북한 형법의 특징과 죄형법정주의

김한기 ( Kim¸ Han-kee ) 건국대학교 법학연구소 2021 一鑑法學 Vol.- No.49

모든 국가의 법체계는 각각의 이념과 가치 및 전통 등을 함축적으로 표현하고 있을 뿐 아니라 사회현상과 특성을 반영하는 지표로서도 기능하게 된다. 법체계를 구성하고 있는 여러 법규범 중 형법은 가장 강력한 강제력을 통한 제재수단을 발동할 수 있는 법규범으로서 북한 역시 이러한 형사법 체계를 통하여 국제 정세와 내부 상황의 변화의 흐름을 적절히 통제하고 그러한 변화 속에서도 자신들의 체제를 수호하기 위하여 나름의 대책을 강구하기 위하여 잦은 형법 개정이 이루어져 왔다. 북한에 있어서의 법의 이념과 법에 대한 관점, 그리고 그로 인한 법체계는 우리와는 매우 다른 모습이기에 북한의 법체계, 그 중에서도 형사법의 체계에 대한 분석과 이해를 위한 노력은 북한의 상황과 현실을 이해하는데 매우 중요한 기능을 담당할 뿐 아니라 남북한의 통합 또는 적어도 긴밀한 관계로의 전환 시 형사법 분야의 통합 내지 형사영역의 협력과정에서 나타날 수 있는 다양한 문제들에 대하여 예견하고 그에 대한 대응책을 강구함으로써 남북한 교류·협력 과정에서 발생될 수 있는 법적인 문제들에 대하여 적절히 대응할 수 있는 준비를 하는 것은 매우 의미 있는 일이라 할 것이다. 현재 북한의 형사법 체계에 있어서 실체법으로는 기본 형법전과 형법부칙으로 이루어져 있는 바, 형법의 개정과 형법부칙의 채택 과정 속에서 소급효금지의 원칙을 명문화하고, 유추해석 금지의 원칙을 도입하였을 뿐 아니라 개별 구성요건을 명확히 하는 일련의 시도들을 통하여 죄형법정주의를 실현하기 위하여 나름의 노력을 기울여 왔다는 점은 분명 긍정적으로 평가할 수 있는 부분이라 생각된다. 그러나 김일성-김정일-김정은의 교시를 실정법을 초월한 최고 상위규범으로 인정하는 인식태도를 근간으로 하면서 실정법의 상위원리이자 사회와 국가가 추구하여야 할 가치를 최우선시하는 자연법사상을 근간으로 한 강력한 법원리주의의 법인식 태도, 계급독재 실현을 위한 도구적 성격으로서 형법을 이해하는 태도, 개정을 통한 꾸준한 노력에도 불구하고 의미가 불명확하거나 구성요건적 행위자체가 불분명한 규정들이 산재되어 있다는 점 등은 죄형법정주의의 실현에 장애요소가 될 수 있음은 부인하기 어려운 것이 사실이며 이로 인하여 북한의 이러한 노력들 자체가 형식적인 측면에 불과하고 그 동기가 참된 인권개선을 위한 노력과 무관하다는 비판적 시각이 존재하는 것도 사실이다. 그러나 이러한 비판적인 시각에 입각하여 평가한다 할지라도 법적인 측면에서 볼 때, 형법의 이데올로기적 요소와 강도에 있어서 어느 정도 변화가 이루어지고 있으며, 하나의 객관적 사회통제규범으로서 기능하고자 하는 방향으로 나아가고 있다는 점은 긍정적으로 평가하여야 할 것이라 생각되며 이러한 측면을 상대주의적인 관점에서 바라보는 노력이 필요하리라 생각된다. Every country has its own legal system to ensure the integration and maintenance of the state and society and the safe life of the people. Such a legal system not only implicitly expresses the ideology, values, and traditions of each country, but also functions as an index reflecting social phenomena and characteristics. Among the various legal norms constituting the legal system, the criminal law is the legal norm that can invoke sanctions through the strongest coercive force. North Korea has also undergone frequent revisions to its criminal law in order to properly control the flow of changes in international and internal situations through this criminal law system and to devise its own countermeasures in order to protect its own system in the midst of such changes. In North Korea, the ideology of the law, the view of the law, and the resulting legal system are very different from ours. Therefore, efforts to analyze and understand North Korea’s legal system, especially criminal law, play a very important role in understanding North Korea’s situation and reality. In addition, in the event of a change to a close relationship with the integration of the two Koreas, it is possible to foresee various problems that may arise in the process of integration in the criminal law field or cooperation in the criminal field and take countermeasures against legal problems that may arise in the process of inter-Korean exchange and cooperation. It is very meaningful to be prepared to respond appropriately to these situation. In North Korea’s current criminal law system, substantive laws consist of the basic Criminal code and supplementary provision of criminal code. During the revision of the Criminal Code and the adoption of the supplementary provision of criminal code, the retroactive effect prohibition principle was stipulated and the principle of prohibition of analogy interpretation was introduced. In addition, the fact that it has made its own efforts to realize the principle of nullum crimen sine lege through a series of attempts to clarify the individual components is certainly a positive aspect to be evaluated. However, based on the recognition attitude that recognizes the teachings of Kim Il-sung-Kim Jong-il-Kim Jong-un as the highest norm that transcends positive law, it is a strong legal principle based on the natural law ideology that prioritizes the values that society and the state should pursue as the upper principle of positive law. Having a corporate attitude and understanding the criminal law as a tool for realizing class dictatorship can become obstacles to the realization of the nullum crimen sine lege. And the same is true for the fact that, although it has been continuously revised, the meaning is still unclear or the constituent acts themselves are unclear. For this reason, it is also true that there is a critical view that North Korea’s efforts are only a formality and that their motives have nothing to do with efforts to improve human rights. However, even if the evaluation is based on such a critical point of view, some changes are being made in the ideological elements and intensity of the criminal law from a legal point of view. In addition, I think it should be evaluated positively that it is moving in the direction to function as an objective social control norm. Therefore, it is necessary to try to look at these aspects from a relativistic point of view.

성폭력범죄에 대응한 개정 형법에 관한 연구

김한기 ( Han Kee Kim ) 건국대학교 법학연구소 2014 一鑑法學 Vol.0 No.27

There were revisions to the penal code, the basic law for sexual assaults on December 18, 2012. The revisions reflected the improvement measures for the punishment provisions of sexual assaults strongly insisted by the academia and women`s groups. The major changes include the followings: first, the object of rape has been redefined as “person” instead of “woman”, second, the crime of quasi-rape has been newly added to reinforce punishment for a forced act of intercourse, and finally, the provision for a crime requiring complaint from the victim for prosecutor has been abolished for sexual assaults including rape. It is positive that the provision stipulating a crime requiring complaint from the victim for prosecutor has been abolished for rape. However, there is some concern about the excessive execution of punishment right by abolishing the provIsIOn for all sexual assaults. It is also required to come up with improvement measures for potential problems that can take place by abolishing the provision. But, in addition to a portion on these positive, there is another problem of the revised criminal code. Firstly, In the notions for the sex the historical background difference of the Province of South Korea and Western were ignored. Secondly, duplication of on the revision Criminal Code and existing criminal special law regulations is the more serious problem. Thirdly, With respect to with crimes systems, the retreat of the principles of clarity of configuration requirements is concerned. And after an offense subject to complaint was abolished follow-up action plan is insufficient. Finally, Even when viewed from a constitutional perspective, legislation was not been granted in the legal justification.

벼 무논점파 재배 시 효과적인 잡초방제를 위한 중기 제초제 선발

김해진(Hae-jin Kim),이현용(Hyun-yong Lee),유경렬(Kyoung-youl Yu),한기돈(Kee-don Han),유홍재(Hong-jae Yoo),안득현(Deuk-hyun Ahn),유성복(Sung-bock Yu),강동균(Dong-kyun Kang) 한국잡초학회 2014 한국잡초학회 별책(학술대회 초록집) Vol.34 No.2

우리나라 철도안전문화 측정기준 및 프로세스 개발 연구

이종석(Lee Jong Seock),한기율(Han Kee Youl),허남규(Heo Nam Gyu),김찬수(Kim Chan Soo) 한국철도학회 2011 한국철도학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2011 No.10

The safety culture of an organization is the product of individual and group values attitudes perceptions competencies and patterns of behaviour that determine the commitment to and the style and proficiency of an organization's health and safety management. A good safety culture includes effective appropriate safety management systems; strong safety leadership & commitment from management; participation and involvement of the workforce; and organizational learning and continuous improvement. This paper will introduce the safety culture inspection standards and process in Korea Railway. The main purpose is to get a better understanding of safety culture and to develop measuring tool. First of all we developed the composition factor of safety culture and the question set. And we prepared the base of computerization of safety culture measurement by developing of evaluation standards and weighted value.

[프로젝트 리포트] 경부고속철도 부산역사 증축 기타공사

이병찬(Lee Byung Chan),김한기(Kim Han Kee),김경희(Kim Kyung Hee) 대한건축학회 2011 建築 Vol.55 No.3