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강창식 한국음악학회 1982 한국음악학회논문집 음악연구 Vol.1 No.1
Contemporary music has born through a lot of ideological changes and its technical changes. Especially Twelve Tone-Technic which is originated by Schonberg in 1923 has established a system for atonal music and this crests an infinite possibilities in the expression of music. And also this technic became a basic foundation to bring forth a lot of queer forms of music. Meanwhile pointism in music which is invented by Webern changed the traditional melody music into the rhythmic music. So the functional notion of music, that is, the context of music has become less valuable than the non-functional notion of music which regard the individual note as the more important elements. Hereafter the integral serialism which initiated by Nessiaen has developed into not only serials but also musical materials which produce the completely controled music on the basis of integral serialism. But this mathematic and semi-scientifical method of music technic in composing lead to music without emotion and finally it arrives at formalism in music. On the other hand Free Twelve Note Music which is initiated by Berio, Boulez, and etc. lay more emphasis on the expression of pure feeling. Therefore the method of expression has become enlarged and diversified. During this period the Chance Music which was once dwarfed has revived again and has become a method to be exploited much. The concrete music and the electronic music which is tried by Schaeffer in 1947 and Eimert in 1950 has been developed rapidly in the amid of mechanical revolution. But there arose an ideological conflict in music, that is, how feeling come to be imputed into music whether it is subjectively imputed or objectively imputed. This trend of chance music have to be admitted as a reality at the time and as a result it create a computer music according to the continuous development of it. Anyhow the new acoustic music which was never been heard before have become an epidemic event in the history of music. Therefore if the acoustic rhythm which is made by machine could be audible as an extra-ordinary musical melody, we could not help admitting the existence of chance music. On the other hand the chance music which is grown out of by the reaction of concrete music and electronic music enlarged by Free Twelve Note Music made the expression of feeling boundless just as the acoustic music made by electronic music became endless in its expression. In a sense, this new trend in music would be regarded as the new style of music which need to participate a group of persons, that is, composers, musical players, and audience at the same time. The reperformance of the chance music is impossible and if it is possible, it would be considered as meaningless. Therefore it may be said that the transcendental thoughts contained in the chance music. At any rate the chance music attained the highest stage of prosterity in the history of music. As the modern civilization become diversified, the philosophy in arts occurred a great change; for example, the mode of expression in arts became diversified, too. In the older times, many people believe that the arts have to be expressed in a certain style or have to be formed with the same homogeneity. But this kind of ideas have gradually disappeared. Instead there arose a new aspect of style which combine various kinds, and methods using a lot of media. Therefore multimedia begins to be used in music and it matches even with non-exclusionism. And there are many cases which chance music is connected with music using multimedia. New style or new technic have been studied by many composers to find out new music through centuries. No one knows what kinds of music will survive and become prosperous or what kind of music will disappear or what kind of classic music will revive or what kind of music will be created. God only knows what kind of music will appeare in the future.
강창식,장재우 전북대학교 농업과학기술연구소 1994 農大論文集 Vol.25 No.1
This study surveyed trend of and sectoral allocation in government's investment and loan for the period of the 1960s -1980s in Korea. 1'his is an only primary reserch to provide basic information for fiscal policy-derision in agriculture, and further reserch will be carried out to cover the detailed analysis for it. The focus of future research will br: given to the analysis for structure of government's investment and loan in the agricultural sector. The results of the study are summarized in the following: First, in Korea policy decisidn in government's investment and lian was made in two different categories. One category is the policy decisionfor the government-direct investment and loan within the Government Budgetary Accounts which is classified into the General Accounts and the Busines Special Account. The other catagory is the policy decision for the government loan within the Government-Administered Funds. In this sense, the source of the government direct investment are mainly coming from the General Accounts, while that of the government loan are basically coming from the Special Accounts and the Government-Administered Funds. Second,, the institution of the government's investment and loan was set by right after the Korean War. In the beginning of economic development in the 1960s, Korea had made her first-institutional formation of the government's investment and loan which its source is based on the inflow of foreign capital, but thanks to rapid economic growth it turned to making her own source for government's investment and loan from the beginning of the 1970s. The institution of the government's investment and loan are now newly installed through 4 times amendment. Third, a close look at the sectoral allocation of government's investment and loan of the 10 years-period, demonstrates that the government's investment and loan is concerntrated to support the industrialization-first policy that is oriented toward on the sectors of mineral industry and social indirect capitals in the 1960s-70s. On the other hand, it has been intensified into the sector of social welfare in the 1980s. One of interesting findings to note is that the amount of government's investment and loans for the agricultural sector over the past 30 years has been relatively low compared with that of other sectors. In general, the source of the pubic finance has 1)eon dominated by the government's investment rather than by the government's loan over the past three decades. The source of the government's loan has mostly came from a public-funds rather than from the Govenment Budgetary Aaccounts, as a Public-funds loan has been installed since 1973. Lastly Since 1983 a large amount of the government's investment and loan in the General Accounts has been paid to improve agricultural infrastructure and increase food production(mainly rice) agricultural development. However we need to further analysis the sub-sectoral allocation of the government s investment and loan within the agricultural sector.