체육측정평가 : 초등학교 심동적영역 평가를 위한 체력검사 개발

박정화(JungHwaPark,),강영수(YoungSooKang),홍상완(SangWanHong),하태진(TaeJinHa) 한국체육학회 1997 한국체육학회지 Vol.36 No.4

본 연구는 초등학교 아동들의 심동적 영역에서 체력 평가를 위한 체력검사 개발을 목적으로 했다. 이러한 목적을 위하여 초등학교 6개 학년에서 남자 402명, 여자 322명, 계 722명을 무작위 표집하여 신장, 좌고, 체중, 흉위, 체지방률과 15개 종목의 체력 테스트를 실시하였다. 각 연령별로 체격과 체력의 성차 비교하고, 체격·체력의 관련성을 검토하며, 체력 15개의 변인으로부터 구한 상관행렬에 주성분분석법을 적용하여 회전후의 인자행렬을 구했다. 이를 근거로 인자의 해석이 이루어지고, 인자의 추정식과 체력검사 개발 및 이를 평가할 수 있는 평가척도를 작성했다. 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다.1. 아동 체격의 성차는 6, 7세에서는 신장, 좌고, 체중, 흉위, 체지방률 모두가 남아가 여아보다 크고(p<.05), 8, 9세에서는 장육인 신장, 좌고만 남아가 유의하게 크며(p< .05), 9, 10세에서는 체격의 성차는 없는 것으로 나타났으며(p >.05), 11세에서는 여아가 체격이 유의하게 큰(p<.05) 발육 교차현상을 보였다.2. 아동 체력의 성차는 남아가 여아보다 유의하게 높은 것은(p< .05) 운동 발현·지속 능력으로 표현되는 근력의 악력, 배근력과 순발력의 수직뛰기, 제자리멀리뛰기, 공던지기와 근지구력의 윗몸일으키기, 오래매달리기와 민첩성의 50m 달리기, 왕복달리기 대부분 종목에서 나타났다. 또한 운동 조절 능력으로 표현되는 대부분의 종목에서는 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났으나(p >.05), 유연성인 윗몸 앞으로 굽히기에서는 고학년이 될수록 여아가 유의하게 높게 나타났다(p<.05).3. 아동의 체격·체력의 관련성에서는 체지방률을 제외한 체격 간에는 r=0.70이상 상호 상관이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 체격과 체력에서는 체지방률을 제외한 대부분 유의한 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다(p<.05). 체격과 r=0.40이상의 상관계수가 나타난 것은 악력, 배근력, 제자리멀리뛰기, 50m달리기, 왕복달리기이다. 체력 상호간에는 대부분 유의한 상관을 보였으며, r=0.40이상 높게 나타난 것은 42개로 40.0%를 차지하고 있다.4. 성장기에 있는 아동의 체력은 3개의 인자로 구성되어 있으며, 이들은 운동발현능력, 정적근지구력, 유연성 등 3개의 인자로 해석되었다. 추출·해석된 인자를 추정하기 위하여 인자의 추정식을 결정하였다. 이 회귀방정식을 각 변인의 측정치인 평균, 표준편차로 인자점수를 구하는 식으로 바꾸었다.5. 각 인자별로 해석변인의 인자부하량의 정도, 실용성, 신뢰성, 타당성 등을 고려하여 한 종목씩 선택하여 제자리멀리뛰기, 오래매달리기 및 윗몸 앞으로 굽히기로 구성되는 체력테스트를 작성하였다. 이를 이용하여 체력을 진단하고, 활용하기 위해 C-척도에 의한 점수 기준표를 작성하였고, 종합 점수에 의한 5단계 평가척도를 작성하였다. The purpose of this study was the constitution of the test battery and the establishment of evaluation criterion for children physical fitness. The subjects were 402 boys and 322 girls in all grade levels of elementary schools in Taegu. Five test item for the physique were measured and 15 for the physical fitness were determined. The sex difference was compared in physiques and physical fitness for each grade. The correlation coefficients of physique and physical fitness were investigated. The correlation matrix was made from 15 variables for physical fitness. The principal component analysis was applied to the correlation matrix to yield the unrotated factor pattern matrix. The rotation of factor axis through Normal Varimax Criterion was executed in order to yield the simple structure of factors. Consequently, the orthogonal multi-factor solution was yielded and the factors were identified. Therefore, the regression equation in the stepwise method and the test battery were made from factor analysis and the evaluation criterion for test battery was constituted.The results of this study were summarized as follows:1. In the sex difference of physique, height, sitting height, body weight, chest girth and %fat were significantly greater in boy group than in girl`s in grade level 1 and 2(p< .0.5), equal in grade 4 and 5(p >.05), but lower boy`s in grade 6(p<.05). And in the physical fitness, grip and back strength, vertical jump, standing long jump, ball throwing, sit up, flexed arm hang, 50m run and shuttle run were significantly greater in boy group than in girl`s(p< .05), but items of balance and coordination were equal(p >.05). And trunk flexion was significantly lower in boy group than in girl`s in high grades(p<.05).2. The physical fitness of children consisted of the three factors; 1) motor raising ability, 2) static muscle-endurance, and 3) flexibility.3. In order to measure the extracted and identified factors, the regression equation of each factors was yielded. And in order to represent the variable score, the mean and standard deviation produced from the raw score wee applied to the equation.4. The test battery consisted of standing long jump, flexed arm hang, and trunk flexion. Physical fitness was diagnosed from the test battery for children. The score criterion by C-scale was established and the evaluation scale for the total score could consisted of the 5 levels.

자연과학편 : 스트랭스화(靴)와 운동화(運動靴) 탄성충격저항(彈性衝擊抵抗)에 의한 Plyometric 트레이닝 효과비교(效果比較) 연구(硏究)

채홍원(HongWoenChae),이민형(MinHyungLee),장용수(YongSooChang),강영수(YoungSooKang),추계호(ZouJiHao),정후성(ZhenHouChen),원문학(WonMoonHeck) 한국체육학회 1995 한국체육학회지 Vol.34 No.1

It has been generally reported that. the plyometric training with volley-boll shoes(VS)can strengthen the voluntary muscles and improve their stetch reflex and the power in consequence of the connected elastic reflex: it provides an overloaded isometrics exercise which causes muscular stretch reflex in the amortization phase while players are engaging in landing and take-up motion.It is also generally argued that the plyometrics thaining with strength-power shoes(SPS) can reinforce the strength and power by overloading the muscles in thigh. calf and knee, and Achilles tendon: the strength-power shoes, with wide rubber soles and no heel, can shift and keep the whole body weight onto the front part of the feet. This research was intended to compare the SPS and the VS when they were employed in the plyometrics training by means of elastic impact resistance, and to determine which of the two would be better improve the muscular strength and power of the players. To attain the aim, we selected 24 university students in China, the non-controlled. group with ordinary VS. All the subjects were measured after training for 20 to 30 minutes on every third day for 8 weeks. With other training conditions equal, both groups were assigned with. the gradual loading system of plyometric exercise: that is, with the increasing height of the springboard form 40cm to 50, 60, and 70cm for the subjects to experience the repetitive isometric stress. Every record was measured before and after the test with cross-sectional analysis.The result of which are as follows.1. Motor FitnessThe SPS group showed a higher performence rate in motor speed(1), vertical jump(6), and power(1). The improvement rates in the pre-post test of SPS and VS were, respectively, 68% and 5.9%. 16.8% and 10.2%, 17.3% and 15.9%, 21.4% and 15.6%, 22.9% and 21.4%, 22.3% and 17.5% and 23.7% and 17.8%(p<0.01)In the improvement rate, SPS showed a higher rate(15.7%, 16.3%, 12.6%, 17.2%, 0.1%)than VS, and the level of 5% in vertical jump was statistically significant whole other factors were not.2. Motor Impact ForceIn motor impact force Fz, Fxyz, Fmax, and APT, the recorded performence were similsr, but in the amortization phase, the SPS group recorded a better result. The rates in the pre-post test of SPS and VS were 43.4% and 27.7%, 43.1% and 26.8%, 36.9% and 24.3%, 22.3% and 51% and 12.3 and 12.2 and respectively(p<0.01, p< 0.05).The differences of the improvement rate between the two groups were measured as 15.7%, 16.3%, 12.6%, 17.2% and 0.1% in favor of the SPS group, but statistically they were insignificant with the level of only 5%. (p >0.05%).3. SuggestionSince the SPS group showed a higher performance rate in the gradual plyometrics training for the period of 8 weeks, we are confident that such training method would be very effective for motor speed, power, and impact force. And we sincerely hope that the method we have explored would be adopted as frequently as the explosive jump training which have been so far perferred in training.Finally we can say with some special emphasis that our exploration can be made into an Super Quality Training program for more effective training in the items which require a high degree of speed and jumping ability such as volley ball, basketball, soccer and hurdle race.

자연과학편 : 건강한 성인(成人)의 체력 평가기준

김기학(KiHackKim),박정화(JungHwaPark),최종호(JongHoChoi),강영수(YoungSooKang),박희명(HiMyungPark),김유문(YuMoonKim),김종석(JongSukKim) 한국체육학회 1995 한국체육학회지 Vol.34 No.3

The purpose of this study was the evaluation of adult physical fitness and the establishment of evaluation criterion for healthy adults. Healthy 845 male and 645 female subjects, who participated in general physical fitness test and physical examination in the Sports Science Institute of Taegu Yu-Sung Sports plaza, were assigned to one of four groups: 1) men under 40 years old(MU); 2) men over 40 years old(MO); 3) women under 40 years old(WU); or 4) Women over 40 years old (WO). Height and body weight were measured and ten test items for the physical fitness were determined. The correlation matrix was made from 10 variables for physical fitness. The principal component analysis was applied to the correlation matrix to yield the unrotated factor pattern matrix. The rotation of factor axis through Normal Varimax Criterion was executed in order to yield the simple structure of factors. Consequently, the orthogonal multi-factor solution was yielded and the factors were identified. therefore, the regression equation and the test battery were made from factor analysis and the evaluation criterion for test battery was developed.The results of this study were summarized as follows ;1. MO body weight and WO trunk flexion were slightly reduced in comparison to MU body weight and WU trunk flexion, respectively, but the difference were not statistically significant at 0.05 level. Expect these items, the results of the other physical fitness test were significantly lower in MO and WO groups than in MU and WU groups.2. The results of trunk extension and reaction time were not significantly different between male and female groups, but the results of trunk flexion in female groups were significantly greater than those in male groups. Expect these items, the results of the others were significantly greater in male groups than in female groups.3. The physical fitness of healthy adults consists of the five factors: 1) cardiovascular endurance, 2) agility(balance-agility in MO), 3) flexibility, 4) balance(power in WL;), and 5) strength (power-static strength in MO).4. In order to measure the extracted and identified factors, the regression equation of each factors was yielded. It was complicate to understand this regression equation which consisted of the standard score, therefore, the mean and standard deviation produced from the raw score were applied to the equation in order to represent the variable score.5. The test battery consists of maximal oxygen consumption, reaction time, trunk flexion, closed eye balance, and back strength. Because the relationships between these test items were very poor, the each variable score was strongly reliable for the representative of each physical fitness area.6. Physical fitness was diagnosed from the test battery for each group. The score criterion by C-scale was established and the evaluation scale for total score consists of the 5 levels.