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고수환 安東大學 社會科學硏究所 1991 社會 科學 論叢 Vol.3 No.1
According to Ricardo`s labor theory of value which is a guiding one of his theories of economy and distribution, it is not the shift in wage or profit but the amount of labor expended directly or indirectly on the production of goods that causes charge of relative value of goods. But the major premise explicit in his law of equi-profit rate has forced him to revise the expended labor theory of value, admitting his failure to solve the value problem by meens of the theory alone. In his revised theory was added the average profit to the amount of expended labor as a major determinant of relative value. Ricardo further asserted that the value should comprise the average profit, and that the money indicate the natural price. In short, Ricardo has a firm faith in the expended labor theory of value as a value source, and he revised it an account of the law of equi-profit rate but he rather attached more importance to the labor theory of value. In other words, he argued that the rise and fall of wages might influence the value including average profit, but that the influence was negligible Hence his theory of distribution, even after the revision, has been developed in the light of the labor theory of value. His great contribution in the history of law of value is his consistent explication of the expended labor theory of value by regarding the means of production as an indirect labor, enabling his law of value to be applied to the capitalistic society.
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고수환 安東大學 1986 安東大學 論文集 Vol.8 No.1
In his theory of distribution Ricardo was generally successful in explaining clearly the law of distribution, by presenting the phenomenon of differential rent in the theory of rent, the falling tendency of wages by the standard living theory in the theory of wages, and the lowering tendency of profits ratio in the profits theory. However therewere partially defects and limits in his theory of distribution: 1) he overlooked the pheomenon of absolute ground-rent in the theory of rent, 2) he took the standard living theory in the theory of wages, so that he denied` the possibility of a raise in wages by the movement of trade unions, 3) in the profits theory he understood profits only as remaniders, so he couldn`t explain the nature of profits. It seemed that these defects and limits in Ricardo`s theory of distribution are caused by the historical limits of his days. But in spite of these defects and limits his theory of distribution is still a sourse for the today's theory of distribution.
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Adam Smith의 分配論에 關한 考察 : 國富論을 中心으로
고수환 安東大學 1984 安東大學 論文集 Vol.6 No.1
The aim of this study is to analyze the content of "the Theory of Distribution" in Part One of Adam Smith`s Wealth of Nations, and to investigate its significance in the history of economic doctrine. The major subject of Adam Smith`s "the Theory of Distribution" is to examine the elements of fluctuation after deciding the natural rate of three sourses of earnings such as wages, profits, and rent. It should be noticed that natural rate is neither constant nor absolute. While natural price is established by the natural rate of wages, profits, and rent, natural rate is determined by common situation of society. His theory of wages is determined by subsistence expenses, and wage-fund theory that its real rate is determined by wage-fund. He also said that high wages increase natural rate of wages is determined by subsistence expenses, and wage-fund theory wealth of nations in consideration of the wages of laborers. In profit theory he regarded profits as surplus value one hand and as natural fruit by the use of capital on the other hand. As he thought of average profits as natural profit rate, and he thought that fluctuation of profit rate is propotioned to the change of interest rate, he believed that profit rate could be estimated from the interest rate of money. In the theory of rent is regarded as absolute rent when it is considered a monopoly price resulted from the private ownership of land, and regarded as differential rent when it is considered as the result of price. But there will be contradiction if rent is considered deduction of labor products on one hand and considered the constituents of goods price on the other. As mentioned above Adam Smith` Theory of Distribution is estimated to be the most dissatisfied part of his hard work. This is that he focused his study on production at that time (around 1776) and that he added distribution matter influenced by physiocracy and that he didn`t consider it deeply. His contribution, however, is the fact that no one, ever before, described theory of distribution in such a skillful manner as he. As it is concluded that his "Theory of Distribution" is still looked on as a classic and exellent one, more study on this matter is expected.
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고수환 安東大學 社會科學硏究所 1989 社會 科學 論叢 Vol.1 No.1
The purpose of the present thesis is twofold. First, Ricardo`s distribution model will be analyzed in the light of dynamic view-point. second, the influences that the distribution of income might operate on economic growth will be examined. To achieve the above purpose, the present thesis is divided into three parts: (1) To explain the income distribution model in Ricardo`s economic theories. (2) To examine the economic growth model in Ricardo`s economic theories. (3) To prove the relations between the income distribution model and the economic growth model within Ricardo`s economic theories. Each of the above items could be summed up as follows : (1) Ricardo has characteristically simplified the production process by including the distribution phenomena in the process. Thus he was able to explain it with more consistent theoretical model. He could prove the reciprocal relation of wage and profit, the influence of wage-raising on the price of other goods, and the relation of between the differential rent and profit ratio. In these respects, Ricardo`s theory has been highly recognized in the validity. On the other hand, his distribution theory has left several problems unsolved; he could not clarify the problem of difference in the organic composition of the capital; he overlooked the absolute ground-rent; he refused to admit the possibility of wage raising by the act of labor union on account of his law-in-nature attitude in the profit theory, so that he did not go further to seize the essence of the profit. But for all these weak points, Ricardo has established firm foundation in the classical economy by explaining thoroughly the dependent relations among wage, profit, and ground rent. It should be fully noted that his theory of distribution is worthy of application in the present society. (2) In relation to the influence of the distribution of income on the economic growth, Ricardo suggests that both the law of diminishing returns and the Malthus`s law of population tend to bring about the raise in rent and wage on the one hand, and the relative decrease in profit on the other. Thus they ultimately lead a capitalistic society into a stationary state. However, the stationary state was not the termination of the capitalism. It was nothing but a political device for abolishing the Corn Law and for supporting the system of the free trade. With this viewpoint, Ricardo proposes some technical, systematical and political devices to deter the advent of the stationary state. He argues that the industrial techniques should be advanced, the trade liberalized, and the Corn Law abolished, etc. In the other hand, in the relation between distribution and economic growth, he holds that the distribution should be prior to the economic growth, since he puts more weight on impartiality than on efficiency. But which of the two should have the priority is a matter to be settled depending on historical, social situations.
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