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High Cooling Water Temperature Effects on Design and Operational Safety of NPPs in the Gulf Region
김병구,정용훈 한국원자력학회 2013 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.45 No.7
The Arabian Gulf region has one of the highest ocean temperatures, reaching above 35 degrees and ambient temperaturesover 50 degrees in the summer. Two nuclear power plants (NPP) are being introduced in the region for the first time, one atBushehr (1,000 MWe PWR plant from Russia), and a much larger one at Barakah (4X1,400 MWe PWR from Korea). Bothplants take seawater from the Gulf for condenser cooling, having to modify the secondary/tertiary side cooling systems designby increasing the heat transfer surface area from the country of origin. This paper analyses the secondary side of a typicalPWR plant operating under the Rankine cycle with a simplified thermal-hydraulic model. Parametric study of ocean coolingtemperatures is conducted to estimate thermal efficiency variations and its associated design changes for the secondary side. Operational safety is reviewed to deliver rated power output with acceptable safety margins in line with technicalspecifications, mainly in the auxiliary systems together with the cooling water temperature. Impact on the Gulf seawater as theultimate heat sink is considered negligible, affecting only the adjacent water near the NPP site, when compared to the solarradiation on the sea surface.
高麗의 儒敎勸學 敎育思想 硏究 : 高麗建國時代를 中心으로
金炳九 新羅大學校 1983 論文集 Vol.15 No.-
This study aims to examine the educational background of the first half of the Koryo Dynasty which corresponds to the prosperous period of about 200 years after the foundation of the kingdom. It is true that the chief motive power of the prosperity in the early Koryo Dynastry was Confusianism. But it was school education that had the function of encouraging Confusian knowledge and thought. Thus, in order to understand the thought that underlay the establishment of Koryo it is indispensable to study the educational thought and background that substantiated that Confusianism. The main results of this study are summarized as follows: 1. King Taejo, the founder of the founder of the Dynasty, established in his 2nd year the government organization with the help of some Confusian scholars such as Myongyu, Parkyu, Choie, etc. and soon established a school in Kaekyong, the capital of that time. In his 13th year taejo established another shool in Seokyong, the capital of the preceding dynasty. 2. In his 26th year(943) Taejo made Hunyo Shipjo, ten principles of administration for the future kings. The contents of the principles are divided into those related with Buddhism and those related with Confusianism. But it should be noted that Taejo's interest in Buddhism was not aroused from pure religious faith but from his belief that it would help defend the country. 3. Kwangjong, the 4th King, adopted a new examination system for governmental posts. Seongiong, the 6th King, founded Kukchagam, the state educational institute, which had three major departments, Kukchahak, Taehak,and Samunhak. All this was motivated practically for the spread of Confusianism. 4. Munjong, the 11th King, expanded the state institute by adding two more departments, Yulhak and Sanhak. He also encouraed the collection and distribution of books. Another educational turning point was made during the reign of Munjong with the establishment of 12 private schools one of which was Choe chung's Munhunkongdo. This on-going expansion of educational system for encouraging Confusianism came to its peak when Injong, the 17th King, elaborated the state institute by adding one more department, Seohak, and founded Hyanghak, a state-run local institute. 5. In conclusion, the Confusianism of Koryo was anchored as underlying thought by the constant encouragement of her successive kings from Taejo to Injong and by the appropriate educational support.