신라 왕실 삼성(三姓)의 연원

김기흥(Kim Ki-Heung) 한국고대사학회 2011 韓國古代史硏究 Vol.0 No.64

신라의 김씨는 진흥왕대에 대중국 외교 관계에서 처음 사용되었다. 『北齊書』에 보이는 신라왕 ‘김진흥’은 ‘왕인 진흥’으로 ‘김’은 ‘왕’의 의미이다. 김씨 왕실의 바로 앞에 있었던 다른 부계 혈통의 ‘예전 왕’들은 ‘옛 왕’ 즉 ‘석김(昔金)’에서 왕을 나타내는 ‘김’을 피하고 석(昔)만을 남겨 구분한 듯하다. 석씨에 앞서 집권하였던 왕실 계통은 시조 혁거세의 이름에 보이는 ‘광명’의 의미를 취하여 ‘박’이란 성씨로 구별하였다. 三姓은 석씨계 집단의 도태 후에 칭해진 것으로서 씨족이나 족단들이 준별되는 상태에서 賜姓하여 준 것이 아니었다. 기존 왕계에 따라 성씨를 나누고, 왕실과 친연관계가 있는 귀족들에 대하여는 부계 혈연관계에 따라 구분하여 가다가 결국 상대적 친소정도에 의해 성씨를 구별하였던 것이다. 그런데 이들 지배층은 누대의 정치적 연합과 통혼관계를 통하여 복합적인 혈연관계를 형성하고 있었다. 이에 중고기 성골왕실의 근친혼이 강화되며 권부의 핵심에서 도태되었던 박씨계에 대해 김씨계는 여전히 혈연적 유대감을 갖기도 하였다. 김씨 왕비가 대외적으로 박씨를 칭하기도 하고, 신라 말에는 김씨였을 가능성이 있는 신덕왕이 박씨를 칭하는 일도 나타났다. 신덕왕은 견훤이나 궁예 등이 신성한 자임을 선전하는 중에 신라 왕실의 권위를 다시 세우고자 퇴락한 김씨왕계 대신 신라 초기 왕계인 박씨의 원손임을 천명하는 복고적 행태를 보였다. 한편, 김씨의 경우 7세기에 이르러 김알지 이외에 중국의 신화적 제왕인 소호금천씨를 시조로 보는 인식이 나타났다. 국제화의 진전 속에 왕실의 위상을 제고하기 위한 정체성의 확대 시도이며, 아울러 국가 중추세력으로 등장한 가야계 김씨까지를 포괄하기 위한 것이었다. 시조를 중국의 신화적 존재로 설정하게 되자 중국의 김씨 시조인 김일제도 먼 일족 정도로 인식할 수 있게 되었다. ‘대당고김씨부인묘명’에는 소호금천씨를 세조로 김일제를 원조라고 하고 그의 후손들이 요동에 피난한 양 말하였다. 그런데 김씨부인이 중국내에 본관을 둔 ‘경조(京兆) 김씨’ 임을 분명히 하고 중국내 연원 관계를 강조하고 있다. 따라서 이 묘명의 성씨 관련 내용은 재당 신라계 귀화인들의 경계인적 사고방식에서 적극 윤색된 것으로 신라 김씨 왕실의 연원을 그대로 말한 것으로 볼 수 없다. Kim, one of the three House names(Kim, Seok, Park) that were used by members of the Shilla royal family, seems to have been used for the first time in 565, by King Jin’heung-wang in his diplomatic dealings with China. At the time, the full and formal name that was used to refer to the Shilla king in diplomatic occasions was ‘Kim Jinheung.’ From the fact that such title literally meant ‘King Jin-heung,’ we can see that the term ‘Kim’ actually had the meaning of ‘King.’ It seems that the houses which provided former kings(which would make them ‘former royal families’), yet now stripped of power and shut out by the Kim House members, were not allowed to use the name ‘Kim,’ as such last name would falsely indicate that they were the present house in power making kings. They may have only been allowed to use the name ‘Seok-Kim(昔金),’ which would have meant ’Past king’ with the prefix ‘Seok(昔),’ while ‘Kim’ alone would be the equivalent of ‘(Present) King.’ Meanwhile, the descendants of kings and Houses which predated the ‘Seok’ kings and its house were also present at the time, and have been part of the Shilla dynasty’s central nobility class for quite some time. They were not to be referred to as ‘Seok.’ So they distinguished themselves with the last name ‘Park,’ which reflected the meaning of the term ‘Gwang’myeong(“light”)’ that can be found inside the Founder Hyeok’-geo‘se’s name. (‘Hyeok’geo‘se’ is usually referred to as “Park Hyeok‘geo’se”). Then in the 7th century, a new perspective to view the name Kim started to emerge. Unlike the previous thinking which believed that Kim Al-ji, the origin of the last name Kim, was the beginning of the house, the new idea came to argue that the mythical emperor of China, ‘Soho Geumcheon,’ was the true beginning and origin of the Kim house family members. This seems to have been a result of the Shilla government’s overall efforts to lift the status of the king and also enhance its importance in the process, as it became necessary for the Shilla dynasty to boost its image and establish its prowess throughout the East Asian region. Once the founder of the House name Kim was established as an ancient and also mythical being from China’s past, another historical figure named Kim Il-je(金日?), the origin of the Chinese last name Kim and whose origin can also be traced to the Huns(‘匈奴’), came to be considered as a distant relative of the Shilla royal family as well, and even be recorded in Shilla epitaphs. This caused a debate concerning the matter of whether or not the Shilla royal Kim family was related to the Hun tribes, yet the possibility of the Shilla Kim house descending from the Huns is nearly nonexistent.

장애아(인)와 여가교육

김기흥 ( Kim Ki-heung ) 한국유아특수교육학회 2002 유아특수교육연구 Vol.2 No.1

본 연구는 장애아 또는 장애인에게 있어서 여가는 어떤 기능과 의미를 가지는지, 그리고 현실적으로 이들이 여가를 활용하지 못하는 내외적인 문제점과 올바른 방향에 관하여 고찰하였다. 여가의 기능은 비장애인뿐만 아니라 장애인에게도 개인적인 측면과 사회적인 측면에서 동일하게 중요하다. 그러나 실제적으로 장애아(인)들이 여가를 활용하는데는 다양한 어려움이 그들의 안팎에 존재한다. 무엇보다도 장애아(인)에게 있어서 여가교육의 중심적인 방향은 궁극적으로 사회 통합적인 기능을 수행하는데 그 기초를 두고 있어야 할 것이다. The current study investigates the usefulness of leisure for handicapped children and the individual and social problems with their utilization to find solutions to overcome those problems. The environmental factors such as family, school, and social welfare institution play a critical role for children’s activities in leisure, as well as individual ones associated with the handicapped children themselves. The present study suggests several solutions to overcome those problems. One of the most important things is that the purpose of leisure should aim to help youths integrating themselves into their societies.

깨어진 석굴암의 천개석

김기흥(Kim Ki-heung) 한국역사연구회 2009 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.74

The Cheon’gae-seok/天蓋石 stone, which is placed almost like a cover stone at the center of the ceiling of the Seokgul-am dome, is cracked and therefore feature three portions. According to the tales featured inside Samguk Yusa, which mention the construction of Seokgul-am, the stone which was to be lifted and used as the ceiling stone was cracked in mid-construction, yet while Kim Dae Seong, chief supervisor of the Seokgul-am construction, was in sleep, a god of heaven came and lifted the cracked stone to the ceiling. Many researchers estimate that the stone should be around 2.5 meters in diameter, and weighs roughly 20 tons, and they are most interested to find out how such a large stone, and not to mention in a cracked status, could have been positioned at the center of a dome's ceiling. They have been in search for the technique which would have enabled such positioning, and they are anxious to know the reason why the stone was not replaced with another stone that was not cracked. Some people believe that it was the technicians who lifted the cracked stone while Kim Dae Seong was asleep, yet Kim did not oppose it and have it removed because he also dreamt of a god of heaven visiting and lifting the stone. Other people present another possibility that a wise intellect, described in the tale as a god from heaven, might have argued that the fact the stone was cracked in mid-transport symbolized the really difficult nature of unifying the three dynasties, and that person might also have suggested that the stone be used without being replaced. And others simply believe that the Shilla technicians as a habit did not conclude their job very cleanly, and were actually content to place a cracked stone at the ceiling. Such previous opinions were based upon a belief that the tale was containing historical truth, and in that regard they are all misguided. Tales in nature, are told by people who would like to determine the causes to a certain condition of a vestige or an artifact, and then simply decide to come up with theories based upon evidences that they did not actually witness with their own eyes. A god of heaven could not have lifted that stone, so we can safely come to the conclusion that this tale is quite evidently not based upon an eye-witness account to the actual construction process. It is a mere speculation accumulated by people who gathered at Seokgul-am, happening to be talking about how such a heavy stone piece would have been placed at the center of a dome's ceiling. Rational presumptions can be made. The major earthquake that hit the Gyeongju area in 779, or the major flooding that engulfed the Eastern region of Shilla in 797, two catastrophes that took place only a few years or one or two decades after the construction of Seokgul-am was complete, could have been the reason for the crack. The stone was at the center of the dome's ceiling, so it was very much vulnerable to being damaged by either the shockwave from a quake, or simply the additional weight of accumulated dust piled upon the ceiling. People of the past who visited the grand beauty that was Seokgul-am, would have been in awe of the sheer magnificence of all the Buddhist images and not to mention the internal structure of Seokgul-am itself, so some of them were bound to interpret the cracks in the ceiling as a result of some intentional designing, and to create stories of their own, containing mystical properties. The approach featured in this article could contribute to future tasks dedicated to determining the validity of tale materials, and not to mention raising the level of public understanding of the internal structure of Seokgul-am, one of the proud legacies of the Korean people even acknowledged from global standards. The unfair evaluation of the Shilla technicians could also be corrected.

독일 나치스 시대에 있어서 장애아(인)의 사회적 의미

김기흥 ( Kim Ki-heung ) 한국유아특수교육학회 2001 유아특수교육연구 Vol.1 No.2

특수교육의 역사 가운데서 가장 불행했던 시대를 말하자면 아마도 원시/고대 시대를 꼽을 수 있을 것이다. 그러나 그러한 부정적인 역사적 사건의 기록은 그것으로 그치지 않고 독일의 나치의 독재 정권 시대에서 재차 찾아볼 수 있다. 사회적 다윈주의의 국가 정치이념아래에서 수많은 장애인은 이른바 ‘살 가치가 없는 존재’로 구분되어 강제적인 불임시술과 안락사를 통해 희생되었던 것이다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 나치 독재 정권의 비인간적인 단행을 고발하고, 오늘날까지도 다양하게 나타나는 장애인에 대한 선입견과 차별대우에 대해 경종을 울리며 장애인도 절대적인 존엄성과 가치를 지닌 존재라는 것을 다시 확인하고 인간을 생산성, 경제성 또는 합리적인 사고로 구분하는 것을 방지하여 함께 더불어 사는 사회를 이루는데 그 기초적인 자료를 제공하는데 목적을 둔다. 그러한 목적을 전제로 여기에서는 나치정권의 역사적 형성과정, 정치이념으로서의 사회적 다윈주의, 그리고 장애인에 대한 강제불임과 안락사를 위한 그 당시 다양한 법들과 그 만행을 차례대로 기술했다. It can be said that the prehistoric and ancient times may be the worst in history of special education. However, the records of the negative historic event were found in German-Nazism again. Many disable persons were quarantined as unworthy being under the politic ideology of social Darwinism, and then were sacrificed through forced sterilization operation and euthanasia. This research aims to inform of the cruelty of Nazism, to warn against a prejudice and discriminative treatment against disable persons, which have been found various nowadays, to confirm once more that disable persons have also the dignity of man, and to supply elementary data, which can prevent us from classifying people on productivity, economical efficiency or rationality. To achieve these aims I am to describe the historical progress of Nazism, the politic ideology of social Darwinism and finally the law of sterilization operation and euthanasia and the cruelty against disable persons one after one.

모래하천의 골재채취로 인한 하천의 물리적 교란 : 감천의 골재채취 사례

김기흥(Kim Ki Heung),정혜련(Jung Hea Reyn) 대한토목학회 2009 대한토목학회 학술대회 Vol.2009 No.10

한 · 일간 무역과 환경-무역정책의 분석 : 일반균형모형을 사용한 배출오염을 중심으로

김기흥(Ki-Heung Kim) 한국무역학회 2003 國際學術大會 論文集 Vol.2003 No.10

The Analysis of Environment Policy and the Emissions Transfer through International Trade Flow Between Korea and Japan Through CGE Model. The ability of international trade to alter the composition of domestic production activities allows it to exert an important influence on the environment. Historically, export-oriented growth has often been associated with high and unsustainable pollution levels, and countries on this path of development are increasingly aware of the environmental risks. This paper uses data on the economy of Korea to appraise the environmental risks of its trade orientation and to evaluate some alternative economic instruments for reducing these risks. Three principal conclusions emerge from this preliminary research, two rather negative and one positive. First, Korea's historical trade orientation has been environmentally asymmetric in the sense that is occasioned significant transfers of pollution services from its trading partners to the domestic economy. Secondly, given current technology, increasingly outward trade orientation by Korea is likely to raise both the levels and intensities of major industrial effluents, posing an ever more serious threat to public health. Other things being equal, these effects would be intensified by across-the-board Korean tariff reductions. Third, there is considerable scope within the economy for reducing both the level and intensity of domestic pollution under existing technologies. This can apparently be achieved by economic instrument which change the composition of domestic output, including important tariffs and effluent taxes. Such taxes may lead to reductions in real output, but by significantly smaller percentages than the pollution reductions. We have assessed the relative cost of curtailing pollution with a variety of instruments, including export taxes, specific effluent taxes, and uniform effluent taxes. A combination of uniform tax and tariff removal is simulated to examine the possibility of lowering domestic emissions and raising material welfare simultaneously. Our simulation results indicate that a uniform effluent tax is the most cost effective instrument in abating S02 emissions. Our results shows that it is possible to abate industrial pollution while maintaining or increasing real output when uniform taxation is combined with trade liberalization.. Trade liberalization shluld not be discouraged because of its environmental effects.

한ㆍ일간 무역과 환경-무역정책의 분석

김기흥(Ki-Heung Kim) 한국무역학회 2003 한국무역학회 국제학술대회 Vol.2003 No.10

The Analysis of Environment Policy and the Emissions Transfer through International Trade Flow Between Korea and Japan Through CGE Model. The ability of international trade to alter the composition of domestic production activities allows it to exert an important influence on the environment. Historically, export-oriented growth has often been associated with high and unsustainable pollution levels, and countries on this path of development are increasingly aware of the environmental risks. This paper uses data on the economy of Korea to appraise the environmental risks of its trade orientation and to evaluate some alternative economic instruments for reducing these risks. Three principal conclusions emerge from this preliminary research, two rather negative and one positive. First, Korea's historical trade orientation has been environmentally asymmetric in the sense that is occasioned significant transfers of pollution services from its trading partners to the domestic economy. Secondly, given current technology, increasingly outward trade orientation by Korea is likely to raise both the levels and intensities of major industrial effluents, posing an ever more serious threat to public health. Other things being equal, these effects would be intensified by across-the-board Korean tariff reductions. Third, there is considerable scope within the economy for reducing both the level and intensity of domestic pollution under existing technologies. This can apparently be achieved by economic instrument which change the composition of domestic output, including important tariffs and effluent taxes. Such taxes may lead to reductions in real output, but by significantly smaller percentages than the pollution reductions. We have assessed the relative cost of curtailing pollution with a variety of instruments, including export taxes, specific effluent taxes, and uniform effluent taxes. A combination of uniform tax and tariff removal is simulated to examine the possibility of lowering domestic emissions and raising material welfare simultaneously. Our simulation results indicate that a uniform effluent tax is the most cost effective instrument in abating S02 emissions. Our results shows that it is possible to abate industrial pollution while maintaining or increasing real output when uniform taxation is combined with trade liberalization.. Trade liberalization shluld not be discouraged because of its environmental effects.

특수교육학적 관점에서의 히틀러의 인간관 비판에 관한 일 연구

김기흥 ( Ki-heung Kim ) 한국발달장애학회 2022 발달장애연구 Vol.26 No.2

본 연구는 히틀러의 인간이해를 비판적으로 살펴보고, 이를 통해 특수교육학적 관점에서 가져야 할 기본적인 인간관을 알아보고자 했다. 이를 위해 먼저 히틀러의 정치이념들을 개관하였고, 이어서 일반학교나 특수학교가 지향했던 교육적 인간관을 분석하였다. 본 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 히틀러 정권의 정치 이념은 당시 인간관 형성의 주요 요소로서 특히 인종주의와 사회적 다윈주의를 핵심으로 하였다. 둘째, 히틀러의 정치이념은 일반학교뿐만 아니라 특수학교의 교육 정책에도 적용되었다. 이에 유대인 등 수많은 비(非)아리안 인종이나 노동, 학습 또는 치료 불가로 판단된 장애 아동 및 청소년들은 ‘살 가치가 없는 목숨’으로 간주되어 강제적 불임시술과 안락사로 희생되었다. 이러한 주요 연구결과를 바탕으로 인간의 절대적 존엄성은 특수교육의 기초적 사상이며, 인간 가치나 존재 의미를 경제성, 합리성, 생산성을 기준으로 판단해서는 안 됨을 강조하였다. 아울러 학교교육에서 이러한 인간의 존엄성을 견지하기 위해서는 확고한 법적 뒷받침이 필요함을 논의하였다. This study tried to critically examine Hitler's understanding of human beings, and through this, to find out the basic human view to have from the perspective of special education. To this end, first, Hitler's political ideologies were over viewed, and then, the educational view of humanity that general schools and special schools aimed at was analyzed. The results of this study are as follows. First, the political ideology of Hitler's regime was particularly racism and social Darwinism as key elements in the formation of the human view at the time. Second, Hitler's political ideology was applied to the education policy of special schools as well as general schools. As a result, many non-Aryan races, including Jews, and children with disabilities who were judged incapable of work, learning or treatment were considered “lives not worth living” and were sacrificed by forced sterilization and euthanasia. Based on these major research results, it was emphasized that the absolute dignity of human beings is a basic idea of special education, and that human values or meaning of existence should not be judged based on economic efficiency, rationality and productivity. In addition, we discussed the need for firm legal support in order to maintain this human dignity in school education.

한,ASEAN 경제통합시 정보통신 품목에 대한 관세 인하 전략과 경쟁력분석

김기흥 ( Ki Heung Kim ) 한국국제통상학회 2006 국제통상연구 Vol.11 No.3

지역주의의 효과에 대한 경제적인 분석 논의

김기흥(Ki Heung Kim) 한국국제통상학회 1997 국제통상연구 Vol.2 No.2

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