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세계 게임산업의 다양성·포용성 정책과 여성 재현 방식의 변화
임인숙 ( Lim In-sook ),오윤구 ( Oh Yoon Gu ),고영란 ( Ko Youngran ) 고려대학교 한국사회연구소 2021 한국사회 Vol.22 No.1
이 연구는 게임 세계에서 여성의 상징적 소멸과 여성을 남성의 구원에 의존하는 나약한 존재나 성적 대상물로 그리는 재현 관행을 개선해야 한다는 문제의식에서 출발했다. 2010년 후반부터 세계 게임시장에 ‘다양성·포용성’의 가치와 구체적인 실행 가이드라인이 도입되고 있는 점에 주목하면서, 이 연구는 지난 10여 년 동안 비디오 게임에서 여성 캐릭터의 부재와 과도한 성적 이미지의 문제가 교정되고 있는지 분석하고자 했다. 이를 위해 2010년부터 2020년까지 GAME OF THE YEAR PICKS BLOG가 매년 집계한 ‘올해의 게임(Game of the Year)’ 10위권에 든 게임 총 101개를 분석 대상으로 삼았다. 주요 발견은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 여성 캐릭터를 단독 또는 공동 주인공으로 설정한 게임의 비중은 24.7% 수준으로 여전히 낮은 편이다. 그나마 주인공의 성별을 선택할 수 있는 옵션이 추가됨으로써(22.8%), 여성 캐릭터의 비가시성 문제를 간접적으로 해소하고 있다. 둘째, 여주인공을 설정한 게임의 경우, 여성 캐릭터의 정형화된 이미지들이 점차 사라지고 있는 추세이다. 이런 유형의 게임들은 대체로 여주인공 캐릭터를 진취적이고 강한 주체로 설정하는 한편, 여성을 성적 대상으로 그리는 재현 관행을 답습하지 않고 있다. 20~30여 년 동안 시리즈물로 출시된 게임 분석을 통해서, 또한 미국과 유럽의 게임등급위원회(ESRB, PEGI)의 선정성 내용 정보 분석을 통해서 이런 변화상을 확인했다. 다양성과 포용성의 국제 규범화 추세가 이런 변화에 일조했으리라는 해석과 함께, 한국 게임문화의 획기적인 변화의 필요성을 논의한다. The study problemitized the practices of symbolically annihilating women and of portraying women as weak beings or sexual objects dependent on the salvation of men in the gaming world. Noting that the value of ‘diversity and inclusion’ and specific implementation guidelines have been introduced in the global game market since late 2010, the study sought to analyze whether the absence of female characters and excessive sexual images have been corrected in video games over the past decade. To this end, a total of 101 games ranked in the top 10 games of the year(GOTY) from 2010 to 2020 were analyzed. The main findings are as follows. First, the proportion of games in which female characters are set as solo or co-main is still low at around 24.7%. By adding an option to choose the gender of the main character(22.8%), the visibility of the female character is indirectly resolved. Second, in the type of games that set the heroine, stereotypical images of female characters are gradually disappearing. These games generally set heroine characters as active and enterprising subjects, while not following the practice of reproducing women as sexual objects. This change was identified through analysis of games released in a series for 20 to 30 years, and also analysis of content information of the US and European game rating commissions (ESRB, PEGI) on sensationalism. We urge the reform of Korean game culture, interpreting that the trend of becoming international norm of diversity and inclusion has contributed to this change.
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고영란 ( Ko¸ Young-ran ) 한국중국언어학회 2021 중국언어연구 Vol.- No.96
The functions of ‘shi(是)’ and ‘de(的)’ which are often used in ‘shi(是)’ Sentence, and the process in which they are fixed with ‘shi(是)……de(的)’ Emphatic Structure are organically related. As the frequency of using the structural auxiliary word ‘de(的)’ at the end of ‘shi(是)’ Sentence increases, ‘shi (是)……de(的)’ structure became an Emphatic Structure, and in which the old layer ‘shi(是)’ Sentence and the new layer ‘shi(是)……de(的)’ Emphatic Structure came to coexist in ‘shi(是)’ Judgment Sentence. The ‘shi(是)……de(的)’ Emphatic Structure is divided into ‘shi(是)……de(的)’ obj structure which emphasizes a specific element in an event that has already occurred, and ‘shi(是)……de(的)’ sub structure which emphasizes the whole of subjective judgment. First, ‘shi(是)……de(的)’ obj structure is based on ‘shi(是)’ Sentence, therefore, ‘shi(是)……de(的)’ obj structure can be negated with ‘bu(不)’ and expressed as ‘shi bu shi(是不是)’ Question Sentence. It often has ambiguity problems, this is because ‘shi(是)……de(的)’ Emphatic Structure has an overlapping parts between ‘shi(是)’ Sentence and ‘shi(是)……de(的)’ Emphatic Structure. Second, ‘shi(是)……de(的)’ sub structure is changed from ‘shi(是)……de (的)’ obj structure through abstraction, and it mainly emphasizes judgments related to the present or future tense. ‘shi(是)……de(的)’ sub structure cannot be used in the form of the negative form ‘bu shi(不是)’ and ‘shi bu shi(是不是)’ Question Sentence, and between ‘shi(是)’ and ‘de(的)’ modal auxiliary verb such as ‘hui(會), neng(能), yao(要), keyi(可以)’ are often added.
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고영란 ( Ko¸ Young-ran ) 한국중국언어학회 2020 중국언어연구 Vol.0 No.91
‘buxing(不行)’ and ‘keyi(可以)’ are used as complement of degree in the ‘X得不行’ and ‘X得可以’ to indicate the degree of psychological state or emotion reaches the extreme. In this case, ‘buxing(不行)’ and ‘keyi(可以)’ have a very high degree of grammarization because their original meaning are discolored and represent only the meaning of the degree. This paper considered ‘X de buxing(X得不行)’ and ‘X de keyi(X得可以)’ from aPragmatics perspective, the results are as follows: First, ‘X de buxing(X得不行)’ and ‘X de keyi(X得可以)’ are expressions that intentionally violate The maxim of quantity of Grice’s principle of cooperation. This makes the listener aware of the hidden meaning of the speaker, and is highly related to the context. Second, ‘X de buxing(X得不行)’ and ‘X de keyi(X得可以)’ have modalitat that represent the speaker’s psychological attitude or perspective. This means that the speaker has a strong belief in the emotions he perceived. Third, the focus of information is usually placed at the end of the sentence and the information placed at the end of the sentence is more considered new information. Therefore, ‘buxing(不行)’ and ‘keyi(可以)’ in the ‘X de buxing(X得不 行)’ and ‘X de keyi(X得可以)’ are the focus of the sentence. However, it is not the absolute information focus but the emotional stress given by the speaker. In other words, it is the relative information focus.
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