운동생리학 : 유산소성 운동을 하는 동안 골격근 섬유내 MyoD 및 myogenin 의 발현

김재철(JaeCheolKim),김창근(ChangKeunKim) 한국체육학회 2002 한국체육학회지 Vol.41 No.3

It was the aim of this study to investigate the expression of MyoD and myogenin protein in skeletal muscle during aerobic exercise. The male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent the treadmill running at the 55% of VO2 max (20m/min, 10°) during 15min, 30min, 45min, 60min, 90min aerobic exercise, respectively.The expression of MyoD and myogenin protein in gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were examined by quantitative Western blotting.In the gastrocnemius MyoD protein expression were significantly increased in all groups. In the soleus increased at the 15min, 30min, and 45min, but gradually decreased after 60min.The myogenin protein expression of gasrocnemius and soleus muscles were significantly increased at 30min and exhibit the high level until the end of exercise.These results suggest that during aerobic exercise the Myo D and myogenin plays importantly a role in the regeneration and growth of skeletal muscle by the activation of satellite cell.

운동생리학 : 여성의 연령 , BMI , 폐경기간과 대퇴부위 골밀도와의 관계

김효정(HyoJungKim),김창근(ChangKeunKim) 한국체육학회 2002 한국체육학회지 Vol.41 No.1

The purpose of this study was to examine the association of the potential risk actors including aging, weight, height, menopause and BMI with femoral bone loss. The bone mineral density of total hip bone and femoral neck, ward`s triangle and trochanter were estimated by Duel Energy X-ray Absorptiometry in 114 healthy women aged 37 to 75. Total hip bone mineral density was significantly correlated with age, bight and weight(p<.01). But partial sites show different correlation patterns. On the other hands, there was significant(p<.01) difference in bone mineral density according to Body Mass Index(25kg/㎡) in 66 early postmenopausal (within 10 years from menopause) women. These results support that age and weight could be important determinant of femur bone density and the BMI may be an useful predictor of femur bone density in early postmenopausal period.

운동생리학 : 지구력 트레이닝에 따른 골격근 섬유내 Myogenic regulatory factor 의 발현

김재철(JaeCheolKim),김창근(ChangKeunKim) 한국체육학회 2002 한국체육학회지 Vol.41 No.3

It was the aim of this study to investigate the expression of MyoD and myogenin protein in skeletal muscle by retraining. The male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent the treadmill running at the 55% of VO₂ max (20m/min, 10°, 90min/day, 5days/week) during 2 weeks training, 4 weeks training, and 8 weeks training, respectively.The expression of MyoD and myogenin protein in gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were examined by quantitative Western blotting.In the gastrocnemius MyoD protein expression were significantly increased in the 2 and 4 weeks training. but returned the rest level in 8 weeks training group. In the soleus increased in the all group specifically, the higher in 4 weeks than other training groups.The myogenin protein expression of gasrocnemius and soleus muscles were significantly increased the 2 and 4 weeks training. but returned to the rest level in 8 weeks training group.These results suggest that the Myo D and myogenin plays importantly a role in the transformation of MHC phenotype of the skeletal muscle by the endurance training.

자연과학편 : 저산소 환경에서 유산소 훈련이 db/db 당뇨쥐의 모세혈관 생성과 VEGF 및 HIF-1α 단백질 발현에 미치는 영향

여효성(HyoSeongYeo),김창근(ChangKeunKim),김효정(HyoJeongKim) 한국체육학회 2012 한국체육학회지 Vol.51 No.6

제2형 당뇨는 골격근에서 혈관생성 저하를 유발하는 주요 원인 중 하나로 알려져 있다. Hypoxia-inducible factor(HIF)는 혈관신생의 주요 지표로서 vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)와 함께 발현되며 운동이나 저산소 환경에 의해 유도된다. 이 연구는 제2형 당뇨쥐(db/db mice)를 대상으로 저산소 환경에서 수행되는 12주간의 유산소훈련이 VEGF, HIF-1α 단백질 발현과 모세혈관에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 수행되었다. 총 28마리의 db/db 당뇨쥐(8주령)를 Pre-CON (Pre-control), Post-CON (Post-control), NET (Normoxic exercise training) 및 HET(Hypoxic exercise training) 집단으로 구분하였다. 운동 집단은 주 5일, 매회 1시간동안 VO2max 60%의 강도로 12주간 트레드밀을 이용한 유산소 운동을 수행하였으며 저산소실의 산소농도는 14.6%로 설정하였다. 실험결과, 유산소 훈련에 의해 심장근에서 HIF-1α와 VEGF165의 증가를 확인할 수 있었으며 모세혈관이 NET와 HET 집단의 가자미 근에서 유의하게 증가하는 반면 장지신근에서는 NET 집단에서만 증가하였다. 따라서, 장기간의 저산소 운동 훈련은 심장근과 Type I 근섬유 유형인 가자미근의 혈관생성 능력 개선에 긍정적 효과를 나타내는 것으로 분석되었다. In diabetic skeletal muscle, impaired angiogenesis and reduced VEGF expression have been observed, whereas in healthy muscle exercise is known to have opposite effects. The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is activated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression which stimulates angiogenesis. This study was performed to demonstrate the effect of long-term hypoxic exercise training on VEGF and HIF-1α protein expression in the skeletal muscle of db/db mice. Twenty eight db/db mice (8weeks) were randomly assigned to Pre-CON(Pre-control), Post-CON(Post-control), NET (Normoxic exercise training), and HET (Hypoxic exercise training) group. NET and HET group ran on the rodent treadmill (Daejong, Korea) for 1 hour at the level of 60% VO2max (12m/min) for 12 weeks(5d/w). The HET group was trained at 14.6% O2 in hypoxic chamber(b-Cat BV, the Netherlands). The change of VEGF165, Total VEGF, and HIF-1α protein expression were analyzed by western blotting with heart, soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorium longus (EDL) muscle. Capillarity was determined by periodic acid shiff (PAS) staining in SOL and EDL muscle. HIF-1α and VEGF165 protein expression were significantly increased with NET and HET compared with CON in heart muscle. Capillarity was significantly increased in soleus muscle with NET and HET but not in EDL muscle. These results suggest a possibility that long-term hypoxic exercise training may have a positive effect on the angiogenic capacity in the heart muscle and Type I muscle (soleus) of db/db mice.

스포츠생리학 : 수영선수들의 상지골격근 조성과 회복방법이 반복적인 무산소 대사에 미치는 영향

박정배(JungBaePark),최강진(KangJinChoi),김창근(ChangKeunKim),정용수(YoungSooJung) 한국체육학회 1999 한국체육학회지 Vol.38 No.3

이 연구는 수영선수들의 근섬유 조성과 무산소 파워간의 관계를 파악하고 회복 형태에 따른 반복적 무산소성 운동시 무산소 파워와 혈중 대사변인의 관계를 이해하기 위하여 30초 윈게이트 무산소파워 테스트를 6분간의 회복기를 사이에 두고 3회 반복 실시하였다.연구의 결과에서 수영선수의 상지 삼각근 조성과 무산소파워와의 관계는 단일 스프린트를 할 때, 평균파워와 type II 섬유는 정적 상관관계를 나타냈지만 type I 섬유는 부적 상관관계를 나타냈다. 그러나 스프린트가 반복되었을 때, 평균파워와 type II섬유는 부적 상관관계를 나타내었고 type I 섬유는 정적 상관관계를 나타냈다. 그리고 동적 회복은 활동한 근으로의 혈류를 증가시키고 산소섭취량을 증가시켜 젖산제거율을 높이고 pH 감소율을 낮추어 동적 회복 이후 정적 회복집단보다 동적 회복집단에서 상대평균파워와 상대최대파워를 높게 발현시켰다. To evaluate correlations between the anaerobic power of upper body and morphology of the deltoid muscle and the effects of recovery types on repeated anaerobic metabolism in sprint swimmers, the wingate anaerobic power test was repeatedly performed using upper body. The exercise protocol consisted of three 30-sec maximal sprints with 6 min of recovery between each sprint on a cycle ergometer. The first recovery was passive and The second recovery was either an active (cycling at 0.05 kp, 60 rpm) or a passive recovery. Muscle biopsies from the deltoid muscle were analysed to identify fiber types.The results showed a positive correlation between type II fiber distribution of the deltoid muscle and anaerobic power. On the other hand, a negative correlation was found between type I fiber distribution of the deltoid muscle and anaerobic power during the first sprint. During the second sprint, type II fiber distribution of the deltoid muscle was negatively correlated with anaerobic power. But type I fiber distribution of the deltoid muscle was positively correlated with anaerobic power.During the active recovery PCr resyntheses, clearance of lactate, recovery of pH, muscle blood flow, and oxygen uptake were improved. Thus the active recovery group showed a higher generation of relative mean power and relative peak power than the passive recovery group.

운동생리학 : 운동종목에 따른 상하지 골밀도에 대한 연구

권철웅(ChulWoongKwon),권영우(YoungWooKwon),김창근(ChangKeunKim) 한국체육학회 2001 한국체육학회지 Vol.40 No.2

선수군과 비선수군 그리고 운동종목에 따른 골밀도 함량을 구명하기 위하여 평균 8년의 운동경력을 가진 역도, 탁구, 펜싱, 그리고 대조군의 골밀도를 조사한 결과 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다.운동집단과 대조집단의 비교에서는 운동강도가 강한 역도부는 대조군 보다 골밀도가 높았으나, 강도가 다소 약한 펜싱과 탁구부의 하지는 운동군이 높았으나 상지는 운동군이 오히려 낮았다.운동집단간의 비교에서는 상지의 듣는쪽 ·안듣는쪽은 역도, 펜싱 탁구 집단순으로 높은 골밀도를 보였다. 하지 듣는쪽은 역도, 펜싱, 탁구집단의 순으로 골밀도가 높았다. 안듣는쪽은 역도, 탁구, 펜싱부의 순이었다.듣는쪽 ·안듣는쪽의 비교에서는 펜싱부의 상·하지에서 그리고 탁구부는 하지에서 듣는쪽의 골밀도가 높았으나 역도부는 하지 안듣는쪽 골밀도가 높았다. 이외의 항목에서는 듣는쪽 ·안듣는쪽의 차이가 없었다.이 연구의 결과로 미루어 볼 때 운동은 골밀도외 향상을 가져오며 낮은 부하의 운동보다 높은 부하의 운동이 골밀도를 상승시키는데 효과적이며 사용하는 측의 골밀도가 사용하지 않는 측보다 높았다. The purpose of this study was to compare the bone mineral density on the dominant limb with the non-dominant limb and to examine the relationship of BMD among the athletes joining three different events. In edition interlimb interactions of highly trained young male athletes was investigated. Thirty-four subjects volunteered for this investigation and divided in to four groups: table tennis(age=21.9yrs, n=8), Fencing(age=19.9yrs, n=8), Weight lifter(age=21.3yrs, n=9), and age matched control(age=21 yrs, n=9). Measurements of BMD(g/㎝2) utilizing dual energy x-ray absorbmetry were obtained for the proximal femur(neck, trochander, ward’s triangle, shaft) and arm(radius UD, ulna UD, radius 33%, ulna 33%).The BMD values for the athletic groups were found to be greater at lower limb as compared with control group. Especially the BMD values fir the weight lifter were greater at all sites as compared with other groups. But the BMD values of the upper limb of fencing and table tennis groups were partially lower than control group.We found that there were significant differences of the BMD on the dominant and non dominant limb among groups. In fencing groups, the dominant limb showed significantly greater than non dominant limb, whereas no significant difference found among other groups.In conclusion, the level of increase on BMD values are somewhat different among the athletes and such increase seems to be dependant on the level of work intensity.

운동생리학: 우수 운동선수들의 월경곤란증에 관한 임상적 특성

김효정(HyoJeoungKim),박경혜(KyoungHeaPark),김창근(ChangKeunKim) 한국체육학회 2002 한국체육학회지 Vol.41 No.5

This study was planed to clarify the clinical properties of dysmenorrhea and change pattern by excessive training in elite women athletes. 192 top Korean women athletes who participated in regular training completed a modified MDQ(Moos Menstrual Distress Questionaire) and evaluated pain scale.Women athletes were asked to state the degree of dysmenorrhea according to pain scale. The percentage is respectably 2-3(42.7%), 8-10(20.9%), 6-7(12.5%), 4-5(12.3%) and 0-1(11.6%). Analyses revealed that differences in menstrual cycle, menstrual flow amount, premenstrual syndrome, dysmenorrhea symptoms to exercise type. Elite women athletes suffered the most discomport in lower abdomen(19.6%), breast(12.8%), and backs(9.6%) by dysmenorrheaFurthermore, there was significant difference in the intensity of pain by dysmenorrhea to exercise type(χ²=17.68, p<.05) and excessive training was negative effect to dysmenorrhea.

운동영양학: 채식인의 BCAAs 섭취 후 지구성 운동시 나타나는 혈중 에너지 대사 물질의 변화

김재철(JaeCheolKim),김경태(GyungTaeKim),김창근(ChangKeunKim) 한국체육학회 2002 한국체육학회지 Vol.41 No.5

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of branched-chain amino acids supplementation on plasma lactate, glucose, FFA, ammonia and BCAAs concentration during prolonged exercise in vegetarians. 14 male subjects (Omnivore group: 7, Vegetarian group: 7) volunteered to participate in this study. Each subject performed two experimental trials (placebo: sports beverage and BCAAs: 76.8㎎/㎏ BW). And they performed a sub-maximal exercise for 60min at 60% of their VO_2max on treadmill. Blood lactate concentration increased slightly during the early phase of exercise in both groups.Blood lactate concentration in vegetarian group was lower than omnivore significantly and positive effects of BCAAs supplementation were observed in two groups during exercise and recovery. The interesting changes of plasma glucose, FFA, and BCAAs concentration was not appearance. Plasma ammonia level of vegetarian group was lower as compared to omnivore group and at rest, during exercise, and recovery phase. Furthermore, in the omnivore group, BCAAs decrease the ammonia concentration interestingly.In conclusion, lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet custom can influence on blood lactate concentration, and lactate recovery rate during prolonged exercise and recovery phase. Furthermore, BCAAs supplementation had significantly effect on blood lactate concentration in both groups and omnivore group respectively. However, more consistent study will be necessary for elucidating BCAAs supplementation effects during prolonged exercise on other blood parameters.

스포츠 생리학 : 해수면과 고지 훈련이 국가대표 알파인 스키선수들의 무산소 대사능력 및 혈액성분에 미치는 영향

정용수(YongSooJung),김진해(JinHeeKim),김창근(ChangKeunKim) 한국체육학회 1997 한국체육학회지 Vol.36 No.2

이 연구는 고지 훈련과 해수면 훈련이 무산소성 파워 향상에 미치는 영향과 선수들의 심박수, 젖산농도, 젖산탈수효소 활성도 및 혈액성분을 중심으로 유·무산소 에너지대사에 미치는 영향을 비교·분석하였다. 고지훈련 그룹은 국가대표 알파인 스키선수 3명(연령; 20±2.1세, 체중; 80.13±6.8㎏)을 대상으로 프랑스의 고지 2,100m에 위치하는 Tignes에 체류하면서 해발 2,700-3,500m 고지에서 5주간 스키훈련을 실시하였고 해수면 훈련 그룹은 대학의 알파인 스키선수 4명(연령; 20±0.6세, 체중; 68±10.4㎏)을 대상으로 동일기간 동안 해수면에서 인터발 트레이닝을 실시하였다.5주간의 훈련후 두 그룹 모두 평균파워와 최대파워 및 LDH 활성도가 유의하게 증가(p<0.05)하였으며 안정시 혈중젖산농도의 경우 고지훈련(AT) 그룹이 48%, 해수면훈련(ST) 그룹이 19% 각각 감소하였다 두 그룹간에는 평균파워와 최대파워만 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 고소적응 상태를 평가하기 위하여 혈액성분을 분석한 결과 AT그룹은 RBC, Hb, Hct이 약 12% 증가하였지만 ST그룹은 변화가 없었다. 심박수의 경우도 훈련 전과 훈련 후의 유의한 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다.(p.0.05)결론적으로 5주간의 고지 훈련과 해수면 훈련을 통하여 두 그룹 모두 심박수에는 차이가 없었지만 무산소 파워의 향상을 가져왔다. 그리고 AT그룹의 경우 ST그룹 보다 Hb과 Hct의 증가에 의한 혈액의 산소 운반능력이 향상되었다. 또한, 훈련후 LDH 활성도의 유의한 증가는 고지 훈련과 해수면 훈련이 알파인 스키선수들의 무산소대사 능력의 향상에 긍정적인 영향을 가져온 것으로 생각된다. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of altitude and sea level training on heart rate, anaerobic power outputs and blood lactate concentration as well as LDH activity. Additionally, for the evaluation of hemotological responses, RBC, Hb and Hct assessed.3 male subjects (age 20±2.1yr, weight 80.13±6.8㎏) classified as the altitude training(AT) group were recruited from the Korean national alpine ski team and trained at the altitude of 2,700-3,500m in Tignes, France for 5wks. 4 male subjects (age 20±0.6yr, weight 68±10.4㎏) from the varsity alpine ski team classified as the sea level training(ST) group served as control group and trained at sea level for the same period of time. All subjects are top level competitive alpine skiers.An increase in mean power output (p<0.05), peak power output and LBH activity(p<0.05) after a 5wk period of training were found in both groups, whereas a decrease was found in blood lactate concentration in both AT and ST group. Between the two groups, there is a significant difference only in mean power output and peak power output (p<0.05) On hemotological analysis, RBC, Hb and Hct were increased in the AT group by about 12%, but no alteration occurred in the ST group. Between the groups, only a significant difference in Hb and Hct was found(p<0.05). However, no significant changes occurred in terms of the heart rate.The present study suggested that an improvement in short-term exercise performance after a 5wk period of training at altitude may be influenced by anaerobic power outputs, LDH activity and oxygen delivery capacity.

운동생리학 : 저온환경에 따른 심장근과 골격근내 IGF-I mRNA의 발현

김재철(JaeCheolKim),이호근(HoKeunYi),황평한(PeungHanHwang),이대열(DeaYeoulLee),윤정수(ChungSuYoon),김창근(ChangKeunKim) 한국체육학회 2001 한국체육학회지 Vol.40 No.3

이 연구는 저온 환경이 근아세포, 섬유아세포 및 위성세포의 분화와 증식을 촉진하여 골격근 섬유의 비대와 성장을 유도하는 인자로 알려진 IGF-I mRNA의 발현에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지를 구명하기 위하여 Sprague-Dawley계 흰쥐를 이용하여 단기간 (2, 4weeks)와 장기간 (20weeks) 저온 침수 (18±1˚)를 시킨 후 심장근, 비복근 및 가자미근을 적출한 다음 Competative-PCR 방법을 이용하여 심장근 및 골격근내 IGF-I mRNA의 발현을 조사하였다. 단기간 저온 침수시 IGF-I mRNA의 발현에 있어서 심장근에서는 유의한 변화를 보이지 않았으며, 비복근에서는 감소하는 것으로 나타난 반면에 가자미근에서는 침수 후 유의하게 발현량이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 장기간 저온 침수 시 심장근에서는 약간 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 비복근과 가자미근 모두 매우 현저하게 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.이러한 결과는 저온 환경에 적응하는 동안 IGF-I의 발현이 유도되어 근아세포, 섬유아세포 및 위성세포의 성장 및 분화를 촉진하여 골격근 섬유의 성장 및 비대를 유도한 것으로 사료된다. To investigate IGFI-I mRNA roles in a cold environments, we studied induction of IGF-I mRNA by cold immersion using Sprague-Dawley rats. The cold immersion was accomplished by submerging the rats in shoulder-deep water, maintained at 18±1℃, for 1hr/day, 5days/week, up to 1 hour, 2weeks, 4weeks, and 20weeks. The expression of IGF-I mRNA in cardiac, gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were examied by Competative-PCR.In expression of IGF-I mRNA was increased significantly higher in soleus muscle by cold immersion. Gastrocnemius muscle shows to increase the expression of IGF-I mRNA in only 20 weeks cold immersion.This result suggests that IGF-I mRNA induce the growth and regeneration of skeletal muscle by facilitating the growth and differentiation of myoblast, fibroblast, satellite cell for myogenesis.