[형태론]18권 1호에 대한 논평 (2)

김인균(金寅均) 형태론 2017 형태론 Vol.19 No.1

국어의 명사 연결 구성에 대한 단견

김인균(金寅均) 형태론 2010 형태론 Vol.12 No.2

학교회계직원의 근로관계 쟁점과 고용안정 방안

김인재(金仁在) 서울대학교 노동법연구회 2011 노동법연구 Vol.0 No.31

학교회계직원은 공립 초·중등학교에서 법령과 정책에 따라 학교급식, 교무보조, 행정보조, 전산보조, 사서업무 등 상시적 업무를 담당하고 있다. 이들의 숫자는 전국적으로 약 12만명으로 대부분 비정규직 근로자이며, 근로조건은 일반직 9급 공무원 1호봉과 기능직 10급 1호봉의 공무원보다 열악하다. 특히 학교 회계직원이 『초·중등교육법』상 ‘직원’에 해당하는지 논란이 되고, 또 공립학교를 설립·운영하는 지방자치단체, 집행기관인 교육감 또는 학교장 중 누가 사용자인가가 문제로 제기된다. 『초·중등교육법』의 규정을 적극적으로 해석하면 학교회계직원도 ‘직원’에 해당한다고 볼 수 있다. 또 판례에 따르면 공립학교 학교회계직원의 근로관계에서 지방자치단체가 사업주이고, 교육감은 사업경영담당 자, 학교장은 근로자에 관한 사항에 대하여 사업주를 위하여 행위하는 자에 해당한다. 다만 논란을 해소하기 위하여 학교회계직원의 채용과 관리에 관한 법적 근거를 명확히 규정할 필요가 있다. 구체적으로 『초·중등교육법』 등 상위법령에 교육감을 학교회계직원의 채용권자로 규정하고, 학교회계직원의 정원, 배치기준 및 관리운영에 관한 사항은 시·도의 교육규칙으로 정하고, 일부 직종에 대해서는 교육감의 행정권한 위임규칙에 따라 교육장이나 학교장에게 채용권을 위임하는 방안을 강구하여야 한다. 나아가 학교회계직원의 근로조건을 개선하고 차별을 해소하며, 정규직 또는 공무원으로 전환하는 정책을 추진하여야 한다. The non-standard employees in the elementary, middle and high public schools permanently engage in the school meals, the school affairs, the librarian, etc. as provided by the law and the policy. The number of their employees are about 120,000 people, are mainly engaged as the non-standard employee, and their working conditions are much worse than the government employee"s working conditions. In particular, what are at issues are whether they are the officials as provided by the Elementary and Middle Education Act and who are their employers among the local government, the educational superintendent and the school principal. If the regulations of the Elementary and Middle Education Act are positively constructed, the non-standard employees in the public schools could be the officials as provided by the Elementary and Middle Education Act. And following the precedent, their employers are the local government, the educational superintendent and the school principal. But in order to solve the disputes, we need to provide definitely the legal basis concerning the non-standard employees" recruitment and management. To put it concretely, we need to enact the provisions concerning the non-standard employees" recruitment in the Elementary and Middle Education Act and to enact the provisions concerning their fixed number, standards of arrangement and management in the Educational Rules of the superintendent. In addition, we need to improve their working conditions, to eliminate the discrimination in employment and to transfer them to the standard employee or government official.

공무원노조의 조직형태와 단체교섭체계 설계방안

김인재(金仁在) 서울대학교 노동법연구회 2004 노동법연구 Vol.0 No.16

공공기관 노동조합의 노동권

김인재(金仁在) 서울대학교 노동법연구회 2015 노동법연구 Vol.0 No.38

헌법과 노동관계법은 공공기관 근로자의 노동기본권에 대한 명시적인 제한규정을 두고 있지 않다. 그러나 공공기관의 공익성과 재정의 정부의존성을 이유로 공공기관 근로자와 노동조합의 노동기본권이 사실상 제한받고 있다. 특히 정부의 예산편성지침, 단체협약 개선 요구 및 공공기관 정상화 대책 등으로 단체교섭권과 단체협약이 형해화되고 있다. 이러한 기본권 제약은 일부 실정법상 문제도 있지만 근본적으로 법원과 헌법재판소의 몰인권(沒人權)적 인식에 기한 법해석의 한계에서 기인한다. 이러한 문제는 공공기관 근로자의 실질적 사용자인 정부와 공공기관 노동조합이 집중적?중층적 단체교섭?정책협의를 통해 해결할 수도 있다. 그러나 대정부 직접교섭에 대한 법적 논란이 있는 현실에서, 보다 적극적으로 이를 제도화하는 방향으로 법제도적 대안을 모색할 필요가 있다. 나아가 공무원을 포함한 공공부문 전체에 대한 단체교섭과 단체협약체결에 관한 특례법을 모색할 수도 있다. 공공기관의 성격을 반영하되 공공기관 근로자와 노동조합의 노동기본권이 충분히 보장될 수 있는 법제도를 강구해야 한다. The Constitution of the Republic of Korea and the Labor Relations Acts should not restrain explicitly the fundamental labor rights of the workers engaged in the public institutions. Nevertheless, in reality, their fundamental labor rights are restrained through the government"s excessive interventions such as the notification of government budgeting guidelines, the demand of collective agreement revises, and the normalization measures of public institution. The restraints of these fundamental labor rights basically result from the interpretation of the laws against the human rights by the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court. In case that the budget bill of the public institution concerned was rejected by the board or that the rules of employment was not approved by the competent minister, the Supreme Court have ruled that the collective agreements concerned and the rules of employment concerned should be null and void. To solve these labor rights restriction and to guarantee sufficiently the fundamental labor rights of the public institution"s employees, the collective bargaining system should be designed for the labor union of public institution to negotiate directly with the government, i.e. the real employer of the public institution concerned. And the concentrated and multi-level collective bargaining and policy negotiation system in the public sector"s labor relations should be institutionalized by the laws. Further I think that ‘the Special Act on Public Sector"s Collective Bargaining and Collective Agreement’ has to be enacted, and that the Special Act should guarantee the public institution employees" fundamental labor rights and secure the publicity of public institutions.

재일조선인 역사 서술의 3·1운동에 대한 기억 : 재일조선인의 각종 역사교재와 임광철의 역사인식을 통해

김인덕(Kim, In-Duck)(金仁德) 한일민족문제학회 2020 한일민족문제연구 Vol.38 No.-

This study reviewed the contents of memories of the March First Independence Movement through the historical narrative system of the Korean residents’ community in Japan. The description of the March 1st Movement of Mindan(在日本大韓民国 民団) and The General Association of Korean Residents in Japan(在日本 朝鮮人総聯合会) can be seen as the basis for research by South Korea, Japan and North Korea. In the case of Mindan, the understanding of the March 1st Movement, a turning point in the movement, is believed to have led to the content. The General Association of Korean Residents in Japan(在日本朝鮮人総聯合会) actively evaluated the subject and historical significance of the March First movement from depicting Kim Il-sung family to Yoo Gwan-soon in their description. In fact, the narrative system for the March First Independence Movement by Koreans in Japan is thought to be the original form of historical textbooks and research during the Japanese Federation of Korean Residents in Japan (在日本朝鮮人連盟). The draft version of the Chosun History Textbook described the preparation process, situation of the March 1st, and the subsequent situation. The book called the outcome of the March First Independence Movement was that reform of Japanase colonial strategy of Korea and the establishment of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. From The ‘Children’s History(어린이國史-下)’ introduced Wilson’s national self-determination of the people and the essence of the March first Independence Movement as a nationwide event. It also pointed the limitations of national representation. Specially, Lim Kwang-chul(林光澈)’s writings could be drawn keen attention in the research history of the March First Independence Movement of Korean residents in Japan. He tried to develop a discussion on the March First Independence Movement in a realistic demand in ｢三一運動 に於ける歷史的なもの-一つの方法論的考察-｣. In particular, he believed that it was necessary to understand the March First Movement dialectically from a practical point of view. Lim Kwang-chol developed discussions on three topics; first was causality, second was leadership and third was historical significance. First, he noted that the cause of the March first Independence Movement was the land survey project, which resulted in forced deceptive land exploitation. Second, he cited the feudal indigenous landlord class, specifically the Cheondoist and Christian forces as his leadership. Third, the historical significance of the March first Independence Movement was that the struggle(fight) is the only way for the Korean people to live. His book, ‘The History of Chosun’, Lim Gwang-cheol defined the March first Independence Movement as a part of the ‘Chosun’s idea of independence movement’. In his article, Lim Kwang-chul left the point that it should be paid attention to continued research on land issues related to the March First Independence Movement. His study of the March First Movement revealed the causuality, leadership and historical significance that contributed to the subsequent provision of a large narrative system for the March First Movement research. It is also true that the limitations of his research on the March First Independence Movement related to land issues after his research that have failed to produce full-fledged results since then. Especially, from international point of view, Lim Kwang-chul actively attempted to evaluate the March First Independence Movement. I looked at the memories of the March First Independence Movement of Koreans in Japan through various history textbooks and research achievements by Lim Kwang-chul. Memories of the March First Independence Movement have been changed with the passage of time. However, the perception of the revolutionary contents of the March First Independence Movement and the nature of the March First Independence Movement are not been 本研究は、3·1運動に関する在日朝鮮人社会の歴史記述体系による記憶 の内容を検討してみた。 在日本大韓民国民団と在日本朝鮮人総聯合会の3·1運動の記述は、国 内と日本、北朝鮮の研究を土台したものと見ることができる。在日本大韓民国 民団の場合｢運動の転換点｣という3·1運動への理解が代表的に、その内容 につながったと思われる。在日本朝鮮人総聯合会は3·1運動に対する叙述も 金日成一家中心の叙述から運動の主体と歴史的意義を積極的に評価し、柳 寛順に注目している。 実際、在日朝鮮人による3·1運動に対する叙述体系は、在日本朝鮮人連 盟時期の歴史教材と研究で確認するのが原型と考えられる。『朝鮮歷史敎材 草案』(上)では準備過程、当日の様子、その後の状況を述べ、3·1運動の 成果を日本の植民地朝鮮統治政策の改編と大韓民国臨時政府の樹立とし た。『어린이國史』(下)ではウィルソンの民族自決主義の紹介と3·1運動の本 質を全民族的事件として紹介している。そして、民族代表の限界を指摘してい る。 このような在日朝鮮人3·1運動の研究史では、林光澈の文章が注目され る。林光澈は、｢三一運動に於ける歷史的なもの-一つの方法論的考察-｣において現実的な要求から3·1運動について議論を展開しようとした。具体的に は、実践的観点から3·1運動を弁証法的に理解することが必要だということ だ。林光澈は3つのテーマについて議論を展開するが、①原因、②指導勢 力、③歴史的意義であった。第一に、3·1運動の原因を土地調査事業で強 制的欺瞞的な土地収奪があったという事実に着目した。第二に、彼は指導勢 力として封建的な土着地主階級、具体的には天道教勢力とキリスト教勢力を挙 げた。第三に、3·1運動の歴史的意義を取り上げるが、闘争だけが朝鮮民 族の生きる道だということだ。このような林光澈は『朝鮮歷史讀本』で、3·1運 動は“朝鮮の独立運動思想”の会期的なことと規定した。 林光澈は自身の文章で、3·1運動に対する土地問題と関連した持続的な 研究に関心が要請されるという点を残している。林光澈の3·1運動に関する研 究は、原因、指導層、歴史的意義を明らかにし、3·1運動研究の大きな叙 述体系を提供するのに寄与した。同氏の研究以降、土地問題に関する3·1運 動に対する研究が、以後本格的な成果を出せなかった限界を明確に記憶する ことも必要だ。特に国際的な視点で林光澈は三一運動の評価を積極的に試み た。 在日朝鮮人の3·1運動の記憶を各種歴史教材と林光澈の研究成果を通じ て見た。一時期を超えた3·1運動に対する記憶は、時間の流れとともに変わっ てきた。しかし、3·1運動が持つ革命的内容に対する認識と、3·1運動の本 質は変わらなかったと言える。

공무원노조와 교수노조의 결성과 합법화방향

김인재(金仁在) 서울대학교 노동법연구회 2001 노동법연구 Vol.- No.11

노동과 사회보장 분야의 유엔 사회권위원회 권고의 이행상황

김인재(金仁在) 서울대학교 노동법연구회 2012 노동법연구 Vol.0 No.33

유엔 사회권위원회는 2009.11.20.에 한국정부에 대하여 사회권규약 제3차 정부보고서의 심의결과에 대한 최종견해를 채택하였다. 사회권위원회의 최종견해는 그 자체로는 법적 구속력을 가지지는 않지만, 우리나라가 1990년에 비준하여 국내법과 동일한 효력을 가지는 사회권규약에 따라 제출한 정부보고서의 심의결과로서 다른 일반적 권고와 법적 성격을 달리한다. 따라서 정부는 사회권위원회의 제3차 최종견해에서 지적된 권고사항에 대하여 구체적인 후속조치를 취해야 한다. 사회권위원회는 노동과 사회보장 분야에 있어서, 비정규직(제15항), 최저임금(제16항), 직장내 성희롱(제17항), 이주노동자 차별(제21항), 산업재해(제18항), 공무원·교수의 노동3권(제19항), 노동3권과 업무방해죄(제20항), 국민기초생활보장(제22항), 국민연금(제23항), 빈곤(제26항), 건강권(제30항) 등에 관한 최종견해를 한국정부에 권고하였다. 비정규직과 관련하여 기간제 근로자와 파견근로자의 사용기간 연장논의를 즉시 결론짓고, 비정규직 근로자들에 대한 노동법적 보호를 부여할 것을 권고하였다. 최저임금에 관해서는 적절한 생활수준의 최저임금을 보장하고 적용범위를 확대하며 최저임금 준수를 위한 근로감독을 강화하고 이주노동자의 최저임금이 감액되지 않도록 할 것을 권고하였다. 산업재해에 관해서는 근로감독관을 증원하고 산업안전 및 근로조건에 관한 적절한 훈련제공을 권고하였다. 또 공무원과 교수의 노동기본권이 보장되도록 관련법을 개정하고, 모든 근로자의 노동3권을 실질적으로 보장하고 특히 업무방해죄의 적용을 억제하며 나아가 ILO 제87호 협약과 제98호 협약을 조속히 비준할 것을 권고하였다. 사회보장과 관련해서는 국민기초생활보장제도의 부양의무기준을 재검토하고, 노인들이 일정수준의 삶을 영위할 수 있게 국민연금 외에 보편적 최저보증연금을 구상할 것을 권고하였다. 의료보장과 관련해서는 정부의 의료비지출을 증대하고, 감당 가능한 비용으로 의료서비스에의 접근을 보장하고, 달성 가능한 최상의 건강수준에 관한 권리에 관심을 기울일 것을 권고하였다. 이상과 같은 사회권위원회의 최종견해가 채택된 지 약 3년이 지났지만, 아직까지 각 항목에 대한 권고 이행에 관한 구체적이고 심도 있는 국내적 후속조치가 행해지고 있지 않다. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights(ESCR) had considered the third periodic report of the Republic of Korea on the implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (E/C.12/KOR/3), and had adopted, on 19 November 2009, the concluding observations. Among the concluding observations of the Committee, the recommendations of the labor and social security sectors are as follows. The non-regular workers shall be entitled to equal pay for work of equal value; adequate social insurance coverage; labour law protection; safeguards against unfair dismissal.(para. 15) The State party shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that the minimum wage is effectively enforced, shall provide workers and their families with an adequate standard of living, shall extend the applicability of the minimum wage legislation to those sectors where it still does not apply, and shall intensify its efforts to enforce legal minimum wages through increased labour inspections.(para. 16) The State party shall increase the number of labour inspectors and provide adequate training on occupational safety and working conditions to labour inspectors, employers and employees.(para. 18) The legislation on civil service shall be amended with a view to lifting the restrictions imposed on the right of civil servants to join a trade union and to strike in conformity with the comments made by the Committee of Experts of the ILO in 2001, on the Convention No. 87.(para. 19) The State party shall guarantee the right of all persons to form and join trade unions freely, the right to engage in collective bargaining through trade unions, and the right to strike by refraining from the use of the ‘obstruction of business’ clause. That the State party shall consider ratifying the ILO Convention No. 87 and the Convention No. 98.(para. 20) The National Basic Livelihood Security System shall be under review in relation to the ‘duty to support’ standard or wealth standard and universal access to the system. The State party shall guarantee access to the system for persons that have not completed a minimum period of stable living, including the homeless and those living in shelters.(para. 22) The State party shall envisage alternative or complementary policies to the national pension system, such as a universal minimum pension or other social assistance benefits that would enable elderly persons to live a decent life.(para. 23) The Committee urges the State party to increase expenditure for health care and to take all appropriate measures to ensure universal access to health care, at prices that are affordable to everyone, and draws the attention of the State party to its general comment No. 14 (2000) on the right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health.(para. 30) Notwithstanding above such recommendations of the Committee in the labor and social security sectors, the ROK Government still have not carried forward the fulfilment of the recommendations of the Committee and the in-depth follow-up measures.

근로자퇴직연금(기업연금)제도의 도입방안

김인재(金仁在) 서울대학교 노동법연구회 2003 노동법연구 Vol.- No.14

공공기관 BSC 도입의 효과에 관한 연구

김인(金仁) 한국지방정부학회 2008 지방정부연구 Vol.12 No.3

본 연구는 우리나라 공공기관의 BSC 도입 효과를 규명하는 총괄적 평가연구이다. 이를 위해 41개의 공공기관을 표본을 선정하여 2000년부터 2007년까지 8년간의 수익률, 노동생산성, 고객만족도라는 성과의 세 차원에 관한 자료를 수집하여 비실험적설계를 통한 정책평가를 실시하여 그 효과 여부를 규명하였다. 연구결과에 따르면, 공공기관에 BSC를 도입한 결과 수익률, 노동생산성, 고객만족도의 향상에 효과가 있으며, 또한 공공기관의 수익률, 노동생산성, 고객만족도가 2000년부터 2007년까지 지속적으로 향상되었다. 공공기관의 성과는 BSC 도입여부뿐만 아니라 BSC 도입 3년 경과 여부에 의해서도 영향을 받고 있다. 통제변수로 사용된 기관규모, 기관유형, 경제상황은 공공기관의 성과에 영향을 미치지는 않았다. This study is a summative evaluation study to find the effects of BSC use in public institutions. For this study, 41 public institutions were sampled, and the data of performance in terms of return of assets, labor productivity, and customer satisfaction from 2000 to 2007 were analyzed with a regression model and non-experimental research design. By the study"s results, there were effects of performance improvement in all dimensions, and there were consistent improvements of return of assets, labor productivity, and customer satisfaction from 2006 to 2007 in Korean public institutions, generally. The performances of public institution were influenced by the period of BSC use whether it was over 3 years or not as well as BSC use. The institution size, the institution type, the economic condition of the institution used as controlling variables did not influence the performance.