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김동하 대한중국학회 2023 중국학 Vol.82 No.-
In 2021, China’s aging rate (over 65 years of age) was 14.2%, entering an aged society beyond an aging society. Although the birth control policy (one child from one family) that has been maintained for 32 years has been converted to a policy to encourage childbirth in 2021, the elderly support rate per 100 working people is soaring to 21.1. As a result of the survey, it was found that the perceptions of parents and children about supporting the elderly were different. 38.45% of parents of single children and 46.35% of parents of non-single children said the elderly was responsible for their children, but 76.65% of their children cited it as their responsibility. 66.1% of parents with single-child children chose ‘SheQu’ elderly support(community home-based elderly support), but 70% of parents from multi-child families chose home-care. As a result of the analysis, it was found that if you do not have any children or have no second children after marriage, it will have a significant negative impact on solving the problem of the elderly in China.
김동하 대한중국학회 2022 중국학 Vol.78 No.-
The Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association(CCBA) is an organization that played a role like the Chamber of Commerce or the Overseas Chinese Residents' Association created by Chinese in each country. In Vietnam, according to the historical background with China, an organization called Minh-Huong-Xa first appeared in the mid-17th century, which started as a simple Chinese community and became the basis for creating the CCBA in Vietnam. The two institutions were naturally connected by period through the regionalism. The Vietnamese regime used Minh-Huong-Xa to manage Overseas Chinese, which continued during the period of the CCBA. The characteristics of Minh-Huong-Xa made the Vietnam CCBA different from other countries. The Mazu and Gwanyu Shrine in CCBA prayed for blessings and well-being, and a shrine dedicated to important Chinese ancestors was built. In addition, Vietnam CCBA managed differently for each lineage to efficiently manage the CCBA and promote the interests of its members.
김동하 한국기초조형학회 2004 기초조형학연구 Vol.5 No.2
Design, as a problem solving process, needs the best solution through ideas. Idea generation is the first step to solve the ultimate problems. Generating good ideas starts from the definition of problems, figuring out facing problems. The clue for the best solution is provided by handling with the complex factors in logical & scientific-explainable problems and complicated & wicked problems. As Hanks and Amabile propose idea generation, problem statements, collecting data, and wide approaches to problems are necessary. However, It is a matter of course that design problems do not have clear details of the initial or goal states, and also the lack of the objectivity. As Rittel and Simon define the attribute of design problems, designers seek alternative solutions through knowledge like intuition, memory and experience for a long time. That's why design decision depends on subjectivity. Accordingly, the various approach through WP(Wicked Problems) and ISP(Ill-Structured Problems) in a problem solving system is desirable. Idea generation in this step means a solution. Metaphor in design is a conceptual idea generator through experience, knowledge, similarity and analogy. Metaphor as one of idea devices and solutions, provides a lot of benefits to designers who connect their ideas to reality. Metaphor is the advanced approach of a problem solving system to Rittel's WP and Simon's ISP. It is clear that visual effects in design, symbolic characteristics in architecture, and virtual stuffs in cyber space are influenced by metaphor. 디자인은 문제해결의 연속적인 과정으로써 아이디어를 통해서 최적의 해결책을 요구한다. 그러므로 아이디어 발생은 가장 근본적인 문제해결의 첫 단추를 꿰는 것이다. 좋은 아이디어를 발생하기 위해서는 당면한 문제를 파악하며 그 문제를 기술/정의하는데서 출발한다. 그리고 논리적이며 과학적으로 설명되는 문제와 정의하기 난해한 디자인 문제들의 복합적인 요소들을 슬기롭게 다룸으로써 디자인 프로세스에서 최적의 해결책을 위한 실마리가 제공된다. 행크스(Hanks)와 아마빌(Amabile)이 제안한 아이디어 발생처럼 문제기술과 정보수집, 폭넓은 문제해결의 접근은 필수적이다. 그들이 제안하는 아이디어 발생은 개념적이며 객관적인 문제기술과 그에 대한 방법론이다. 그러나 디자인문제는 시작과 끝의 디테일이 명확하지 않으며 객관성이 결여되어 나타나곤 한다. 리텔(Rittel)과 사이몬(Simon)이 정의하고 있는 디자인 문제의 속성처럼 디자이너는 비교적 오랜 시간의 기억, 경험, 직관 같은 지식을 통해 차선의 대안을 추구한다. 왜냐하면 디자인 결정은 그들의 주관에 의존하기 때문이다. 따라서 리텔(Rittel)의 WP(Wicked Problems)와 사이몬(Simon)의 ISP(Ill-Structured Problems)로 정의된 디자인 문제를 통한 문제해결 시스템의 다양한 접근은 바람직하며 이 단계의 아이디어 발생은 해결책을 의미한다. 디자인에서 메타포(Metaphor)는 경험, 지식과 어떤 사물의 유사성과 유추를 통한 개념적인 아이디어 발생원중 하나이다. 많은 디자이너들은 메타포를 통해 그들의 아이디어를 현실로 연결시키고 있다. 디자인에서 메타포는 시각적인 은유를 통해 다양한 해석을 시도하는 아이디어 장치이며, 리텔(Rittel)과 사이몬(Simon)이 언급한 WP나 ISP의 문제해결 접근이다. 또한 건축물의 상징성과 컴퓨터의 사이버공간에서 메타포는 개발자의 아이디어를 사용자의 빠른 이해로 전환시켜주는 필수적인 요소로써 활용되고 있다.