음성발달 모델에 따른 1~18개월 영유아의 음성특징

배재연(Pae Jaeyeon),고도흥(Ko Do-Heung) 한국음성학회 2010 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.2 No.2

The purpose of this study is to investigate the features of Korean infants’ vocalizations according to the stages models. A total 88 infants, whose ages range from 1 to 18 months, participated in this study. This age is a critical period for vocal development. However, the study of infants’ vocalizations has typically focused on children over the age of two. Because of restrictions related to the study of younger infants, from birth to the age of two, it is usually difficult to investigate what are the major features of their vocal development. Therefore, this study provides documentation and analysis of the features of infant vocalization and their vocal development stages. The results shows that the stages model of Oller & Lynch (1992) might be adapted for Korean infants’ vocal development. Furthermore, the features of the infants’ vocalization are not linearly appeared one stage to the next stage, but are overlapped (Koopmans-van Beinum & van der Stelt, 1986; Nathani et al., 2006; Oller, 1980; Stark, 1980; Vihman, 1996).

한낱말 단계 다운증후군아동의 제스츄어 사용

김선해(Sun-Hai Kim),고도흥(Do-Heung Ko) 한국언어청각임상학회 2002 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.7 No.3

This study investigates the use of gestures in children with Down Syndrome using CSBS by Wetherby & Prizant (1993). Ten children with Down Syndrome participated in this study as an experimental group, and ten children with normal development, as a control group. Frequency, rate, and type of gestures used were coded. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and a t-test in SPSS (version 10). The results of the present study can be summarized as follows: (1) Normal children used 2.0 gestures per minute and children with Down Syndrome used 3.5 gestures per minute. Thus, children with Down Syndrome used a high frequency in average number of gestures than children with normal development. There were significant differences between the groups in the total number of gestures (p< .05). (2) In the rate of gesturing, children with normal development made the most use of conventional gestures(90.7%). On the other hand, children with Down Syndrome used a much lower rate of conventional gestures(64.2%). It revealed that children with Down Syndrome used various high-level and richer-repertoire gestures than the control group. This result is consistent with previous studies. It was shown that symbolic gestures and combined gestures and joking were used only by children with Down Syndrome. In conclusion, predominant use of gestures by the children with Down Syndrome explains that these children have difficulty in language production. However, this study does not show a relation between gestures and language. 이 연구는 다운증후군아동의 제스츄어 사용을 살펴보기 위해 구조화된 상황에서 제스츄어 사용빈도, 제스츄어 유형에 따른 사용비율을 표현언어를 일치시킨 대조군과 비교하였다. 제스츄어 유형은 관습적 제스츄어, 원거리 제스츄어, 상징적 제스츄어, 제스츄어 조합, 장난하기, 말하기(말이 동반된 제스츄어), 기타로 분류하였다. 제스츄어 사용빈도는 다운증후군아동이 대조군에 비해 유의하게 높게 나타났다(p<.05). 제스츄어 유형에 따른 사용비율은 대조군이 90.7%로 거의 관습적 제스츄어만을 사용하는 반면, 다운증후군아동의 관습적 제스츄어의 사용이 64.2%로 상대적으로 낮고 관습적 제스츄어 이외에 발달된 수준의 다양한 제스츄어를 사용하는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 상징적 제스츄어, 제스츄어 조합, 장난하기는 다운증후군아동에게만 나타났다. 결과는 다운증후군아동의 언어발달 특성으로 구어적 의사소통의 어려움과 제스츄어 사용능력을 설명하는 근거가 되고, 이를 반영한 평가와 교육의 필요성을 시사한다.

뇌졸중 환자의 흡인유무에 따른 후두닫힘 지속시간

박태옥(Park Taeok),고도흥(Ko Do-Heung) 한국음성학회 2010 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.2 No.2

As bolus enters the pharynx during the swallow, laryngeal closure takes place by approximating the epiglottis to the arytenoid Laryngeal Closure Duration(LCD) is the duration of contact between the arytenoids and the epiglottis from the first contact to the last(Logemann et al, 2000). Epiglottic inversion continues pharyngeal swallow stage is completed in order to protect the airway. The purpose of this study is to measure layrngeal closure duration (LCD) in three groups of subjects: a) 10 stroke patients who aspirate before and during the swallow(aspirators), b) 10 stroke patients who do not aspirate during the swallow c)10 normal control subjects. Means and standard deviation of LCD was analyzed in both 5㎖ and 10 ㎖ thin liquids using 100msec timer in videoflouroscopic swallowing examination. The mean for each group was 0.15 seconds shorter from aspirators to control group. There was a significant difference between aspirators and normal subjects for laryngeal closure duration during the swallow. Laryngeal closure duration after a stroke lead to aspiration. However, only one of this temporal problem may not be enough to aspiration.

인공와우 이식 시기에 따른 모음의 음향음성학적 특성

김고은(Go-eun Kim),고도흥(Do-Heung Ko) 한국음성학회 2007 음성과학 Vol.14 No.4

This study was to compare some acoustic characteristics of vowels produced by children with cochlear implant (CI) and the children with normal hearing. 20 subjects under ten years old were further classified into two groups (one group of CI children under four years old and the other group of CI children over four years old). For the normal hearing group, 20 subjects are participated in the experiment. Some acoustic parameters including fundamental frequency (F0) and formant frequencies (F1, F2) were measured in the two groups according to the age of cochlear implant operation. For the CI group, three corner vowels (/a/, /i/, /u/) were recorded five times in isolation and analyzed with Multi-Speech (Kay Elemetrics, model 3700), and two independent t-tests on their formant data were conducted using SPSS 11.5. The result showed that the implanted group over four years had a significant difference in F0 and F1 comparing with the implanted group under four years of age as well as the normal hearing group. Those values of the children with the implanted group under four years old were closer to those of the children with the normal hearing. As to the F2, there was no significant difference among implanted groups. However, it was shown that the vowel space for the implanted groups regardless the operation age indicated much smaller than that for the normal hearing children. This acoustic results suggest that CI surgery would be much more effective if it is done under the age of four years old.

한국 정상 노인 음성의 기본주파수

김선해(Sun-Hai Kim),고도흥(Do-Heung Ko) 한국음성학회 2008 음성과학 Vol.15 No.3

Multiple physical changes of the larynx and its components occur with age. Vocal pitch, commonly expressed through measures of fundamental frequency (Fo) relate to physical conditions of the larynx. Available data is lacking for the senescent voice, and should be applied to the of changes of elderly speakers' Fo characteristics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the Fo of normal elderly speaker‘s voice. A total of 406 normal elderly speakers (207 males and 199 females) participated in this experiment. Age ranged from 60 years to 89 years. The subjects were asked to produce sustained corner vowels (/a/ /i/ /u/) three times each and the data were analyzed using the MDVP of CSL. According to the results of this study, the mean Fo from the ages of 60's to 80's shows 143.95Hz(SD 13.94) for men and 185.42Hz (SD 15.29) for women. For men, a significant change is found as a function of age in the Fo (F=16.181, p<.05). A post-hoc Scheffe test revealed significant differences between the Fo data of subjects aged 60's and 70's, 60's and 80's. For women, a significant change is found as a function of age in the Fo (F=49.013, p<.05). A post-hoc Scheff?e test revealed significant differences between the Fo data of subjects in their 60's and 70's, 70's and 80's, 60's and 80's. The Fo of men goes up from their 60's to 80's gradually, whereas the Fo of women goes down gradually until their 70's, and after their 70's it again increases. It has been known that diminishing estrogen levels in women in old age may be a factor in lowering Fo, whereas diminishing testosterone levels in men may contribute to a rising Fo. This result may be used as some meaningful guideline and lead the basic data to differentiate between normal aged voice and aged voice disorders.

파킨슨 환자의 클리어 스피치 전후 음향학적 공기역학적 특성

신희백(Shin, Hee Baek),고도흥(Ko, Do-Heung) 한국음성학회 2017 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.9 No.3

An increase in speech intelligibility has been found in Clear Speech compared to conversational speech. Clear Speech is defined by decreased articulation rates and increased frequency and length of pauses. The objective of the present study was to investigate improvement in immediate speech intelligibility in 10 patients with Parkinson’s disease (age range: 46 to 75 years) using Clear Speech. This experiment has been performed using the Phonatory Aerodynamic System 6600 after the participants read the first sentence of a Sanchaek passage and the “List for Adults 1” in the Sentence Recognition Test (SRT) using casual speech and Clear Speech. Acoustic and aerodynamic parameters that affect speech intelligibility were measured, including mean F0, F0 range, intensity, speaking rate, mean airflow rate, and respiratory rate. In the Sanchaek passage, use of Clear Speech resulted in significant differences in mean F0, F0 range, speaking rate, and respiratory rate, compared with the use of casual speech. In the SRT list, significant differences were seen in mean F0, F0 range, and speaking rate. Based on these findings, it is claimed that speech intelligibility can be affected by adjusting breathing and tone in Clear Speech. Future studies should identify the benefits of Clear Speech through auditory-perceptual studies and evaluate programs that use Clear Speech to increase intelligibility.

유창성장애 아동과 정상 아동의 비유창성과 말 속도에 관한 비교 연구

전희정(Hee Cheong Chon),고도흥(Do Heung Ko),신문자(Moon Ja Shin) 한국언어청각임상학회 2004 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.9 No.2

본 연구는 4, 5세 유창성장애 아동 10명과 정상 아동 10명을 대상으로 비유창성 유형(전형적 비유창성, 비전형적 비유창성)과 말속도(전체말속도, 조음속도)의 특성을 비교하였다. 연구 결과, 정상 아동에게서 가장 빈번했던 비유창성 유형은 삽입(평균 4.3회)이었으며, 전형적 비유창성이 전체 비유창성 유형의 86.36 %로 나타났다. 유창성장애 아동에게서 가장 빈번했던 비유창성 유형은 음절반복(평균 5.7회)이었으며, 비전형적 비유창성이 전체 비유창성 유형의 54.09 %로 나타났다. 전형적 비유창성은 제시상황간에, 비전형적 비유창성은 아동집단간에 유의한 차이가 있었다. 정상 아동의 전체말속도는 놀이상황에서 평균 4.94SPS(Syllables Per Second), 과제상황에서 평균 3.66SPS였으며 유창성장애 아동은 놀이상황에서 평균 4.84SPS, 과제상황에서 평균 3.36SPS였다. 정상 아동의 조음속도는 놀이상황에서 평균 5.07SPS, 과제상황에서 평균 3.99SPS였으며 유창성장애 아동은 놀이상황에서 평균 5.26SPS, 과제상황에서 평균 4.32SPS였다. 전체말속도와 조음속도는 제시상황간에 유의한 차이가 있었으며 유창성장애 아동의 경우 놀이상황에서 전체말속도와 조음속도간에 유의한 차이가 나타났다. The purposes of this study were to compare stuttering children with nonstuttering children in terms of (a) the domain of typical disfluency, (b) the domain of atypical disfluency, (c) the overall speech rate, (d) the articulation rate, and (e) the relation of the overall speech rate and the articulation rate. The results are summarized as follows. First, the most frequent disfluency type of stuttering children was ‘syllable repetition’ and that of nonstuttering children was ‘interjection’. Second, in the domain of typical disfluency, statistically significant differences between the free interaction context and the story telling context were observed in both group. In the domain of atypical disfluency, statistically significant differences between the two groups were observed in each context. Third, the mean overall speech rate was 4.84SPS(Syllables Per Second) and 4.94 SPS in the free interaction context and 3.36SPS and 3.66 SPS in the story telling context, for the stuttering and nonstuttering children, respectively. In both child groups, there were statistically significant differences between the free interaction and story telling contexts in the overall speech rate. Fourth, the mean articulation rate was 5.26SPS and 5.07 SPS in the free interaction context and 4.32SPS and 3.99 SPS in the story telling context, for the stuttering and nonstuttering children, respectively. In both child groups, there were statistically significant differences between the free interaction and story telling contexts in the articulation rate. Fifth, the stuttering children had a significantly different speech rate between the overall speech rate and the articulation rate in both contexts. However, the nonstuttering children did not have a significantly different speech rate in the free interaction context.

인공와우 이식시기에 따른 아동의 음질 특성

전은옥(Eun-Ok Jun),고도흥(Do-Heung Ko) 한국음성학회 2007 음성과학 Vol.14 No.4

This study investigates the voice quality including F0, jitter, shimmer, and NHR for the children with cochlear implant (CI group) and those with normal hearing (NH group). The CI group was further classified two sub-groups depending upon the time of surgery (i.e. under four years vs. over four years). Three corner vowels (e.g. /a/, /i/, /u/) with extended vocalization were used and analyzed with Multi-Dimensional Voice Program (Kay Elemetrics, Model 4300). The statistics were made in two independent sample t-test with SPSS 11.5. The results can be summarized as follows: (1) The children with cochlear implanted before 4 years of age had very similar data with the NH group except for the vowel /a/. (2) The children with cochlear implanted after 4 years of age, however, indicated significant differences in Fo (/a/, /i/, /u/), Jitter (/e/), shimmer (/a/, /i/, /u/) and NHR(/a/) in all three vowels. It is concluded that the early CI surgery and the early intervention would be very important to maintain better voice quality.

신생아 울음의 의사소통 의도와 관련된 음향학적 특성

장효령(Jang, Hyo-Ryung),고도흥(Ko, Do-Heung) 한국음성학회 2013 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.5 No.3

The purpose of this study was to investigate the acoustic characteristics of crying infants according to the communication intents such as hunger and pain in terms of acoustic differences in the fundamental frequency (F0), jitter, shimmer, noise-to-harmonic ratio(NHR), habitual pitch, and intensity. The subjects were 20 healthy, normal infants, less than seven days old, from the city of Seoul and were born after 38 to 42 weeks(full term) of pregnancy. The sound of crying was recorded for three minutes. The crying due to pain was induced by means of the inborn metabolism error test, whereas the crying due to hunger was verified by means of the rooting reflex by waiting for the designated eating time. The results were as follows: (1) the fundamental frequency, noise-to-harmonic ratio(NHR), and intensity of the infants’ crying due to pain was higher than that by hunger, showing a significant difference between the mean values. (2) the infants’ crying due to hunger and that by pain did not have a significant difference in the mean jitter and shimmer values but both of them were largely outside of the normal threshold values(jitter by 1.04% and shimmer by 3.81%). This study was significant in the sense that it showed the acoustic characteristics of infants’ crying from hunger and pain were very different from each other according to the communication intents in terms of the six acoustic parameters.

Characteristics of Vowel Space and Speech Intelligibility in Patients with Spastic Dysarthria

김성윤(Sungyun Kim),김정환(Jung Hwan Kim),고도흥(Do-Heung Ko) 한국언어청각임상학회 2014 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.19 No.3

배경 및 목적: 마비말장애 환자는 정상인에 비해 말 명료도가 저하되어 있으며, 정상인에 비해 모음공간 파라미터가 다르다고 보고되었다. 마비말장애 중 경직형에서 말 명료도에 대한 기초 자료와 모음공간의 음성학적 분석에 대한 기준 수치를 제시하고자 한다. 방법: 문맥모음에 따른 말 명료도를 경직형 마비말장애로 분류된 환자군 15명과 정상군 15명, 총 30명의 남자를 대상으로 하여 비교하였고, 동일한 환자군 내에서 모음공간과 관련 파라미터(vowel articulatory index [VAI], formant centralization ratio [FCR], F₂ ratio)를 비교하였다. 결과: 문맥모음 수준의 말 명료도 등간척도는 정상군 중위수 1.02점, 환자군 중위수 2.07점으로 나타나 정상군보다 환자군에서 더 알아듣기 힘든 것으로 나타났다(p<.001). 4개의 모음공간 파라미터에서 경직형 마비말장애 환자군은 정상군에 비해 모음공간 면적이 좁았고 VAI 수치는 작았으며, FCR과 F₂ ratio 수치는 컸다(p<.05). 논의 및 결론: 본 연구를 통해 경직형 마비말장애 환자의 말 명료도 저하를 보았고, 모음공간 파라미터의 객관적인 준거를 제시하여 경직형 마비말장애 음향의 정상인과의 차이를 정량적으로 확인할 수 있었다. Objectives: Characteristics of dysarthria include decreased speech intelligibility and changes in vowel space parameters, but details on spastic type have not been reported in Korea. The objective of this study is to determine if there is any difference in speech intelligibility or the parameters related to the vowel space between people with no speech disorders and patients with spastic dysarthria. Methods: This study consists of total 30 subjects, 15 in the spastic dysarthria group and 15 in the normal control group, comparing speech intelligibility, vowel space area, and related parameters (vowel articulatory index, formant centralization ratio [FCR], and F₂ ratio). Results: First, for the interval scale of speech intelligibility at the level of context vowels, the control group had a median of 1.02 points and the patient group had a median of 2.07 points (p<0.001). Second, the spastic dysarthria group had smaller vowel space area, smaller vowel articulatory index value, greater FCR, and smaller F₂ ratio than the normal group (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study shows decreased speech intelligibility and vowel space in spastic dysarthria patients with objective data from vowel-space-related parameters (such as vowel space area itself, vowel articulatory index, formant centralization ratio, and F₂ ratio).