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근세기(近世期) 불교사찰(佛敎寺刹)의 건축계획(建築計劃)과 구성요소(構成要素) 연구(硏究) -수도권(首都圈) 원당사찰(願堂寺刹)을 중심으로-
김봉열 한국건축역사학회 1995 건축역사연구 Vol.4 No.2
Near the Capital Seoul in 19th century, a special architectural form was created by the Buddhist monks who were related with Royal families. Their temples, so called 'won-dang', were constructed as supplicating places for their patrons' happiness and heavenly bliss. Among buildings of a Won-dang temple, 'Great Hall', which was accepted as a new building type, was the most important, the earliest constructed, and the biggest one. This boiling type contained the complex functions of small chaples, living rooms of monks, kitchen and dining, and pilotied pavillions. This Great Hall was located at the front of Won-dang temples, the main worship halls were at the behind. The type of Won-dang was needed for the high female who were its powerful patrons, and was oliginated from the small Buddhist temples in rural areas. And the type was able to be domiciled itself at the Capital areas because of the existing architectural fondness of the regional architects and the patrons in high class.
근대건축 형성기 영국과 독일의 건축이론 비교 연구 -러스킨과 무테지우스의 이론을 중심으로-
김봉열,Kim, Bong-Ryol 한국건축역사학회 1992 건축역사연구 Vol.1 No.2
Architectural essence of John Ruskin's discourse can resolve itself into natural beauty, craftmanship, and truth in structure, surface, and process. His theories became disciplines of modern English school, Art and Craft and Free architecture, in aspects of organic architecture, morality, and rationality. These concepts disseminated continental Art Nouveau and also became it's basic principles. But his empirical theories hated use of machine, and should find a ideal model in medieval romanticism of Gothic. Anti-machine, as a instictive guideline of English modern architecture, couldn't cope with the industrialization of 20th century, and Gothic revival interfered with creating a new style. Muthesius' discourses were taught by the power of group movements and modern concept of form in English school, originally by Ruskin. But he accepted the potentiality of machine and mass production, and stressed creating the new German style suitable with machine. With the progress of Deutscher Werkbund, his theories were advanced to 'quality' connected with craftmanship, to discourse on mechanical 'form', and lastly to 'standardization and type' for mass production. Mechanical functionalism of Muthesius and DWB were sophiscated and handed down to Bauhaus, and then finally helped establishment of the Modern Architecture and Internationalism. Both English and German modern architecture owed their contribution as well as limitation to Ruskin and Muthesius as theorists. Through this comparative study, we can see the priority of theory to practice, the theoretical justification based on insight for its society and future, and the practical character of theory itself.