비어(Vere) 선장: 이상적인 예술가

김옥례 ( Ok Rae Kim ) 근대영미소설학회 1999 근대 영미소설 Vol.6 No.1

This paper is to present a new perspective on Captain Vere, the major character in Herman Melville`s last novel, Billy Budd. The most important thing we should note on Melville`s text is to appreciate the aesthetic distance between the implied author and the narrator. The optimistic world view of the Idealists prevailed over the country in the 19th century America. As well known, Melville had an objective world view by confronting the hard reality, especially that of the whaleships. So he could apprecIate the prevailing American Ideology as a kind of false consciousness distinct from the true ideas. Therefore he attempted to expose the negative hidden reality through his works. In analyzing this novel with aesthetic distance we can find out two types of artists. One is the anonymous narrator who unconsciously sticks to the conservative ideology, in explaining Billy`s complicity in the mutiny against the warship, the Bellipotent. He represents an attitude held by the typical 19th century American writers. On the other hand Captain Vere takes the role of the ideal artist. In this study I intend to grasp Melville`s message which the author tried to tell the reader through captain Vere`s life. Vere confronts to solve the social structural vice, embodied in the `Rights-of-Man` and the `Athee` where Billy takes the central role. That is to say, as a captain of Bellipotent Vere tries to realize its purpose, humanitarianism. His truth-seeking mission is concretized in the martial court. Melville tried to insist that this kind of artist can give us the true way-out from the absurd reality like that of the 19th century America.

영화 모비딕에 나타난 미국문화 연구

김옥례(Kim Ok Rae) 영상영어교육학회 2012 영상영어교육 (STEM journal) Vol.13 No.3

In this transnational and globalized modern world, the necessity of teaching intercultural competence for our students is increasing. For that purpose, I'd like to recommend John Huston's 1956 movie, Moby-Dick, based on Herman Melville's novel. One of the messages of this novel is the importance of multicultural understanding among people in order to emerge from such dark realities as slavery and the Indian Removal Policy which had come about under the name of Manifest Destiny, exploiting Christianity for the dominant political ideology. There have been several films of Moby-Dick. Among them Huston's is generally estimated as the best. Recently, ambitious young Korean artists have tried to deal with the main topic of Moby-Dick in their movies and musicals. The reason for this is that the novel shows us a right way in these first steps of a multicultural, multiracial Korean society. Consequently Huston's Moby-Dick can be used as effective cultural and educational material for our students. Melville's main point is that we must respect the culture of other races equally and get away from the white -dominant prejudice against colored people. He criticizes the Christianity of 19th century America for perverting its true role into political purposes. As an alternative, he suggests the Quakers, who showed open mindedness toward different cultures and religions. They also actively tried to solve social problems of the period such as slavery and to realize an intercultural open society.

예술가의 초상: 멜빌의 「피뢰침 사나이」와 「피들러」를 중심으로

김옥례 ( Ok Rae Kim ) 미국소설학회(구-한국호손과 미국소설학회) 2002 미국소설 Vol.9 No.2

영화 위대한 개츠비에 나타난 이상향에의 꿈

김옥례(Kim Ok Rae) 영상영어교육학회 2011 영상영어교육 (STEM journal) Vol.12 No.1

As language is a part of culture, it is necessary for students to understand other cultures in their mastering foreign languages. For that purpose, a classic movie based on a novel seems to be suitable. As one of the world's most famous classic novels, F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby reflects an historical perspective on the American culture, focusing on its utopian dream. There are four 'Gatsby' movies. Among them, Jack Clayton's 1974 film is estimated as the best educational material. This paper aims to research Americans' utopian dream and their frustration as revealed in Clayton's The Great Gastby. Through the symbolic use of green, Gatsby's dream of his long-lost lover, Daisy, is connected with the American Dream, that is, the dream that Americans have of building a paradise on earth. However, in the process of realizing his dream, Gatsby is forced to compromise with corrupted reality. As a noted artistic movie director, Clayton not only preserves the original main plot of the novel but also adds his own viewpoint on American society. I have taught this film for Freshman Screen English for several years, and I found that this material is able to satisfy two basic educational purposes, first to increase students' English skills and, second to help them understand American culture and human society in the larger context.

멜빌과 아메리칸 인디언

김옥례 ( Ok Rae Kim ) 근대영미소설학회 2009 근대 영미소설 Vol.16 No.1

반영극적인 기법을 통해 살펴본 『베니토 세레노』연구

김옥례 ( Ok Rae Kim ) 근대영미소설학회 1996 근대 영미소설 Vol.3 No.1

The reality of Benito Cereno is difficult to perceive. However, Melville offers us some hint for grasping it with the technique of metadrama. That is to say, we can recognize the true intention of the author by the mutual reflexive effect of `play-within-play`; the shaving scene and the deposition scene. The result is that the reader must participate actively; he must cooperate in the creative process for grasping the reality. Consequently we can know that in Benito Cereno, there appear two types of artists who confront a major social problem; slavery. One is the narrator, Delano, who cannot make up the gap between the facts of Babo`s slave rebellion and the truthful narration of that experience. He represents an attitude held by the typical 19th century American Intellectual. Of course he starts his truth-seeking mission with sincerity, but he remains fixed in his attitude. The dilemma confronting him is his unconscious distorted explanation about reality; the slave uprising and slavery. On the other hand, Babo takes the role of the ideal artist. To accomplish the truth-seeking mission of the artist, he sincerely plans and participates in the slave rebellion. Melville`s main purpose in this novel lies in analyzing social structural contradiction and in suggesting a possible way out with these two types of artists.

벽과 울타리를 넘어서: 아메리칸 인디언 여성 자서전 문학으로서의 『파워』

김옥례 ( Ok Rae Kim ) 미국소설학회 2008 미국소설 Vol.15 No.2

Native American women`s autobiographical works seem to be one of the most effective literary genre for white people to recognize the reality of Native American tribal society. Both men and women share the power, but women take the central position as leade

가쉬 젠의『전형적인 미국인』에 나타난 트랜스내셔날 패러다임

김옥례 ( Ok Rae Kim ) 미국소설학회(구 한국호손학회) 2009 미국소설 Vol.16 No.2

Globalized modem society requires the recognition of the transnational paradigm, that is to say, the horizontal equal regard for all existences in the world. As one of the most representative modem American writers, Gish Jen has tried to describe the Chinese immigrant experience in the U.S. based on this transnational paradigm. The nativist vision on American identity has defined Americans only as whites, as manifested in the 1924 Immigration Act. However, Jen has criticized this, and shown her own vision of the ideal aspects of America as a family-like unit comprising various racial and cultural backgrounds. Typical American focuses on Ralph Chang`s family, middle-class Chinese immigrants, who have deteriorated in the process of Americanization. They misunderstood the way to true Americanness as materialistic pursuit of wealth. Consequently, they were deliberately to ignore their traditional Chinese moral and ethical standards to become Typical American. A case in pint is Ralph`s participation in managing a franchise chicken restaurant with Grover. Ralph even gives up his tenured professorship which had been his ideal from childhood on. However, by the end of the novel, all of Ralph`s family members can achieve the synthetic balance between their Chinese ancestral inheritance and American culture to create a new and valuable culture. As we enter the modern transnational era, it is necessary for us to reexamine the true concept of nation and nationalism and try to make efforts for real communication and for shared benefits among nations. This kind of transnational paradigm we can find in Typical American.

소설의 역사성

김옥례 한국철도대학 2005 論文集 Vol.20 No.-

This article explores the close relation between novel and history. In the later half of the 20th century many critics have declared "The Death of Novel". The result is that there arose the increasing tendency to deny the traditional assumption about literature's two purposes; pleasure and instruction. But the following literary criticisms such as New Historicism and Neo Realism have been trying to reestablish the novel's traditional function. The common characteristics of modern literature is the continuos destruction of the current values, tradition, and ideology. But their true aim rather lies in the so-called "Deconstruction". The main purpose of this paper is to put emphasis on the affirmative function of the novel. Especially realism novels have tried to reveal the hidden historical facts: the sites, historical figures and their historical experiences. More Attention is given to the human beings' effort to overcome the historical and social circumstances. For that purpose this paper tries to apply some critics' theories into Charles Dickens' typical social novels.

문학작품에 나타난 철도, 철도종사원의 이미지 연구

金玉禮 철도전문대학교 2002 論文集 Vol.17 No.-

This paper attempts to explore the image of railroad and railroad workers in literature, comparing American railroad novels with Kyun-Young Lee's novels, Leaves Make Up the Nostalgic Light. Most American railroad novelists have tried to present the romantic possibilities of railroading. They have represented the railroad as a symbol of modern civilization. Consequently the traditional theme of the railroad is suggested as a benefactor of mankind. Just a few American novelists have tried to point out some of the unpleasant facts of railroad life. That is to say, they have tried to reveal the sacrifice of physical laborers in modern society with the symbol of railroad. For example, Frank Norris described the picture of the railway as an iron monster crushing everything in its path in his railroad novel, The Octopus. Kyun- Young Lee's novel, Leaves Make Up the Nostalgic Light, belongs to the more realistic railroad novel. He tries to reveal the hard facts of railroad worker's world. The railroad itself is not central to the story, although there are some scenes around the trains; but the idea of the railroad underlies the whole frustrating story of railroad engineer, Suk-Woo Park. It starts with the memoir of railroad engineer, Suk-Woo Park who has had a successful career in railroading. However he cannot get out of a miserable living gained by the hardest kind of work, similar to miner's gloomy reality in his hometown. His novel loses the logical consistency in its latter part because he tries to suggest the romantic solution from social structure contradiction. That is to say, he insists the individual worker's patience and true love for solving the social problem. The result is that Kyun-Young Lee's vision is revealed as something undermining his sharp social conscious about the manual laborers' gloomy reality. However, I want to lay emphasis on the fact that Kyun-Young Lee establish the firm basis of railroad novel genre in Korea. In a sense he is the real pioneer in this area.