고령사회 진입에 따른 노화인식 변화의 필요성 - 한국선도(韓國仙道)에 나타난 노년초월 개념을 중심으로

김일식 ( Kim Il Sik ) 국제뇌교육종합대학원 국학연구원 2021 선도문화 Vol.30 No.-

The purpose of this study is to analyze the concept of Gerotranscendence shown the Korean Sundo in the face of an aging society and to explore changes in perception of aging based on it. The unprecedented rapid aging of the population in Korea could cause a slowdown in economic growth, increase in welfare and medical expenses for the elderly, which could act as a burden on the national economy. The negative perception and seriousness of aging are also very high not only for the elderly but also for the members of society who view old age. The problem is that this trend is expected to intensify over time. Therefore, it is necessary to change the perception that old age is not a time of loss, but rather an opportunity of maturity to return the wisdom learned from life to society. The results derived through the study are as follows. First, gerotranscendence can expect a positive change in the concept of aging by recognizing the overall perspective of life from a material and rational perspective to a more cosmic and transcendental perspective. Second, it was found that the gerotransendence in the West and the Korean Sundo had a common goal of pursuing self-transcendence. Third, it is required to develop a Korean practice program for gerotransendence. Depending on how aging is perceived, not only the quality of life of the elderly, but also the social community is inevitably affected. Changing the aging perception to gerotranscendence can contribute to the development of a mature old age culture by improving the life satisfaction of the elderly and alleviating the problems of an aged society through a change in the concept of welfare for the elderly.

일본기업의 중국진출에 대한 일본과 중국의 투자요인에 관한 연구

김일식(Il-Sik Kim) 한국산업경제학회 2013 산업경제연구 Vol.26 No.4

본 연구는 중국에 대한 일본기업의 해외직접투자가 일본 내의 어떤 요인들에 의해 설명되고, 또한 중국 내의 어떤 요인(유인)에 의해 일본기업의 중국 투자가 결정되는지에 관해 연구한다. 그리고 이들이 각각 일본기업의 해외진출에 얼마만큼 영향을 미쳤는지를 분석한다. 즉 1997-2010년 자료에 나타난 일본기업의 FDI 현황과 특징을 살펴보고 주요 경제지표와 상관분석을 실시한다. 또한 요인분석과 경로분석을 통해 일본과 중국 내의 어떤 투자요인에 의해 일본기업이 중국진출을 결정하는지를 규명한다. 일본기업이 중국 시장에 해외투자를 할 경우 공통적으로 적용되는 요인은 엔환율, 일본 금리, 일본 임금, 중국 임금, 중국 구매력(소비수준), 중국 수입 및 수출이었다. 그리고 요인분석의 결과는 일본내의 요인과 중국 내의 유인이 결합되어 일본기업의 중국진출이 결정되었다. 특히 경로분석의 결과를 보면, 일본기업은 “일본 내 해외투자 요인(압력 요인)”보다는 “중국 내 투자요인(유인)” 때문에 중국진출을 결정하는 것으로 나타났다. 즉 일본기업은 중국의 “저임금”요인보다는 “시장 확대”요인을 목적으로 중국에 해외투자를 결정하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 대응의 결과 일본에서는 일본의 수출을 증가시키고 공업생산도 증가시킨 것으로 분석되었다. This research analyzes that Japanese FDI for China determined by what Factors in Japan and in China. Also this analyzes that the factors affects how many to overseas expansions of Japanese companies for China. Using 1997~2010 data it reviews the FDI conditions and characteristics of Japanese companies, and it investigates, based on factor analyses and path analyses with economic variables, the factors determining of FDI of Japanese companies to the changes of the economic variables in China and in Japan. The analysis commonly applied factors were Yen exchange rate, interest rates, wage, in Japan and commonly applied factors were wage, the level of consumption(purchasing power), export and import in China. As a result of factor and path analysis, it come out that overseas expansion of Japanese companies for China has more determined by the main factors in china than the main factors in Japan. Namely, It is a perception that cheap labor is the major motivation of overseas expansions of Japanese companies in china and that their overseas subsidiary expansions would be focused on the labor-intensive industries. However this research demonstrates that the Japanese FDI expansions in China make more inroads into to aim "the extension of markets" than to aim "the cheap labor" in China(factors in china).

동아시아 경제구조의 차이(相異)와 통화위기에 관한 연구 -대,중소기업 구조를 중심으로-

김일식 ( Il Sik Kim ) 한국국제통상학회 2006 국제통상연구 Vol.11 No.2

국학기공(國學氣功)프로그램이 어르신들의 우울에 미치는 영향

김일식 ( Il Sik Kim ),김흥걸 ( Hye Sook Shin ),신혜숙 ( Heung Gul Kim ),서호찬 ( Ho Chan Seo ) 국제뇌교육종합대학원 국학연구원 2015 선도문화 Vol.18 No.-

The purpose of this research is to prove the effectiveness of a Kookhak-Kigong program to initiate the spirit of Sundo-Kigoing as Korean peoples` innate mind-body training techniques. For this research 1,320 elderly people who are over 60 years old participated in the Kookhak-Kigoing program with a questionnaire related to social changes based on populations and a measure of depression in the elderly citizen`s halls and houses. SPSS 18.0 was used for a statistical analysis of this research and the results are the following. First, When checking up on the depression of the elderly people according to the changes based on populations, society, their economical situation, for sex women are meaningfully higher than men for the depression. For ages, the degree of the depression of the participants who are older and older is heavier than the younger people. In a life style with or without their family, the elderly people who live with alone higher the degree of the depression than them who live their wives or husbands and children. For money, the elderly people with less 300,000 won higher meaningfully the degree of the depression than them with more than 900,000 won. For education, the elderly people without any education background higher meaningfully the degree of the depression than them with a degree of college or university. Second, according to the result a paired t-test between pretest-posttest, a control group and an experiment group, the effectiveness of the Kookhak-Kigong program shows that the elderly people in the experiment group low meaningfully in the weakening factor, depression factor, and whole depression factor. On the country, as time passes, the elderly people in the control group shows that the degree of the depression becomes worse. According to the results of the above research, the elderly people who participated in the Kookhak-Kigong program makes meaningful differences in sex, ages, lifestyles with or without family, money and their education background. Also the Kookhak-Kigong program shows that this program makes the elderly people low the degree of the depression. Therefore, the Kookhak-Kigong program makes useful effects to make the elderly people low the depression and shows that this program can make a use as a tool to keep the elderly`s healthy life.

노인대상 우울 프로그램 효과성에 대한 메타분석

김일식(Kim, Ilsik),신혜숙(Shin, Hyesook),서호찬(Seo, Hochan) 한국노년학회 2015 한국노년학 Vol.35 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 노인의 우울 프로그램에 대한 선행연구들의 결과를 메타분석을 이용하여 효과적인 노인우울 프로그램 개발을 위한 기초자료를 제시하는데 있다. 노인 우울 프로그램의 종류 및 운영진행요소들의 효과를 분석하기 위하여 국내에서 2010년부터 수행된 다양한 프로그램에 대한 선행연구들 중에서 82편을 메타분석하여 통계적으로 효과크기를 요약하였다. 주요 분석결과를 살펴보면, 전체평균효과크기는 -1.119으로 높게나타났으며, 프로그램 유형별 평균효과크기는 예술치료가 가장 높았다. 회기 수에 대해서는 총회기수가 31회이상, 주당회기 수는 2회, 회기 당 활동시간에서는 91분 이상이 높은 효과를 보였으며, 성별로는 혼성을 대상으로 한 경우가 여성만을 대상으로 한 경우보다 비교적 높았다. 본 연구의 결과에 따라 향후 노인 우울 프로그램구성 시 첫째, 창의적인 활동을 통한 정서적인 측면을 다루는 예술치료의 요소를 반영하는 것이 보다 효과적일것으로 판단된다. 둘째, 집단크기는 20명 이하, 주회기 수는 2회, 실시장소는 시설을 이용하는 것이 바람직할것으로 생각된다. 셋째, 활동시간에 있어서는 91분 이상 실시하는 것이 효과가 가장 컸으나 신체활동을 필요로하는 경우에는 노인들의 체력상태나 집중도를 고려할 때 60분을 넘지 않는 것이 적절할 것으로 판단된다. 마지막으로 총 회기 수에 있어서는 연구마다 서로 다른 결과를 보이고는 있으나 20회 정도를 제안한다. 이와 같이본 연구는 증가일로에 있는 노인 우울에 있어 효과적인 프로그램 구성에 필요한 기초자료를 제공하였다는 데 의의가 있으며 이를 통해 노년기 정신건강 향상에도 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. The purpose of this research is to present the basic data for developing effective programs using meta-analysis of the results from previous studies on depression program of the elderly. In order to analyze the effects of types and execution factors of elderly depression programs, this study reviewed 82 precedent research among various depression Programs that have been conducted since 2010 in Korea by applying a meta-analysis and summarized the effects statistically. Looking at the main results of the analysis, the entire average effect is high in -1.119 and the arts therapy is the most effective in average effect by program types. When it comes to the number of sessions, it is very effective to hold sessions more than 31 time of totally, twice a week, and for longer than 91 minutes of activity hours. In case of gender, combined cases were relatively high than those for female. According to the results of the research, when developing the depression program of elderly, first, it will be much more effective to include the components of the art therapy dealing with the emotions aspects through creative activities. Second, it is advisable to organized a group less than 20 persons, hold a session twice a week, use facilities. Third, it is most effective to act for more than 91 minutes in each session. But if it needs a physical activity, it may be appropriate to do less than 60 minutes considering health and concentration of the elderly. At last, although the studies has showed different results for total sessions, I suggest that the program should have about 20 times. This study is meaningful in that it provides the basic data which is needed to develop effective program for ever-increasing elderly depression, and it is expected to contribute to improving the mental-health for the elderly.

‘뇌 감각 깨우기’ 과정에 대한 요가 및 명상 관점의 고찰

김일식 ( Kim Ilsik ),김계령 ( Kim Gyeryung ) 한국통합교육과정학회 2018 통합교육과정연구 Vol.12 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 ‘뇌 감각 깨우기’ 과정을 요가 및 명상 관점에서 고찰해보는 것이다. 연구 목적을 위하여 ‘뇌 감각 깨우기’와 유사한 개념으로 요가, 명상으로부터 ‘신체자각(body awareness)’, ‘몸느낌 관찰(body feeling)’ 및 ‘포커싱(focusing)’을 선별하고 각각의 활동 기제와 효과를 비교 분석하였다. ‘뇌 감각 깨우기’는 ‘신체 느끼기’, ‘호흡 느끼기’, ‘에너지 느끼기’, ‘뇌 느끼기’로 구성되며 신체에 집중하는 훈련을 통해 몸과 연결된 뇌 감각을 깨우는 활동으로써 요가 및 명상의 주요 목표가 되는 ‘신체 감각을 깨우는 활동’과 유사한 효과를 확인할 수 있었다. ‘뇌 감각 깨우기’ 과정을 통하여 감각이 깨어나고 뇌와 친숙해지면서 뇌가 나의 것이라는 자각과 함께 뇌를 활용하기 위한 준비 단계에 들어서게 된다. 인간의 모든 활동은 뇌로부터 비롯된다. 우리가 세상을 지각하고 이해하는 방식은 신체의 내·외부로부터 입력되는 정보를 기억을 바탕으로 재해석하는 과정이다. 따라서 뇌감각을 깨움으로써 자기조절과 자기치유로 이어지는 효과와 더불어 풍부한 감각 기능의 활성화로 인하여 삶의 질 향상을 기대할 수 있을 것이다. The purpose of this study is to explore the 'brain sensitizing' process from a yoga and meditation perspective. For the purpose of research, we select 'body awareness', 'body feeling' and 'focusing' from yoga and meditation as similar to 'brain sensitizing' respectively. 'Brain sensitizing' is composed of 'body feeling', 'breathing feeling', 'energy feeling', and 'brain feeling'. Through training to concentrate on the body, we were able to confirm similar effects to 'activity to awaken body sensation' which is the main goal of activity yoga and meditation that awakens brain senses linked to body. Through the process of 'brain sensitizing', the senses wake up and become familiar with the brain, so that the brain is ready to use the brain with awareness that it is mine. All human activities originate from the brain. The way we perceive and understand the world is the process of reinterpreting the information input from the inside and the outside of the body based on the memory. Therefore, it is expected that improvement of quality of life can be expected due to activation of abundant sensory functions in addition to the effect of self-control and self-healing by awakening brain senses.

금속 및 복합재 CNG 탱크에서의 손상 검출을 위한 음향방출 에너지 기반 위치표정 기술

김일식(Il-Sik Kim),한병희(Byeong-Hee Han),박춘수(Choon-Su Park),윤동진(Dong-Jin Yoon) 한국비파괴검사학회 2015 한국비파괴검사학회지 Vol.35 No.5

음향방출기술은 고체내부에 국부적으로 형성된 변형에너지가 급격히 방출되면서 발생하는 탄성파를 이용하는 기술로써 결함의 발생이나 존재하는 결함의 진전을 검출하는 비파괴검사 기법이다. 환경문제로 인해 최근 약 20년 전부터 압축 천연 가스가 자동차 석유 연료의 대안으로 사용되면서 CNG 탱크의 안전성 검사의 필요성 또한 증가하고 있다. 특히 복합재 CNG 탱크에서는 적층된 재료와 방향에 따라 파의 속도나 분산 특성이 달라지므로 매질의 속도에 절대적으로 영향을 받는 종래의 도달 시간차를 이용한 AE 기법으론 결함검출을 하는데 한계가 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 스틸실린더인 Type-I과 스틸실린더에 GFRP로 와인딩된 Type-II 시편에서 에너지 기반 contour map 기법을 이용해 종래의 AE기법의 한계를 극복하고 결과를 비교하였다. 그 결과 위치표정이 불가하거나 오차가 컸던 종래의 방법과 달리 에너지 기법은 모든 지점에서 위치표 정이 가능했으며 오차 또한 현저히 준 것을 확인할 수 있었다. Acoustic emission (AE) is an effective nondestructive test that uses transient elastic wave generated by the rapid release of energy within a material to detect any further growth or expansion of existing defects. Over the past decades, because of environmental issues, the use of compressed natural gas (CNG) as an alternative fuel for vehicles is increasing because of environmental issues. For this reason, the importance and necessity of detecting defects on a CNG fuel tank has also come to the fore. The conventional AE method used for source location is highly affected by the wave speed on the structure, and this creates problems in inspecting a composite CNG fuel tank. Because the speed and dispersion characteristics of the wave are different according to direction of structure and laminated layers. In this study, both the conventional AE method and the energy based contour map method were used for source location. This new method based on pre-acquired D/B was used for overcoming the limitation of damage localization in a composite CNG fuel tank specimen which consists of a steel liner cylinder overwrapped by GFRP. From the experimental results, it is observed that the damage localization is determined with a small error at all tested points by using the energy based contour map method, while there were a number of mis-locations or large errors at many tested points by using the conventional AE method. Therefore, the energy based contour map method used in this work is more suitable technology for inspecting composite structures.

뇌교육 프로그램 효과성에 대한 메타분석

김일식 ( Ilsik Kim ),김계령 ( Gyeryung Kim ),신혜숙 ( Hyesook Shin ),서호찬 ( Hochan Seo ) 한국통합교육과정학회 2016 통합교육과정연구 Vol.10 No.3

본 연구는 유아에서부터 노인에 이르기 까지 다양한 연령층의 학습자를 대상으로 수행된 뇌교육 프로그램에 대한 효과성에 대하여 메타분석을 이용하여 종속변수 및 활동요소들에 대한 효과크기를 통합적으로 분석 하였다. 1998년부터 2016년 4월까지 18년간 국내에서 연구된 논문 47편을 선별하여 CMA로 분석한 결과, 첫째, 전체평균효과크기는 1.072로서 큰 효과크기가 나타났고, 종속변수 유형 중에는 ‘인지’가 1.356으로 가장 컸으며, 연구대상별로는 유아 대상이 2.108로 가장 효과크기가 크게 나타났다. 둘째, 활동요소 중에서는 총회기수 24회(2.022), 주회기수 2회(1.783), 회기 당 활동시간 10-20분(1.940), 집단의 크기 31-60명(1.749)이 효과크기가 크게 나타났으나 총회기수, 주회기수, 활동시간 및 집단의 크기와 효과크기 간에는 정적상관이 나타나지 않았다. 출판유형은 학술지논문(1.156)이 학위논문(0.927) 보다 비교적 높게 나타났다. 이와 같이 본 연구의 결과에 따라 향후 뇌교육 프로그램 구성은 총회기수 24회, 주회기수 2회, 집단의 크기 31-60명으로 구성하는 것이 효과적일 것이며, 활동시간에 있어서는 비교적 짧은 10-20분 정도 만으로 프로그램의 효과를 기대할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구는 상기와 같이 국내에서 수행된 뇌교육 프로그램에 대하여 종속변수와 활동요소들에 따른 효과성을 확인함으로써 향후 연구를 위한 기초자료를 제공하였다는 데 의의가 있을 것이다. This study synthetically analyzed effect size of dependent variables and activity factors on a brain education program carried out with learners in diverse age groups from kindergarteners to an elderly using a meta-analysis. As a result of the selecting and analyzing 47 domestic papers from 1998 through April 2016 using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version 3.0(CMA), I found 2 major distinctions. First, the overall average effect size was 1.072, which was great.Also, depending on the types of dependent variables, ``cognition`` was 1.356, which was the greatest, and by the research subject, kindergarten children had the highest effect size which was 2.108. Secondly, concerning the activity factors,when the total number of sessions was 24 times, the effect size was 2.022. The effect size was 1.783 with the number of sessions per week was twice, it was 1.940 with the activity time went for 10 to 20 minutes per session. When the group size was 31 to 60 persons, it was as high as 1.749; however, there were no positive correlations among the factors in the total number of sessions, the number of sessions per week, the activity time, and the group size. Among the types of publications, articles in journals (1.156) had a relatively higher effect size than dissertations (0.927). Likewise, according to the results of this study, it can be said that in the future, if a program is to be composed of 24 sessions, twice per week, 31 to 60 persons in a group, and for shortly like 10 to 20 minutes, its effectiveness can be expected. This study is significant that it provided basic data for future studies by examining the brain education programs carried out in South Korea and measured the effectiveness of the program regarding diverse activity factors of the programs.

국제통상 ; FTA를 위한 한국 중소기업의 생산활동 분석

김일식 ( Il Sik Kim ) 국제지역학회 2008 국제지역연구 Vol.12 No.1

본 연구는 교차분석, 요인분석, 회귀분석을 통해 한국의 중소기업이 생산과정에서 직면하고 있는 여러 가지 경영요소들에 대해 분석한다. 교차분석 결과 종업원 규모(10~29명)와 매출액 규모(10~50억원)가 작은 소기업은 경영 시 어려움, 해외진출, 생산 아이템 수, 대기업과의 관계, 연구자원 등에서 다른 규모의 기업들과 다른 면이 나타났다. 한편 요인분석에서는 중소기업 생산활동에 기업규모 요인과 연구비용 요인, 그리고 연구능력 요인이 주요 요인으로 나타났다. 또한 이를 토대로 한 회귀분석에서는 중소기업의 매출액 증가에 영향을 미치는 요인으로 기업규모 요인이 크게 작용하는 것으로 나타난다. This study, executed by cross analyses, factor analysis and regression analysis, examines various managerial factors that small and medium enterprises in Korea confront with in their production. The result of the cross analyses is that enterprises that are small in its number of employees (10~29 persons) and sales scale (1~5 billion won) are different from enterprises of other sizes in the following aspects: business obstacles, entry into overseas markets, product items, relationship with big companies, and R&D resources. However, factor analysis shows that business size, and R&D cost and ability are the major influencing factors in the production of SMEs. The regression analysis sequent on the factor analysis also shows that the business size is the most significant factor on the changes of enterprise sales.

죽음준비교육 프로그램 효과성에 대한 메타분석

김일식 ( Il Sik Kim ),김계령 ( Gye Ryung Kim ),신혜숙 ( Hye Sook Shin ),서호찬 ( Ho Chan Seo ) 한국가족관계학회 2016 한국가족관계학회지 Vol.21 No.2

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to conduct a meta-analysis of results of death education program implemented with a wide range of learners from preschoolers to the elderly and use the findings to suggest effect sizes of the intervention program, variables, and measurement tools and activity elements of the variables. Method: Among preceding studies conducted domestically until 2015, 21 studies that meet the meta-analysis criteria were selected and analyzed using CMA(Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 3.0 version). Results: The findings are as follows. The overall average effect size was rather large at 0.997. Reviewing by research subject group, victims of domestic violence indicated the largest effect size(2.381). As for variables, death awareness showed the largest effect size(2.908). In terms of activity elements, the largest effect size for total number of sessions was 16 sessions (4.972), while that for per week sessions was 2 sessions/week (2.327). With effect size for activity hours largest at 30 minutes(5.365) followed by 108 minutes(2.381) and 360 minutes(1.607), it was found that there is no positive relationship between activity time and effect size. In terms of publication type, effect size of academic journal paper was 1.107 while that of thesis or dissertation was 0.894, indicating that academic journal papers are relatively highly effective. Conclusions: The present study is meaningful in that it provides baseline data applicable to program development and implementation by verifying the effectiveness of domestically implemented death education programs and variables relevant to such programs.