inhabitants has been carried out by means of comparison between materials accumulated through detailed reports on the sites. Research was also carried out, by means of small-sized shellfish, to presume matters about the environment of the time when the sites were being formed. Recently, researchers are restoring the diets of the Neolithic people through natural science analysis. In addition, we need to pay attention to the livestock raised during the Neolithic Age from the perspective of an economy based on sustaining local livelihoods. Perspectives on society of the Neolithic Age change, depending on how we evaluate the farming activities of that period.

동물유체를 통해 본 선사와 고대의 동물 이용의 양상

김헌석 한국고고학회 2022 전국역사학대회 Vol.- No.65

식성분석을 통한 영남지방 집돼지 사육의 시작과 존재양상

김헌석 한국고고학회 2012 한국고고학보 Vol.84 No.-

It is difficult to distinguish domesticated pigs from wild boar due to similarities in shape. In this study, therefore, stable isotope analysis and classification of tooth size was carried out on excavated material from the Youngnam region in order to do so. The morphological survey of moral size and stable isotope analysis for carbon and nitrogen of sus scrofa excavated from archaeological sites in Korea were carried out to identify domestication. The moral sizes were classified into two groups according to morphological survey, with the group with smaller moral sizes indicating domestication. These small morals showed higher delta-15Nair values compared to the group with large morals, as well as deer, which supports the idea that sus scorfa was fed and domesticated. Some of the small morals also showed higher delta-13CPDB values which suggests a difference in the composition of their feed. Taking into account the results of the morphological and stable isotope analysis, it can be argued that the domesticated pig (sus scorfa domestics) made an appearance in the Korean peninsula by the fifth century BCE. The use of domesticated pigs appears to have occurred differently in the Early Iron Age and the Proto-Three Kingdoms period. In the Youngnam region, wild boar was widely used in the Early Iron Age, but in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period it appears to have been the domesticated pig that was dominant. In addition, two breeds of domesticated pig can be identified for the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, with the smaller breed possibly indicating a slight difference in feed.

한국 정신의학 연구경향에 대한 고찰

金憲石 大韓神經精神醫學會 1974 신경정신의학 Vol.13 No.3

An overview is attempted of 146 research articles among 401 Psychiatric articles published from 1962 to 1973 in the Neuropsychiatry (The official journal of Korean Psychiatric Association), the Journal of the Korean Medical Association, the New Medical Journal, and the Korean Central Journal of Medicine. They are classified according to biological, psychological and sociological factors while further catagorization is made along the lines of etiology, mechanisms, and treatment. A total of 21 topic areas were found to be representieg most of them. It was found that articles dealing with psychological factors occupied almost half of the research articles (41%) while sociological ones 33% and biological ones 26% of them. According to categorization, articles related to mechanisms were found to be 83%, to treatment 10%, and to etiology 7%. The most frequent topic area was found to be about social-cultural (22%) while general physiology occupied 13%, schizophrenia 13%, psychological testing 8.97%, and electrophysiology 6.9%. Articles dealing with geriatrics or delivery of services failed to found so far.

「삼국시대 영남지역의 동물희생 의례」에 대한 토론문

김헌석 영남고고학회 2023 영남고고학회 학술발표회 Vol.32 No.1

탐라시기(7C~9C) 제주도 동물이용의 양상

김헌석 대한체질인류학회 2020 대한체질인류학회 학술대회 연제 초록 Vol.63 No.-