무등산 도립공원 시설물의 관리상태 평가와 개선방안

김상오,오광인 ( Sang Oh Kim,Kwang In Oh ) 한국산림과학회 1998 한국산림과학회지 Vol.87 No.4

This study applied the normative approach to establish evaluative standards for the facilities in Moodeung-san Provincial Park. Based on the established evaluative standards, this study examined the present facility managerial conditions of the park, and suggested some management alternatives to solve the identified problems. Data were collected by on-site survey and a mail-back questionnaire during August of 1996 in Moodeung-san Provincial Park. Out of 1,173, 519 respondents (44.2%) were used for the analysis. According to the results, three indicators out of five established indicators except `adequacy of garbage cans` and `adequacy of trail-guidance facilities` were in worse conditions than the established evaluative standards. The three indicators were 1) adequacy of toilets, 2) cleanness of toilets, 3) waiting time for using public transportations. The present condition for `adequacy of trail-guidance facilities` was the same with the evaluative standard. This study suggested some management strategies to improve these problematic conditions, and introduced how managers may use these information for the facility management of the park.

무등산 도립공원의 등산로 이용현황과 등산로 선정요인

김상오,오광인 ( Sang Oh Kim,Kwang In Oh ) 한국산림과학회 1998 한국산림과학회지 Vol.87 No.2

Understanding of the reasons why users in recreation settings select particular trails may provide useful information for effective recreation resources management. This study investigated the present use of the major trails in Mudeung-san Provincial Park and the major influential factors on trail selection . This study was conducted in Mudeung-san Provincial Park stretching over Hwasun-gun and Damyang-gun of Chonnam Province and Kwang-ju city during August in 1996. Data were collected through on-site survey and mail-back questionnaire. 519(44.2%) out of 1173 survey samples were used for analysis. Reasons for selecting a particular trail were classified into 8 major factors. In overall, the order of the importance degree of the factors was 1) aesthetics of landscape, 2) safety(from physical and crime), 3) conditions for health, 4) quietness, 5) familiarity, 6) on the way to the destination, 7) convenience/social, 8) others` intention. There were differences in the degree of importance of each factor depending on trails, users` characteristics(eg., gender, age, group size, visit experience, etc.) and users` behavioral patterns. Recreation motivations were classified into 5 major factors. The order of the importance degree of the factors was 1) contacting with nature, 2) self-training, 3) solitude, 4) social interaction, 5) appreciating cultural properties. Regardless of trails, `contacting with nature` was the most important factor, and the degree of importance in the other 4 motivational factors showed only a little differences in order according to the trails. There were correlations between major factors for trail selection and recreation motivations. The results of this study may provide foundational information for establishing effective management strategies through better understanding of the present use of trails and influential factors on trail selection. It can be used for reducing the present social and ecological problems caused by use concentration on certain trails and providing users with better quality of diverse recreational experiences. This study discussed the findings, and suggested some management strategies based on these information.

공구형상 최적화 및 비자성체의 자가연마 특성 연구

김상오,유만희,곽재섭,Kim, Sang-Oh,You, Man-Hee,Kwak, Jae-Seob 한국생산제조학회 2010 한국생산제조학회지 Vol.10 No.6

The magnetic abrasive polishing (MAP) process is used to achieve the nano-meter grade polishing results on flat or complicated surface. In previous study, polishing the stainless steel plate which is a non-magneto-material was tried. To polish non-magneto-materials using the MAP process was very difficult because the process was fundamentally possible by the help of a magnetic force. Therefore, it had lower efficiency than magneto-materials such as SM45C. In this study, optimization for tool geometry of the MAP was performed to improve the magnetic force between tool and workpiece. Moreover, a permanent magnet was installed below the non-magneto-material to improve the magnetic force. And then the design of experiments was carried out to evaluate the effect of the MAP parameters on the polishing results.

노트북 케이스용 마그네슘의 자기연마가공에서 영구자석의 효과

김상오,강대민,곽재섭,정영득,Kim, Sang-Oh,Gang, Dea-Min,Kwak, Jae-Seob,Jung, Young-Deug 한국금형공학회 2012 한국금형공학회지 Vol.6 No.2

In previous study, it showed that the MAP was greatly effective polishing process for magnesium plate. But it had lower efficiency than magnetic materials such as SM45C. It was very difficult to cut non-magnetic materials using the MAP process because the process was fundamentally possible by help of a magnetic force. This study aimed to verify analytically formation of the magnetic field in a case of the non-magnetic materials especially focused on magnesium plate. So, In this study, the magnetic density flux was predicted using simulation program. As a result, the magnetic density flux was lower at the center of pole on inductor than outside. It had same result on the experimental verification. And magnetic force was lower according to increase of working gap. So, to improve the magnetic force, permanent magnet was installed under the workpiece. In that case, the magnetic density flux not only at center but also at outside of pole was increased. Therefore, the efficiency of magnetic abrasive polishing was also increased. A design of experimental method was adopted for assessment of parameters' effect on the MAP results of magnesium plate for improving the magnetic force.

산림휴양지에서 쓰레기투기 행동과 규범에 미치는 설득메시지의 효과

김상오,차경수,안기완 ( Sang Oh Kim,Kyung Soo Cha,Ki Wan An ) 한국산림과학회 1998 한국산림과학회지 Vol.87 No.3

This study was conducted to find out whether persuasive messages with different contents of information (aesthetic, aesthetic+ecological, aesthetic+ecological+economic, aesthetic+ecological+economic +educational) about the consequences of littering influence users` awareness of the consequences of littering, personal norms and littering behaviors in a recreation setting based on the Schwartz`s norm activation theory. Data were collected at the Second Campground in the northern managerial district of Chirisan National Park. Of the total 177 questionnaires distributed, 144(85%) were used for the study. In addition to that, in order to find out whether personal norms on littering were changed from 1994 to 1996, data collected at the same campground in 1994 were also partly used. Based on the result of the study, persuasive messages didn`t directly affect the users` level of the awareness of the consequences(AC) of littering, personal norms, and littering behavior. People whose awareness of the consequences of littering are higher, however, tended to have stronger personal norms about littering. And also, people whose awareness of the consequences of littering are higher or people whose personal norms are stronger appeared to litter fewer than people whose awareness of the consequences or the strength of personal norms are lower. The extent of personal norms about littering was not changed through 1994 to 1996. The results were discussed and some management alternatives were suggested.

사인이 수집한 증거의 증거능력에 대한 판례의 판단구조 : 독립적 증거사용금지의 도입과 오용

김상오(Kim, Sang-Oh) 한국형사법학회 2020 刑事法硏究 Vol.32 No.4

사인이 위법하게 증거를 수집한 경우 비교형량에 따라 증거능력을 판단한다는 판례의 해석론은 완전히 잘못되었다. 판례가 처음 비교형량의 법리를 제시한 사건에서 문제된 증거는 위법하게 수집된 것이 아니기 때문이다. 이러한 문제의식으로부터 출발하여 이 글에서는 판례의 판단구조를 명확하게 분석하기 위한 도구로 증거수집과 증거사용의 구분으로부터 도출되는 두 증거배제의 원리, 즉 “종속적 증거사용금지(unselbständiges Beweisverwertungsverbot)”와 “독립적 증거사용금지(selbständiges Beweisverwertungsverbot)”를 제시한다. 종속적 증거사용금지에서는 위법한 증거수집을 이유로 증거능력이 부인되며, 독립적 증거사용금지에서는 증거수집의 적법성과 무관하게 헌법 등을 근거로 증거능력이 부인된다. 양자는 근본적인 논거, 증거동의의 취급, 비교형량요소가 다르다. 이상의 개념을 바탕으로 우리 판례의 판단구조를 분석한 결과, 판례는 최초 판결에서 독립적 증거사용금지의 법리를 제시하였는데, 이후 학계와 실무의 오해로 인하여 종속적 증거사용금지로 오용되었고, 결국에는 모순되는 법리가 등장하였음을 알 수 있었다. 나는 이러한 분석을 바탕으로 학계와 실무가 어떻게 나아가야 하는지 제시하였다. 실무는 모순된 법리를 해결해야 한다. 지금까지 운용해왔던 것처럼 종속적 증거사용금지로 법리를 정리할 수도 있고, 본래 의미대로 독립적 증거사용금지를 부활시킬 수도 있다. 학계에서는 더 이상 판례의 법리를 ‘사인이 위법하게 수집한 증거’라는 표제 하에서 다루지 말고, ‘헌법에 기초한 증거배제법칙’ 하에서 논의하여야 한다. It is greatly misleading, contrary to the dominant understanding of the Precedents, to conclude that the Supreme Court employs the balancing test to determine the admissibility of evidence illegally obtained by private individuals. This is because the evidence at issue in the very first case in which the Supreme Court introduced the balancing test, was indeed not illegally obtained. This article, based on the distinction between the obtainment and the use of evidence, suggests two Rules of evidentiary exclusion in order to analyze those Precedents. “The Dependent Rule of Evidentiary Exclusion(unselbständiges Beweisverwertungsverbot)” excludes evidence based on the illegality of obtainment, whereas “the Independent Rule of Evidentiary Exclusion(selbständiges Beweisverwertungsverbot)” does so based on the Constitution, regardless of how it was collected. These two Rules differ in their fundamental rationales, the way they accept the evidentiary consent from the Defendant, and the factors that should be selected for the balancing test. Analyzing the Precedents with the two aforementioned Rules, it is confirmed that (a) the Supreme Court introduced the Independent Rule, but (b) its true meaning and the usage was misunderstood, confused with those of the Dependent Rule, by scholars and legal practitioners, and finally (c) a self-contradictory legal principle was established as a result. In conclusion, I suggest how jurisprudence and legal practice could progress. The legal practice should resolve the current contradiction, by either using the Dependent Rule as it has been doing so far, or using the Independent Rule, this time in its accurate meaning. Jurisprudence should no longer place the relevant Precedents under the title of ‘Evidence Illegally Obtained by Private Individuals’, but rather discuss them under ‘The Rule of Evidentiary Exclusion Based on Constitution’.

휴양지역에서 이용자의 개인규범과 규칙위반 행위에 미치는 정보의 효과

김상오(Sang Oh Kim),Bo Shelby(Bo Shelby) 한국산림과학회 1996 한국산림과학회지 Vol.85 No.2

This study was conducted to find out whether information based on norm activation theory affects personal norm and rule-violating behavior in a recreation setting, using the data collected from the Second Campground in Chiri-Mountain National Park in 1994. Of the total 280 questionnaires distributed, 253(90.4%) were usable for data analysis. Results showed that information did not increase awareness of consequences(AC) of their actions or ascription of responsibility(AR) for acts and consequences to themselves, and did not directly decrease the quiet time rule-violating behavior. However, it was found that respondents with high ACR(combination of AC and AR) or personal norms less violated the rule. Management implications of these findings were discussed.

휴양객의 기대 , 규범 및 휴양동기가 상충인지에 미치는 영향 - 지리산 국립공원 야영장을 대상으로 -

김상오 ( Sang Oh Kim ),Bo Shelby 한국산림과학회 1996 한국산림과학회지 Vol.85 No.4

This paper examined the effects of users` expectations, norms and recreation motives on perceived conflict in a recreation setting. The study used data collected at Second Campground in Chirisan National Park, Korea, during the summer of 1994. Of the total 280 questionnaires distributed, 253 questionnaires(90.4%) were usable. About 82% of the respondents perceived conflict by others` late-night-singing. This study supported the notion that perceived conflict occurs when norms, expectations, and recreation motives are interfered with by others` incompatible behaviors. Solitude/nature motive factor was a better predictor of perceived conflict than norm-interference or expectation-interference. However, the relative predictability of each variable on perceived conflict could be various depending on different kinds of recreation motives, specific ways of measuring norms, expectations and conflict. Management implications were discussed.

휴양지역에서 이용자의 기대 , 규범 , 상충인지에 미치는 정보의 효과

김상오 ( Sang Oh Kim ) 한국산림과학회 1997 한국산림과학회지 Vol.86 No.3

Users` norms, expectations and recreation motives are major influential factors on perceived conflict in recreation settings. This study was conducted to examine how information affects users` norms and expectations, and subsequently, the extent of perceived conflict. Data was collected at the Second Campground in Chirisan National Park in 1994. Of two hundred eighty on-site survey questionnaires distributed, 253(90.4%) were used for analysis. According to the result of the study, information changed users` normative standards in accord with the content of information and increased the extent of norm convergence. However, it did not change users` expectations and didn`t reduce the degree of perceived canflict. The possible reasons were discussed. Some directions for more effective use of information to reduce perceived conflict were also suggested.

규범적 접근방법에 의한 휴양자원관리의 실태분석 및 평가기준의 설정 - 지리산 국립공원 야영장을 대상으로 -

김상오 ( Sang Oh Kim ) 한국산림과학회 1996 한국산림과학회지 Vol.85 No.3

In order to manage forest recreation resources effectively, it is necessary to establish objective and quantifiable evaluative standards. They can be used to evaluate the present management conditions of recreation resources and to monitor the conditions continuously on the basis of the established evaluative standards. Normative approach is one of alternatives to help establish evaluative standards. Researchers and forest managers have been interested in the approach, and its usefulness in managing recreation resources has been emphasized. This paper evaluated the present conditions of the campgrounds on the basis of users` normative evaluative standards using the data collected by on-site survey at two campgrounds (Baemsagol Campground and Second Campground) in Chiri-Mountain National Park in 1.993. This paper established evaluative standards for eight impact indicators using normative approach, and it evaluated the present management conditions of the campgrounds on the basis of them. The present management conditions for noise time and littering behavior were worse than the evaluative standards at Baemsagol and Second Campground. Present conditions for inconsiderate behavior, number of tents, number of campers, and waiting time for using water supply were worse than the evaluative standards only at Baemsagol Campground. The present management conditions for distance between tents and waiting time for using restroom were better than the evaluative standards at both campgrounds. This study introduced how normative approach can be used to establish evaluative standards, and based on the study result, some management directions were suggested.