외부 반출 PET/CT 영상 현황 및 개선점

김계환,최현준,이홍재,김진의,김현주,Kim, Gye-Hwan,Choi, Hyeon-Joon,Lee, Hong-Jae,Kim, Jin-Eui,Kim, Hyun-Joo 대한핵의학기술학회 2010 핵의학 기술 Vol.14 No.2

이 논문은 먼저 서울대병원 PET/CT 외부 반입 영상 자료의 현황을 파악하고 이를 바탕으로 현재 각 병원 간 전송을 위해 사용되는 PET/CT 영상 자료의 현황과 문제점에 대해 알아보고자 한다. 2010년 1월부터 4월까지 외부 병원에서 의뢰한 PET/CT 영상 판독 의뢰가 있었던 64개 병원을 대상으로 하였다. 각 병원들의 PET/CT 영상 자료에 대해 개별 PET과 CT 영상 자료 제공 여부, PET/CT 융합 영상 제공 여부 등을 조사하였다. 그리고 외래 판독 의뢰가 많았던 병원 상위 5개 병원의 핵의학과 책임자에게 전화를 통한 설문 조사를 실시하였다. 질문 항목은 각 병원 핵의학과에서는 외부 병원 반출용 PET/CT 영상 자료의 구성에 대해 알고 있는지 여부와 핵의학과 자체에서 외부 병원 영상을 처리하는지 여부이다. 서울대병원에 판독이 의뢰된 64개 병원의 PET/CT 영상 CD 자료에 대해 조사하였다. 이 중 횡단면 PET 영상을 제공해준 병원은 조사된 전체 병원의 73%, 횡단면 CT 영상을 제공해준 병원은 조사된 전체 병원의 73%에 불과하였으며 횡단면 융합 영상을 제공해준 병원은 조사된 전체 병원의 77%, MIP 영상을 제공해준 병원은 조사된 전체 병원의 86%였다. 그리고 병원마다 보내는 데이터들이 다 제각각이었다. 어떤 경우는 DICOM 표준형식의 횡단면 PET/CT 영상 등 모든영상이 포함된 경우도 있고 반대로 MIP 영상과 2차원 캡쳐 영상이 없는 경우도 있다. 최소한의 영상을 포함시키는 것도 중요하지만 불필요하게 많은 영상 정보들은 저장 매체의 용량과 영상의 복사 등의 이동 시간에도 비효율적이다. 가장 중요한 DICOM 표준 형식의 횡단면 PET/CT 영상을 전혀 포함하지 않은 병원들을 대상으로 한 전화 설문에서는 핵의학과 자체에서 외부 반출용 PET/CT 영상 자료의 구성에 대해 모르고 있었으며 핵의학 영상 자료를 PACS에 올리고 외부 반출용 영상 CD 제작을 타 부서에서 진행하고 있었다. 현재 각 병원들에서 외부 병원으로 복사하여 보내는 PET/CT 영상 자료 CD는 전체 대상 병원의 27% 이상에서 제한적인 영상만을 포함하고 있어 외부 병원 영상을 받아 환자진료에 이용하는 병원에서는 제한된 영상 정보로 인한 PET/CT 검사의 판독 및 활용 상의 어려움, 재촬영에 따른 추가 의료비 지출이 상당한 문제가 되고 있다. 각 병원들에서 외부 병원으로 보내는 PET/CT 영상 자료에는 최소한 DICOM 표준 형식의 전체 횡단면 PET 영상과 전체 횡단면 CT 영상을 필수적으로 포함시키도록 하고 불필요한 영상을 최소화하는 학회 차원에서의 외부 반출 PET/CT 영상에 대한 가이드라인 마련이 필요하다고 사료된다. Purpose: This study was performed to find the current problems of PET/CT data from other hospitals. Materials and Methods: The subjects were acquired from 64 hospitals referred to our department for image interpretation. The formats and contents of PET/CT data were reviewed and the phone questionnaire survey about these were performed. Results: PET/CT data from 39 of 64 hospitals (61%) included all transaxial CT and PET images with DICOM (Digital Imaging Communications in Medicine) standard format which were required for authentic interpretation. PET/CT data from the others included only secondary capture images or fusion PET/CT images. Conclusion: The majority of hospitals provided limited PET/CT data which could be inadequate for accurate interpretation and clinical decision making. It is necessary to standardize the format of PET/CT data to transfer including all transaxial CT and PET images with DICOM standard format.

Brain SPECT Processing에 있어서 Macro Program 사용의 유용성

김계환,이홍재,김진의,김현주,Kim, Gye-Hwan,Lee, Hong-Jae,Kim, Jin-Eui,Kim, Hyeon-Joo 대한핵의학기술학회 2009 핵의학 기술 Vol.13 No.1

Purpose: Diagnostic and functional imaging softwares in Nuclear Medicine have been developed significantly. But, there are some limitations which like take a lot of time. In this article, we introduced that the basic concept of macro to help understanding macro and its application to Brain SPECT processing. We adopted macro software to SPM processing and PACS verify processing of Brain SPECT processing. Materials and Methods: In Brain SPECT, we choose SPM processing and two PACS works which have large portion of a work. SPM is the software package to analyze neuroimaging data. And purpose of SPM is quantitative analysis between groups. Results are made by complicated process such as realignment, normalization, smoothing and mapping. We made this process to be more simple by using macro program. After sending image to PACS, we directly input coordinates of mouse using simple macro program for processes of color mapping, adjustment of gray scale, copy, cut and match. So we compared time for making result by hand with making result by macro program. Finally, we got results by applying times to number of studies in 2007. Results: In 2007, the number of SPM studies were 115 and the number of PACS studies were 834 according to Diamox study. It was taken 10 to 15 minutes for SPM work by hand according to expertness and 5 minutes and a half was uniformly needed using Macro. After applying needed time to the number of studies, we calculated an average time per a year. When using SPM work by hand according to expertness, 1150 to 1725 minutes (19 to 29 hours) were needed and 632 seconds (11 hours) were needed for using Macro. When using PACS work by hand, 2 to 3 minutes were needed and for using Macro, 45 seconds were needed. After applying theses time to the number of studies, when working by hand, 1668 to 2502 minutes (28 to 42 hours) were needed and for using Macro, 625 minutes (10 hours) were needed. Following by these results, it was shown that 1043 to 1877 (17 to 31 hours were saved. Therefore, we could save 45 to 63% for SPM, 62 to 75% for PACS work and 55 to 70% for total brain SPECT processing in 2007. Conclusions: On the basis of the number of studies, there was significant time saved when we applied Macro to brain SPECT processing and also it was shown that even though work is taken a little time, there is a possibility to save lots of time according to the number of studies. It gives time on technologist's side which makes radiological technologist more concentrate for patients and reduce probability of mistake. Appling Macro to brain SPECT processing helps for both of radiological technologists and patients and contribute to improve quality of hospital service. 서론 : 핵의학에 있어서 컴퓨터의 발전은 질적인 향상뿐 아니라 양적으로도 성장하고 있다. 다양한 소프트웨어를 사용하여 핵의학과 업무에 적용한다면 양질의 영상을 얻고 단순작업의 시간을 줄일 수 있을 것이다. 핵의학과 업무에 있어 컴퓨터를 이용한 processing에 할애하는 시간은 상당하여, 이 시간을 줄이는 방법으로 Macro라는 프로그램을 적용하기로 하였고, 단순 반복 작업이 많은 Brain SPECT SPM processing과 Brain SPECT PACS verify processing에 적용해 보기로 하였다. 실험재료 및 방법 : Brain SPECT에서 SPM processing과 작업 건수가 많은 PACS 작업 두 가지를 대상으로 하였다. SPM은 Brain의 Neuroimaging data를 분석하기 위한 소프트웨어 패키지로서 그룹간의 정량적인 분석을 목적으로 하고, Realignment, Normalization, Smoothing, Mapping 등의 복잡한 과정을 거쳐 결과를 만들어낸다. 이 과정을 Macro Program를 이용해서 간단하게 코딩하는 작업을 거쳐 만들어 보았다. PACS verify작업은 PACS로 보낸 영상을 간단하게 Color mapping, Gray scale 조정, 복사, 잘라 붙이는 과정으로 이루어지는데, 이를 Macro Program을 이용하여 직접 마우스 좌표를 입력하였다. 수작업으로 했을 때와 Macro Program을 활용했을 때 결과물을 만드는 시간을 기록하여 2007년 검사건수에 대입하여 결과를 도출하였다. 결과 : 2007년 SPM 검사 건수는 115건, PACS 작업 건수는 Diamox 검사 기준으로 834건이었다. SPM을 수작업은 숙련도에 따라 10분에서 15분 소요되었고, Macro를 사용시 5분 30초가 소요되었다. 검사 건수에 대입하여 년 평균 시간을 산출하면 SPM을 수작업으로 했을 시 숙련도에 따라 1150~1725분(19~29시간)이 소요되었고, Macro 사용 시에는 632분(10.5 시간)이 걸렸다. PACS는 수작업 시 2~3분이 걸렸으며, Macro를 사용 시에는 45초가 걸렸다. 이를 검사 건수에 대입하면 수작업 시 1668~2502분(28~42시간)이 걸렸고, Macro 사용시 625분(10시간)이 소요되어서 1043~1877분(17~31)시간이 절약 되었다. 결과적으로, SPM에 있어서 45~63%, PACS 작업에 있어서는 62~75%, 2007년 기준으로 전체 Brain SPECT Processing에서 55~70% 정도의 시간 절약 효과를 볼 수 있었다. 결론 : 2007년 검사 건수 기준으로 Macro 프로그램 사용시 상당한 시간절약 효과를 가져왔고 아무리 적은 시간이 걸리는 작업이라도 건수에 따라 많은 시간을 줄일 수 있다는 것을 확인하였다. 이는 검사실 근무자에게 검사하는 환자에게 더욱 집중할 수 있는 시간적 여유를 주어 안전사고 발생률을 더욱 줄일 수 있을 것이다. 그리고, 논문을 통해서 알 수 있는 것처럼, Brain SPECT 프로세싱뿐만 아니라 다른 다양한 분야의 단순반복 업무에 매크로를 활용함으로써 얻을 수 있는 시간적 이득과 작업 효율성은 상당할 것이라 생각되어진다.

기억으로서의 영상매체와 기억산업의 문화콘텐츠

김계환(Gye-Hwan Kim) 한국콘텐츠학회 2009 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.9 No.2

문화콘텐츠가 문화산업의 중심으로 부상하면서, 콘텐츠와 이를 활용한 문화산업에 대한 관심이 어느 때보다 높다. 문화는 기억을 중심으로 이루어지며, 기억을 배제한 문화란 존재할 수 없다. 기억은 개인의 차원을 넘어 집단적, 사회적 기억으로 작용한다. 또한 문화는 기억을 담지할 매체를 필연적으로 요구하는데, 최근의 영상텍스트는 새로운 기억매체로서 주목받고 있다. 이러한 점에서 이 논문은 사회·문화적 기억으로서 ‘기억’의 의미를 탐색해 보고, 중국 6세대 영화를 중심으로 사회·문화적 기억과 그것을 담지해내는 영상텍스트의 기억복원의 의미를 분석하는 데 초점을 두었다. 또한 ‘대항기억’으로서 ‘개인기억’의 문화적 의의를 탐색하고, 이를 통해 기억산업과 콘텐츠의 접합 가능성을 찾아보는 시도를 모색했다. 6세대 영화를 주목한 이유는 중국 당국이 제시하는 ‘공식기억’에 대항하며 ‘지하’에서 만들어졌던 이들 영화가 국제적인 영화제에서 괄목한 만한 성과를 획득해 나가고 있기 때문이다. As cultural contents are rising to the surface, the contents and interests regarding the industries that utilize the culture become higher than any other times. Culture is performed with memory, and the culture that excludes memory cannot exist. The memory exceeds a dimension of the individual and operates with an assembled and social memory. Furthermore the culture requires media to put memories inevitable. Therefore, recent image texts are coming to the attention as new storage media. So this essay analyzed the meaning of 'memory' as social-cultural memory by putting the sixth generation Chinese movies to the center and restoration of image text that puts memory in it. And also, I examined the cultural meanings of 'individual memories' as the 'counter memory' and tried to find the possibility of junction between memory industry and the contents. I focused on the sixth generation Chinese movies because these movies made remarkable progresses in the international film festivals though they were made in 'underground' by objecting to 'official memory' proposed by the Chinese government.

동아시아적 "개인"의 등장: 루쉰의 "탈식민적 개인주의"에 관한 시론

김계환 ( Gye Hwan Kim ) 현대중국학회 2010 現代中國硏究 Vol.11 No.2

최근 하토야마 유키오(鳩山由紀夫) 일본 총리가 `동아시아 공동체` 구상을 제안한 이후 `동아시아 공동체` 구상이 동아시아 3국의 화두로 다시 떠오르고 있다. 그러나 동아시아 공동체 구상에 앞서 전제되고 검토되어야 할 것은 먼저 동아시아에서 개인이 차지하는 의미와 위치이다. 동아시아에서 개인은 집단 혹은 공동체라는 절대가치 아래 소외돼 왔다고 해도 과언이 아니다. 이 논문은 반식민지 상태였던 근대 중국에서 주체로서 개인의 존재방식에 대해 누구보다 치열한 고민을 했던 루쉰(魯迅)의 개인주의를 `탈식민적 개인주의`로 해석하며 이에 대한 답사를 통해 동아시아에서의 개인의 의미를 탐색한다. 루쉰이 살았던 시대의 중국은 봉건주의와 서구 제국주의에 의한 이중 식민성이 엄존해 있던 시대였다. 탈식민주의 이론이 식민주의적 억압에 대한 저항의 이데올로기로 표출된 담론이라고 보았을 때, 루쉰의 개인주의는 철저히 `탈식민적 개인주의`의 성격을 띤다. 루쉰의 개인은 노예성(奴隸性)과 동물성(獸性)의 식민성 극복은 물론 공동체 구상에 앞서 개인의 확립을 주장하고 있기 때문이다. 근대적응과 근대 극복의 이중과제를 안고 동아시아의 독자적 근대 창출을 열망했던 루쉰의 개인주의는 `동아시아 공동체` 구상에 시사점을 줄 수 있을 것이다. Japan`s New Commitment to Asia toward the Realization of an East Asian Community, which was recently proposed by Japanese Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama, has been again at the center of public concerns among three east asian countries. But, there is a precondition, which needs to be discussed to the proposal, a particular significance and position of individuals in East Asia. In this region, it is not too much to say that individuals have been neglected in favor of absolute value of groups or communities. This paper interprets individualism of Lu Xun, who had some serious thinking to find the way in which individuals existed under semicolonialism of modern China, as `decolonial individualism` and through this covers particular points of individuals in East Asia. When Lu Xun was alive in this era, China had been dominated by feudalism and Western imperialism. Post-colonialism theory expressed in ideological discourse against colonial oppression while Lu Xun`s theory expressed `decolonial individualism`. Lu Xun insisted to establish individuals as well as overcoming the colonialism and animalism before formulate community. With double burden of adapting and overcoming modern times, Lu Xun`s individualism, where he really desired to create and independent modern society, can give us insights about the proposal of `East Asia Community`.

소아 핵의학 검사 시 사용되는 방사성의약품의 양 산출 기준 조사

도용호,김계환,이홍재,김진의,김현주,Do, Yong-Ho,Kim, Gye-Hwan,Lee, Hong-Jae,Kim, Jin-Eui,Kim, Hyun-Joo 대한핵의학기술학회 2009 핵의학 기술 Vol.13 No.1

Purpose: Presently, any exact standard of radiopharmaceutical doses in pediatric nuclear medicine doesn't exist in the universe. So hospitals are following by manual of vial kit or guidelines of America and Europe based on recommended adult doses adjusted for body mass (MBq/kg) or body surface area (MBq/$m^2$). However, especially for children younger than 1 year and heavier than 50 kg, it's hard to estimate exact dosage for those children. Materials and Methods: In order to obtain objective data of multipliers for pediatric studies, we surveyed 4 major hospitals in Korea. After receiving feedbacks, we changed dosage to multiplier. And we compared multipliers of Korea to America's and Europe's. Results: Most hospitals in Korea are following by body mass formula (MBq/kg). On the other hand, standards don't include proper factors for a child younger than 1 year and heavier than 50 kg. Multipliers for 3 kg children who are injected lower doses than needed are America:0.12, Europe:0.09, Korea:0.05, multipliers for 30 kg children who are injected proper doses are America:0.58, Europe:0.51, Korea:0.45 and multipliers for 60 kg children who are injected more doses than needed are America:0.95, Europe:0.95, Korea:0.91. Conclusions : Through the survey, when calculating doses for children, usually output doses are based on adult doses adjusted for body mass (MBq/kg) but research has shown that standards of all of the compared standards don't reflect exact multipliers for children younger than 1 year and heavier than 50 kg. Therefore, we should give an effort to reduce needless radiation exposure in children by establishing a proper doses standard and also developing better image reconstruction software. 목적 : 현재 소아 핵의학 검사 시 사용되는 방사성의약품 선량 산출 기준은 확립되어있지 않다. 그리하여 병원들은 몸무게 기준 산출 공식(mCi/kg), 체표면적 시준 산출 공식(mCi/$m^2$) 또는 미국, 유럽, IAEA의 선량 산출 공식 등 다양한 선량 기준을 따르고 있다. 그러나 이러한 선량 산출 공식들은 1세 이하의 영아나 50 kg 이상의 어린이들에 대한 정확한 선량을 산출하는데 어려움을 격고 있으므로 국내의 선량기준을 조사하여 이를 미국, 유럽, IAEA의 기준에 비교하고 각 기준의 문제점을 비교여 적절한 선량 기준의 확립을 권고 하고자 본 논문을 시행하게 되었다. 실험재료 및 방법: 객관적인 정보의 획득을 위하여 소아핵의학 검사를 가장 많이 시행하는 국내 4개 대학병원을 선정하여 설문을 실시하였으며 이에 대한 답변을 기초로 각 몸무게 당 사용되는 방사성의약품의 양을 multiplier로 변환하여 이를 미국, 유럽, IAEA의 multiplier와 비교하였다. 결과: 국민 대부분의 병원들은 몸무게 기준 산출 공식을 이용하여 소아 핵의학 검사 시 사용되는 방사성의약품의 양을 산출하고 있었으며 1세 이하의 영아와 50 kg 이상 어린이에 대한 과소량, 과잉량 투여 문제는 고려되고 있지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 결론 및 고찰: 본 논문을 통하여 대한민국의 기준을 비롯한 여러 기준들은 소아 핵의학 검사 시 적정한 선량 산출에 어려움을 겪고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로 성공적인 검사가 가능한 최소의 선량으로 방사선 피폭을 최소화 하는 세계적으로 인정된 선량 체계를 확립하여야 할 것이다. 또한 보다 우수한 영상 재구성 프로그램의 개발을 통하여 검사 시간을 단축함과 동시에 보다 나은 영상 구현을 실현하여야 할 것이다.

SPECT/CT에서 CT감쇠보정에 따른 영상의 질 평가

조성욱,김계환,성용준,이형진,김진의,Cho, Sung Wook,Kim, Gye Hwan,Sung, Yong Joon,Lee, Hyung Jin,Kim, Jin Eui 대한핵의학기술학회 2013 핵의학 기술 Vol.17 No.2

SPECT/CT는 SPECT와 CT를 결합하여 감약에 의한 왜곡된 영상을 CT의 감쇠보정을 이용하여 구현할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 감쇠보정을 이용한 SPECT/CT 영상은 우수한 의료 영상 정보를 제공하며 정확한 영상을 비교 및 판독할 수 있어서 영상의 진단적 가치가 높은 것으로 평가된다. 이 연구에서는 phantom 실험 및 환자의 영상을 이용하여 CT 감쇠보정 전후의 차이를 살펴보고자 한다. 2012년 7월부터 9월까지 본원 핵의학과에서 검사를 시행한 환자와 phantom을 이용하여 영상의 대조도와 공간분해능, 심근의 관류 점수를 연구하였다. NEMA IEC, Jaszczak phantom으로 영상의 대조도, triple line phantom으로 영상의 공간분해능, anthropomorphic torso phantom을 사용하여 심근의 관류 점수를 평가하였다. 또한 환자들의 검사 영상을 통하여 CT 감쇠보정 전후를 핵의학 전공의 3명, 5년 이상 근무한 방사선사 5명의 blind test를 통하여 영상을 평가해 보았다. IEC phantom에서 각 구별로 CT 감쇠보정 전후의 대조도 분석 결과 감쇠보정 전보다 최소 33.6%, 최대 89.8% 향상되었고, Jaszczak phantom의 경우 대조도가 최소 9.9%, 최대 27.8%, triple line phantom에서 수평의 경우 분해능이 4.4%, 수직의 경우 분해능이 4.6%로 평균 약 4.5%, anthropomorphic torso phantom의 경우 심근 하벽에서의 관류 점수가 29.4%로 향상된 것을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 환자를 대상으로 한 실험에서는 $^{131}I$, bone SPECT/CT의 blind test 결과 감쇠보정 후 영상의 질이 향상되었음을 알 수 있었다. CT 감쇠보정을 통한 SPECT/CT 영상의 질을 평가한 결과 SPECT 영상에서 대조도와 공간분해능이 향상됨을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 CT를 이용한 감쇠보정은 병소의 해부학적 위치를 정확히 검출할 수 있고, 보다 나은 영상을 기대할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. Purpose: SPECT/CT, a combination of SPECT and CT, is capable of expressing the results of attenuation correction on images biased by automatic program. As a result, this research evaluates the usefulness of images with CT attenuation correction, using various phantoms and images of patients. Materials and Methods: From July of 2012 to September of 2012, this research was conducted on the contrast, spatial resolution, and images of patients. We studied the contrast with IEC body phantom and Jaszczak phantom, while the spatial resolution was evaluated with NEMA triple line phantom. Further, a comparative study was carried out on the quality of the images, on the difference between the images before and after the CT attenuation correction. Results: Compared the differences between the contrast before and after the CT attenuation correction in IEC body phantom. The contrast was improved by 33.6% at minimum, 89.8% at maximum. In case of Jaszczak Phantom, the contrast was enhanced by 9.9% at minimum, 27.8% at maximum. In NEMA Triple line phantom, the resolution was raised by 4.5% in average: 4.4% in horizontal, 4.5% in vertical. In Anthropomorphic Torso Phantom, the perfusion score of the interior wall with the most severe attenuation was measured to be 29.4%. In the experiment carried out on myocardial perfusion SPECT/CT patients, 9% improvement was discovered in the interior wall, where the most dramatic attenuation occurred, after the CT attenuation correction. Conclusion: SPECT/CT proved its clinical usefulness by enabling the acquisition of images with enhanced contrast and spatial resolution compare to the ones resulted from SPECT.

덕태산 농원(전북)의 식물상

이창헌 ( Lee Chang Heon ),김계환 ( Kim Gye Hwan ),박준모 ( Park Jun Mo ),정향숙 ( Jeong Hyang Sug ) 전북대학교 농업과학기술연구소 2003 농업생명과학연구 Vol.34 No.-

전주시 완산칠봉 도시공원의 관속식물상

이창헌 ( Lee Chang Heon ),김계환 ( Kim Gye Hwan ),박준모 ( Park Jun Mo ),시종근 ( Si Jong Geun ) 전북대학교 농업과학기술연구소 2004 농업생명과학연구 Vol.35 No.-

世界各國에 있어서 男女平等의 比較硏究 : 특히, 憲法學的側面을 중심으로 esp. with relate to Sexual Equality Protection

金啓煥 光云大學校 1990 論文集 Vol.19 No.-

The thought of man's equality which stemmed from that of Ulpian's natural law has come through Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Bentham and Kant. All in all, The equality mentioned before the law based on these natural, ethical and religious thoughts of equality was stipulated in the constitution of every modern country including the declaration of human rights in France in 1789. In the same token, I have devoted the subject, attaching importance to the declaration of abolition in the discrimination of the female sex, the movement of women rights of every country, the equality of the sexes mentioned in the legislation of every country, the equality of the sexes in the place of work, and esp. to the nature of the equality of the sexes. Accordingly, the role of women in production and labor should not be the cause of discrimination and inequality only because they are women and the education of children is to be undertaken on the responsibility of the whole society and their fathers and mothers(ref. the Constitution. ss. 36). And it is imperative that women should be given an equal opportunity to devote themelves to the development of the country, to say nothing of the rise of their position. Nowadays the rapid increase of the number of woman laborors, the betterment of standard of education, length of their service, the increase of work of the married women, and the greater participation of them in not only administrative, but professional position is remarkably wonderful every year, on this occasion the concrete and practical equality of the sexes is to be realized in the constitution that is the constitutional law on the basis of it. Also the matter of rule-making, class actions or citzen's suit as a standi locus-procedural justice-, are to be legislated, and then the real equality of the sexes will be achieved and the political, social and economic development will also be accompliched.

平等權의 比較法的 硏究

金啓煥 光云大學校 1983 論文集 Vol.12 No.-

The thought of man's equality which stemmed from that of Ulpian's natural law has come through Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Benthan and Kant. Hobbes said that man was created equal in both physical and mental faculties by nature. Locke argued that as the state of nature was that of equality these exercised the same faculties and that there was nothing so clear as the human being of one and same genus and class who was favorably born together in nature should be equal without obedience and subordination as for as one person was not placed above another by God. Rousseau said that it was clear that an environmental force always tended to destory equality so that it had to be maintained by force of legislation, but to what extent it should be applied in practice was to be ironed out respectively by the promise based on the consideration of maintenance of safety. Bentham said thall men should be counted as one person but no man as more than one person. Kant asserted that the equality of all men by expressing himself clearly in an established from that we should conduct ourselves that we might deal with humanity in our own character and other's at same time as an end, not as only a means. All in all, the equality mentioned before the law based on these natural, ethical and religious thoughts of equality was stipulated in the constitution of every modern country including the declaration of human rights in France in 1789. In the Paragraph 1 of Article 10 of the sexes and the sexes are not treated discriminately in every domain of social life. A principle of equality is to realize a social justice Rights to realize an individual equality in a real society. In spite of a continuous struggle for the realization of equality no one can dispute the fact that its realization is for away question. It may be true that the more growing history is, the more gradually the realization of equality is being guaranteed. The unequal legislation of the Constitution can be secreened as unconstitutional and the unequal trial or unequal administrative measure can be administratively litigated and appealed?? against, but people who are infringed by the forbearance of legislators, a flaw in the course o??legislation, the discriminative infringement of their right, and their disadvantage should be?? redressed. The equality of the sexes in human life is closely connected with social system. There can be no equality about the psychological, physiological or cultural traits, characters and abilities. No one can deny the fact that there is difference of a generic character of the sexes. In relation between male and female sex, however, there should not be a male predominance and a female contempt. The equality of the sexes always is to be sustained. On the basis of the equality of the sexes an inferiority of female ability is caused by not being given the opportunity to carry out her social duty on account of social custom for long. There has been a dark side of society rising from female ignorance and an intellectual oppression of male because almost all favorable opportunities are monopolized by male in the political, economic, social and educational field. Now a days the discrimination from an actual difference is recognized in spite of the distinction of the sexes, but it is an idea in consciousness of general society. Consequently, both sexes all together should be given an equal opportunity in the political and social field. Since the equality of the sexes is to pursue an eternal development of human society as an end, female enjoying her freedom and manifesting her traits and abilities on an equality with male, it is not aiming at an entire identification of both sexes but at realizing the real equality of all the people by giving them a social position required for their respective ability. Though the discrimination against female was abolished in the Constitution and the labor ??, it is true that there has been a political, economic, and social discrimination is to be ?? or abolished. custom of the traditional society. Therefore, this discrimination is to be ?? or abolished. To put equality in practice, however, is not so easy and simple. Whatever formal laws and ?? may be, it is not easy t realize the practice of equality in effect. A principle of equality is for its object of eliminating an actual inequality of a concrete human as a positive and constituent principle of the Constitution. That is the reason why the forbearance of public power an legislators, or the actual inequality caused by an insufficient act is a infringement of a principle of equality. In a question of the equality of the sexes in the Constitution the differential wages and the discrimination from aggravation of an offence of homicide of a lineal ascendant, of an offence of rape in the Criminal Low, in the related divorce laws and in the law of property of the apprehended and their equality of relativity was scrutinized. Since a reasonable classification which is a criterion of guarantee of equality in America is a very theoretical and floating conception, it must be supplemented by the strict with a suspect classification in case of the current reasonable classification, then in theory a compensatory measure for the differential treatment must be taken by the preferential treatment must be taken by the preferential treatment theory. In an attempt to apply these throries in consideration of the guarantee of equality of country, it is thought that they will contribute the realization of the very concerete and adequate equality. In order to guarantee the actual equality of the sexes the above mentioned equality guaranteed in the Constitution is to be answered in relation to a legal question of the equality of the sexes, an actual question of it and an effect on a third person. A view of the indirect application of the equal rights among individuals is to be acknowledged. Since the principle of the equality is to mean the equality before the law, it requires at once the equality of the contents of the positive law and the equality of the legal form among individuals and groups. In this sense the equality is said to be applied for the third person as well as for a state. In case of our country (Korea) unlike the rise of females position in the western countries there has been a slow pace for modernization in it because of their peculiar position of a good wife and wise mother, their conventional custom and prejudice of prominence of males over females and they have rapidly experienced the social change in a short time. The questions of the way and means for keeping the quality of the sexes have been risen in various ways with a background of the given social condition of every country, although the article of prohibition of discrimination of sexes is stipulated in the constitution of every country. As to the differentiation of laboring condition beside wages they provide for it which the penal rule in the law and in the retributive education, the administrative direction and the disposal of appeals. Nowadays the rapid increase of the number of female laborers, the betterment of standard of education, length of their service, the increase of work of the married females, and the greater participation of them in not only administrative, but professional position is remarkable in every year. Therefore, the equal wages for equal labor and the desire of equal treatment is increasingly far and wide. In conclusion, when the equality of the sexes in the working place in legislation of every country is compared and scrutinized, when the method and the purpose to make progress in it are examined in every field of legislation with each social condition of every country for a background, that is thought to be a final decision in the long run is a special legislation for it. In order to realize it a change of consciousness of general society and of its custom is premised, but I think a concrete regulation rather than a regulation in the Constitution will be necessary, and a principle of equal wages for equal labor and a ban of differentiation will be legislated according to circumstance of every country, from the view-point of legislation be legislated (the law of equal wages for equal labor, in the eighth volume of the Civil Rights Act, the Law of Equal Opportunity for Fair Employment, A Prohibition Law of Discrimination on the Basis of Sex), In the above a measure to redress a preferential matter was taken, and the inequality in the real conditions is to be set right systematically, for which the measure was already presented. A systematic misstep is to be abolished and nullified. Especially in the modern democratic society based on the dignity of human, in the light of a democratic idea which every citizen must be equally respected by his/her character and ability, the discrimination on the basis of sexes is thought to be greatly contradictory to the democratic idea in flat defiance of the individual ability and character. The equality of the sexes can not be accomplished only with the article (the Articicle 10 of the Constitution) of equal rights of our country. Females as a human are to be protected considerably in the fundamental rights and any protection of the equality of the sexes will have to go on the future. A powerful law to sustain the equality for females is required for a constitutional adjustment of a public society. The above points will be settled and their rapid rectification will be required and the right judgement of value in the application and interpretation of the equality, the confidence of the equality and legistative measures will be taken for building up a welfare state in which people are invested with rights.