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연구논문 : 만성 B형간염 환자에서 엔테카비어 투여 후 발생한 유전자형 내성
김병욱 ( Byeong Uk Kim ),구자충 ( Ja Chung Goo ),박병출 ( Byeong Chul Park ),김수옥 ( Soo Ok Kim ),홍선표 ( Sun Pyo Hong ),정지인 ( Jee In Jeong ),채희복 ( Hee Bok Chae ),박선미 ( Seon Mee Park ),윤세진 ( Sei Jin Youn ) 대한간학회 2010 Clinical and Molecular Hepatology(대한간학회지) Vol.16 No.2
Background/Aims: The prevalence and clinical characteristics of entecavir (ETV) resistance is not well known. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of genotypic resistance in nonresponders and virologic breakthrough (VBT) patients. Methods: The medical records of 76 chronic hepatitis B patients treated for a least 6 months from October 2006 to October 2008 were reviewed retrospectively. We divided patients into two groups: nucleoside analogue (NA)-na?ve patients (n=38) and lAM experienced patients (n=38). NA-na?ve and lAM experienced patients received ETV at 0.5 and 1.0 mg/day, respectively. The virologic response and VBT were investigated in both groups. We used the multiplex restriction fragment mass polymorphism (RFMP) method to test genotypic resistance at the rtI169, rtT184, rtS202, rtM204, and rtM250 sites. Results: Age, gender, serum AlT, and HBV DNA level before treatment did not differ between the groups. Neither VBT nor nonresponse was observed in the NA-na?ve group, whereas VBT and nonresponse were observed in three patients each in the lamivudine (lAM)-experienced group, all six patients had YMDD mutation at study enrollment, all three patients with VBT had genotypic resistance to ETV, but the three nonresponse patients did not have genotypic resistance to ETV. Conclusions: We suspect that VBT is mostly associated with genotypic resistance to ETV. However, nonresponse might be associated with the continuance or reselection of the YMDD mutant in lAM-experienced patients.
북한지역 민주화 연구실태와 통일을 위한 여건조성의 과제
김병욱(Kim Byeong Uk) 국민대학교 한반도미래연구원 2021 한반도미래연구 Vol.5 No.1
최근 중동사태를 보면 구체제의 붕괴가 난민사태로까지 번졌고 민주화의 실패에 이어 기존 민주주의 퇴행으로까지 이어지고 있다. 이는 북한지역의 실정과 동떨어진 민주화 추진은 역효과를 가져올 수도 있음을 방증한다. 본 연구에서는 북한지역 민주화 연구실태에 근거해 통일에 필요한 지역 민주화 여건조성의 필요성을 살펴보고 이를 실현하기 위한 과제를 살펴보았다. 북한지역 민주화 실현을 위해서는 여건조성의 단계가 필요하며 이는 조직체 결성, 거점확보, 단계적 접근의 3대 요인을 강화해가는 과정에 이루어질 수 있다. 특히 북향민들에 의한 아래로부터의, 고향 지역을 대상으로 민주화 여건을 조성하기 위한 활동을 추진해나가는 것이 효율적이다. If you look at the recent Middle East situation, the collapse of the old system has spread to the refugee crisis, leading to the failure of democratization and the regression of existing democracy. This proves that promoting democratization that is far from the reality in North Korea can have the opposite effect. The answer may be a strategy to create conditions for democratization from below that reflect today s North Korean situation, rather than China or Vietnam, which are systems similar to North Korea, which are different from those of the United States or Europe, which are called advanced countries, in implementing democracy. In this study, the necessity of the conditions for democratization in this region necessary for unification based on the actual situation of democratization research in North Korea and the tasks for realizing it were examined. In order to realize democratization in North Korea, the stage of creating conditions is necessary, which can be achieved in the process of strengthening the three factors of organization formation, securing base, and step-by-step approach.,In particular, it is efficient to promote activities to create democratization conditions for the hometown area from the bottom by the defectors.