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Mock - up을 이용한 산업용차량 시트의 안락성 연구 및 가이드라인 구축
김한웅,박범,김영호,전찬모 대한인간공학회 2007 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.- No.-
본 연구는 산업용차량 운전자의 작업 편의를 위한 시트의 안락성 평가지수 개발을 목적으로 한다. 시트 좌판의 3가지 요인(가로, 세로, 굴곡높이)과 등판의 2가지 요인(세로, 굴곡높이)의 치수를 각 3수준으로 나누어 Mock-up을 제작하였다. 20대 남성 30명을 대상으로 신체 치수를 측정한 후, 5점 척도의 설문조사를 통해 안락성을 측정하고, 데이터를 도출하여 분산분석과 회귀분석을 수행하였다. 그 결과 안락성 지수식을 산출하였고, 실제 시트의 치수를 적용하여 검증한 결과 96.2±15.5%의 일치도를 보였다.
喇嘛, 僧伽, 그리고 淸 帝國 ― 淸代 티베트 사원의 승려인구 변화와 淸의 對 티베트 정책 ―
김한웅 동양사학회 2023 東洋史學硏究 Vol.165 No.-
With its territorial expansion and population growth, the Qing dynasty was a remarkable era of the Chinese history for both its economic development and ethnic diversity. Mongols and Tibetans inhabiting northwestern and western parts of the Qing empire were a key to such a development, and Tibetan Buddhism, as a major religious and cultural underpinning for the people, became a matter of interest for the Qing dynasty. Accordingly, the Qing adminstration had devised an institutional apparatus, such as Lifanyuan (Board for the Administration of Outlying Regions), for their control. This paper analyzes a gap between the theoretical and assigned numbers of Tibetan monastics and their actual and bona fide existence in the Tibetan Buddhist world in order to understand the ways in which the Qing dynasty addressed the matters related to Tibetan Buddhism. The religious population of Tibetan Buddhism comprised two major parts: reincarnate lamas (Tib. sprul sku) and sangha communities. According to the regulation of Lifanyuan, there was a designated quota of the reincarnate lamas during the Qing times. However, the quota does not match with the huge growth of numbers of reincarnate lamas, which can be verified by recent studies by scholars such as Gray Tuttle. This clearly tells the fact that the Qing dynasty did not have a control of the spread of the phenomenon of reincarnate lamas. The more general religious population of Tibetan Buddhism, the sangha communities, shows a similar pattern. The Qing times saw an exponential growth of monk populations of Tibetan Buddhism, which exceeded the growth speed of the general population of Qing. Nevertheless, the Qing administration developed a very limited institutional measures to deal with the phenomenon. It was obvious, however, that the Qing court had been well aware of these two populational developments. In sum, it can be argued that Qing did not have ability nor intention of controling the population of Tibetan monatics such as reincarnate lamas and sangha communities. The Tibetan Buddhism world had its own initiatives and dynamics for its development during the Qing times.