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곽세연,이상협,정혜린,남애지,Aniruddha Sarker,김효영,임채욱,조현정,김장억 한국환경농학회 2019 한국환경농학회지 Vol.38 No.4
BACKGROUND: As the demand for strawberries increases, people are paying attention to food safety in strawberry, especially pesticide residues. To remove the pesticides from strawberry, various washing and processing technique in households are additionally required. METHODS AND RESULTS: Strawberries were washed with water, detergent, alcohol, and ultrasonication and processed to strawberry jam. The mean reduction efficiency according to the washing solvent and method was found to be higher in the order of detergent (42.5%) > alcohol (41.7%) > water (41.3%) > ultrasoniation with alcohol (40.2%) > ultrasoniation with water (38.6%) > ultrasoniation with detergent (36.9%), but there was no significant difference among the treatments. The residue levels of pesticides during processing to jam decreased by 11.9-94.4% for etoxazole, fluopyram, procymidone, spiromesifen, and prochloraz, while the other pesticides were concentrated by boiling, or rather increased by 11.8-40.2%. However, when the residue levels were converted to residual amounts in consideration of the change in weight after processing, the residual amounts of the tested pesticides were reduced by 59.8-98.4% during processing. The processing factor (PF) were different for each pesticide, but PFs were < 1 for all washing solvents and methods, and 0.06-1.40 when processed into jam. CONCLUSION: To ensure the consumption of pesticidefree strawberry, the most efficient washing method is to immerse the strawberry in fresh water for few minutes, followed by rinsing them under running water.
살충제 Ethoprophos의 비의도적 오염에 따른 후작물 흡수이행
곽세연 ( Se-yeon Kwak ),이상협 ( Sang-hyeob Lee ),이동주 ( Dong-ju Lee ),허예진 ( Ye-jin Heo ),최재원 ( Jae-won Choi ),오지은 ( Ji-eun Oh ),김장억 ( Jang-eok Kim ) 한국환경농학회 2021 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2021 No.-
With the implementation of the PLS, the issue of unintentional contamination in soil and the transfer of pesticides used in cultivation of preceding crops to succeeding crop was raised. To assess the safety of succeeding crop, this study was investigated the uptake and translocation of ethoprophos sprayed on Korean cabbage cultivation soil as preceding crop to succeeding crop “spinach”. Ethoprophos(5% GR) was treated on soil with the recommended dose and 5 times of that dose according to the safe use guidelines of Korean cabbage after seeding. On the 4 days after harvesting of preceding crop, spinach was sowed and collected 5 times with 3 days interval during harvesting period. The initial residual amounts of ethoprophos in soil was 7.081-19.493 mg/kg and degraded by 3.832-7.218 mg/kg until the harvest of Korean cabbage, and then finally degraded by 0.011-0.079 mg/kg after spinach cultivation. The uptake rates of ethoprophos from soil by Korean cabbage were 0.01-0.03% and distributed root(0.150-0.903 mg/kg) and shoot(0.021-0.151 mg/kg), respectively. The residual amounts of uptake and translocation from preceding crop cultivated soil to spinach edible part were found to be below LOQ. Since the residual amount of ethoprophos in spinach was less than MRL(0.02 mg/kg) with no concern for the uptake and transfer of succeeding crop. Therefore, it is not necessary to consider the plant back internal(PBI) on ethoprophos for sequential cultivation of leafy vegetables.
토양 중 살충제 Dinotefuran과 대사체의 분해양상
곽세연 ( Se-yeon Kwak ),이상협 ( Sang-hyeob Lee ),류준상 ( Jun-sang Ryu ),홍성현 ( Seong-hyeon Hong ),강자군 ( Ja-gun Kang ),김장억 ( Jang-eok Kim ) 한국환경농학회 2017 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2017 No.-
This study was performed to investigate microbial degradation patterns of dinotefuran(DIN) and its metabolites(DN, UF and MNG) in soils under laboratory conditions based on result of field trials. In the field trials, DIN was treated with concentration of 2 mg/kg on the radish cultivated and non-cultivated soil before seeding radish. The initial residue amounts of DIN was 2.01 mg/kg and decreased to below limit of quantitaion (LOQ) at 60 days after treatement which result in the formation of UF upto 0.21 mg/kg for radish cultivated soils. While initial residues of DIN in non-cultivated soils was 2.00 mg/kg and steadily decreased 84% with 0.32 mg/kg at 70 day. UF as well as DN were produced after 50 days in non-cultivated soil. DIN was spiked with 2 mg/kg in each of 20 g sterilized and unsterilized soil and analysed at 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 30, 45 and 60 day after treatment under laboratory conditions. The residue amounts of DIN at 0 days were 1.97 mg/kg for sterilized soil and 1.99 mg/kg for unsterilized soil and both of them were decreased with a similar decline curve by 45 and 54% at end of experiment day, respectively. The degradation rate of DIN in unsterilized soil was higher than that of sterilized soil, which means mircroorganism was one of the factors that affected the degradation of DIN in soils. As the degradation of DIN by microorganisms in unsterilized soil, DN and UF were detected respectively upto 0.01 and 0.03 mg/kg and MNG was not detect.
연작으로 인한 토양잔류 Procymidone의 비의도적 후작물 흡수이행
곽세연 ( Se-yeon Kwak ),이상협 ( Sang-hyeob Lee ),( Aniruddha Sarker ),김효영 ( Hyo-young Kim ),신병곤 ( Byung-gon Shin ),김장억 ( Jang-eok Kim ) 한국환경농학회 2021 한국환경농학회지 Vol.40 No.3
BACKGROUND: Pesticides can persist in soil due to multiannual uses. To decrease the concerns for potential carry-over of such residues from treated soil during preceding crop cultivation to non-target crops grown in rotation, an uptake study of procymidone was conducted under the actual cultivation conditions in Korea. METHODS AND RESULTS: Procymidone was sprayed twice by foliar application with recommended and double dose according to the safe use guidelines for Korean cabbage up to 14 days before harvest. Arable land was kept fallow for 4 days after harvesting Korean cabbage, and spinach was cultivated as a succeeding crop. Initial residues in soil were 5.670-14.175 mg/kg that were degraded to 3.098-4.555 mg/kg until harvest of Korean cabbage, and then persisted at 1.026-1.300 mg/kg by spinach harvest. Procymidone residues in edible part of succeeding crops from soil uptake were in range of 0.020-0.048 mg/kg for recommended dose and 0.055-0.116 mg/kg for double dose. Root concentration factor (RCF) values of procymidone at different concentration ranged from 0.053 to 0.123, and translocation factor (TF) ranged from 0.176 to 0.768 for spinach. The value of TF was higher than RCF, indicating that the capability of translocation to shoot was relatively higher than that of root uptake and accumulation. CONCLUSION: Procymidone applied on Korean cabbage can be carried-over to spinach and detected at a level similar to MRL (0.05T mg/kg). Therefore, this study suggests a follow-up study for establishment of plant back interval (PBI) of succeeding crops reflecting the actual agricultural conditions as this study.
토양에 잔류된 Endosulfan의 감자에 대한 흡수 및 잔류특성
곽세연 ( Se-yeon Kwak ),황정인 ( Jeong-in Hwang ),이상협 ( Sang-hyeob Lee ),류준상 ( Jun-sang Ryu ),홍성현 ( Seong-hyeon Hong ),강민수 ( Min-su Kang ),정혜현 ( Hye-hyun Jung ),강자군 ( Ja-gun Kangand ),김장억 ( Jang-eok Kim ) 한국환경농학회 2016 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2016 No.-
There have been reports that an organochlorine insecticide endosulfan (ED) consisted of α- and β-isomers is consistently detected in Korean arable soils due to its long-term persistency, and a major metabolite ED-sulfate produced with its degradation is as toxic and persistent as the isomers. This study assessed the uptake amount of ED isomers and ED-sulfate by potato grown on ED-treated soils with concentrations of 2 and 10 mg/kg. Soil samples were collected at 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 30, 60, and 90 d after planting of potato, and residual amounts of total ED calculated as a sum of isomers and metabolite were halved after 62.4 and 99.5 d in 2 and 10 mg/kg-treated soils, respectively. Potato plants sampled after growth of 60 to 90 d were divided into root, shoot and tuber parts. Most of ED isomers were present in root of potato with mean distribution rate of 57.1%, while ED-sulfate was the greatest in shoot part, with mean distribution rate of 64.5%. The uptake amounts of total ED in tuber of potato were the highest after 60 d of growth, showing concentrations of 0.49-2.34 mg/kg for both treatments. In addition, the distribution rate of ED isomers in potato tubers were 2 times higher than that of ED-sulfate. In Korea, there is no maximum residue limit (MRL) for ED in potato, while Codex and EU has such MRL as 0.05 mg/kg. At the final hervest day of 90 d, uptake amounts (0.2-1.3 mg/kg) of total ED in tuber of potato exceeded the MRL. Therefore, if the potato is cultivated in contaminated soils with concentrations of >2 mg/kg, its final products may be unsafe with exceeding MRL. The results in this study may provide the useful information to establish the management guideline of ED in soil for producing the safe agricultural products.
전작물 재배를 위해 토양에 혼화처리된 Ethoprophos의 후작물 흡수이행
곽세연 ( Se-yeon Kwak ),이상협 ( Sang-hyeob Lee ),김효영 ( Hyo-young Kim ),신병곤 ( Byung-gon Shin ),김장억 ( Jang-eok Kim ) 한국환경농학회 2021 한국환경농학회지 Vol.40 No.2
BACKGROUND: Unintentional residual pesticide in soil derived from preceding crops and the transfer to succeeding crops was considered a critical barrier for positive list system (PLS). Thus, an uncertain risk is predicted for ethoprophos applied at cultivation of preceding crop (Korean cabbage) to succeeding crop (spinach). METHODS AND RESULTS: Ethoprophos was treated on soil following the recommended dose and 5 times dose according to the safe use guidelines for Korean cabbage after seeding. On the 4 days after harvesting of preceding crop, spinach was sowed. The initial residual amounts of ethoprophos on soil (7.081-19.493 mg/kg) were decreased to 3.832-7.218 mg/kg until the harvest of Korean cabbage, and then finally decreased to 0.011-0.079 mg/kg after spinach cultivation. The uptake rates of ethoprophos from soil by Korean cabbage were 0.01-0.03% and distributed to root (0.150-0.903 mg/kg) and shoot (0.021-0.151 mg/kg), respectively. The residual amounts of uptake and translocation from preceding crop cultivated soil to spinach edible part were found to be below LOQ. CONCLUSION: The plant back internal (PBI) for ethoprophos is not recommended during sequential cultivation of leafy vegetables, since the residual amounts of ethoprophos in spinach were less than MRL (0.02 mg/kg).
들깻잎에서 Triazole계 살균제의 생물학적 반감기와 물리화학적 특성과의 상관관계
이상협,곽세연,황정인,김효정,김태화,김장억 한국응용생명화학회 2019 Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry (J. Appl. Vol.62 No.4
The biological half-life of pesticides applied on crops is the key indicator for ensuring the safety of agricultural products. The biological half-life is affected by the several factors like growing conditions of the crop, climate, application method, and physicochemical properties of pesticides. In this study, the biological half-life was calculated and the degradation rates of six triazole fungicides sprayed on perilla leaves were evaluated. Moreover, the statistical analysis confirmed the correlation between the biological half-life and physicochemical properties of six triazole pesticides. The recoveries of the six pesticides were between 84.8-104.9%, which satisfied the residual pesticide analysis criteria. The biological half-life of six pesticides sprayed on perilla leaves, calculated using the first-order kinetics model, ranged between 6.4-15.1 days. When the biological half-life and the physicochemical properties were correlated using the principal component analysis: pKa and Log P, the biological half-life was found to be affected by PC1. The correlation coefficient between biological half-life and physicochemical properties (pKa), calculated by Spearman rank-order correlation, was R2 = −0.928 (p <0.01). Biological half-life has been shown to correlate with pKa. In conclusion, it can be used as a database for the relationship between biological half-life and physicochemical properties and will contribute to ensure safe supply of agricultural products. 들깻잎에 살포된 triazole계 살균제 6종에 대하여 생물학적 반감기를 산출하고 분해 및 소실 속도를 확인하였으며, 통계분석으로 생물학적 반감기와 농약의 물리화학적 특성간의 상관관계를 확인하였다. 확립된 분석법으로 6종 농약의 회수율 시험 결과 84.8-104.9%로 잔류농약분석법 기준을 만족하였다. 들깻잎에살포한 농약 6종의 생물학적 반감기는 first-order kinetics model으로 산출하였으며, 그 결과 6.4-15.1일로 나타났다. 산출된 생물학적 반감기와 6종의 농약의 물리화학적 특성을 주성분분석으로 상관성을 확인하였을 때, pKa, Log P 및 생물학적 반감기가 PC1에 영향을 받아 상관성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. Spearman rank-order correlation으로 생물학적 반감기와 물리화학적 특성간의 상관계수를 산출하였을 때, 생물학적 반감기와pKa는 R2= −0.928, p <0.01로 나타나, 생물학적 반감기는 pKa와상관성이 있는 것으로 나타났다.