5~6세기 ‘奴’의 성격과 신라의 ‘奴人’

김수한 동아대학교 석당학술원 2010 石堂論叢 Vol.0 No.47

The native term, ‘no’, used in the period of the Three Kingdoms has been so far considered meaning slaves. But ‘nogaek’ in Kokuryo and ‘noin’ in Shilla were different from people of the humble class. ‘Nogaek’ originally meant people who were a guest but subordinate to officials of the ruling class in the period of Wi, Chin and the Northern and Southern Dynasties. This was also true for ‘nogaek’ in Kokuryo. In 「Moduru's epitaph」, by the way, not only term, ‘nogaek’, but also another, ‘gwangaek’ are appeared. Moduru was a person who made a master-servant relationship with an official who benefited him. Meanwhile, ‘haho’, a term found in Chinese historic books of the 1st to 3rd centuries meant people whose social position was same as that of ‘nobok’ or ‘nogaek’. Especially, ‘nogaek’ engaged in feudal lands that were owned by learned people of the boble class who didn't participate in production, so-called ‘jwasikja’. In Kokuryo of the 5th century, thus, ‘nogaek’ indicated people who were a retainer or tiller assuming the management of feudal lands owned by people of the noble class. ‘Nogaek’ in Kokuryo later called ‘nogaekin’ and then became ‘noin’ in Shilla. ‘Noin’ was neither from other regions than Shilla nor rural people who were under direct control by people of the kingdom's capital. Rather, ‘noin’ was people of the low class who originated from ‘haho’ of the Three Han Nations. Unlike migrants from Kokuryo or defectors from Baekje, ‘noin’ was considered the group of people who were strongly subordinate. This is because they engaged in mean jobs like fortification. Among people belonging to ‘noin’, those who were subordinate to officials of the ruling class cultivated the soil or provided labor in favor of their master in accordance with a compulsory service system, or ‘surye buyeok’. In this sense, ‘noin’ was similar to ‘haho’ who was governed by the rural head. But unlike before, the former was under rule in which the state power intervened. How ‘noin’ performed compulsory services had some of conventions that had been practiced by rural community people. Nevertheless, however, ‘noin’ was a social class that emerged as Shilla changed its way of ruling people in the 5th to 6th centuries and whose members were formally identified by the state. 삼국시기 노(奴)의 의미는 지금까지 노비를 지칭하는 개념으로 정의되었다. 그러나 고구려의 노객(奴客)이나 신라의 노인(奴人)은 이같은 천(賤)신분과는 차별적인 존재들이다. 노객은 원래 위진남북조시기 관인(官人)지배층에 예속된 객적(客的) 존재로 고구려의 노객 역시 여기에 착안한 것이다. 그런데 「모두루묘지명」에서 노객과 함께 관객(官客)이란 표현도 함께 쓴 것을 보면 모두루(牟頭婁)는 관은(官恩)을 통해 주군(主君)-종신(從臣)의 관계를 맺고 있던 인물이다. 한편 1~3세기 중국사서에 전하는 하호(下戶)의 실상은 노복(奴僕) 또는 노객과 같은 처지였으며 특히 노객은 제가(諸加) 출신 좌식자(坐食者)의 식읍경영에 관련된 하호들을 지칭한다. 따라서 5세기 고구려에서 노객은 귀족들의 봉지(封地), 식읍의 운영에 관여했던 가신이나 경작민을 지칭하는 표현이다. 고구려의 노객은 노객인(奴客人)의 단계를 거쳐 신라에서 노인으로 정착되었다. 따라서 신라 노인 역시 비신라계 주민이거나 왕경인(王京人)에게 예속된 지방민이 아니라 삼한(三韓) 하호 출신의 하층민이다. 노인이 고구려 유인(游人) 또는 백제의 귀인(歸人)과 달리 예속성이 강한 집단으로 취급된 것은 축성과 같은 천역(賤役)에 종사한 계층이었기 때문이다. 한편 관인층에 예속된 노인은 수례부역(隨例赴役)에 따라 주가(主家)의 토지 경작이나 부역을 대신 부담하고 있다. 이러한 경향은 읍락 수장층에 예속된 하호의 처지와 유사하지만 국가권력이 매개된 지배방식이라는 점에서 이전의 관행과는 차별적이다. 따라서 노인의 역역수취에서 기존의 읍락공동체의 유제(遺制)가 일부 나타나기는 하지만 이들은 국가에 의해 파악된 주민들로 5~6세기 신라의 대민지배 방식의 변화 속에서 등장한 사회계층이다.

유전체로 막힌 개구를 갖는 위성 전자 장비 함체의 차폐 효과 해석

김수한,이재현 통신위성ㆍ우주산업연구회 2008 한국위성정보통신학회논문지 Vol.3 No.1

본 논문에서는 위성용 전자 부품 또는 장비를 내장한 함체의 개구가 유전체로 막힌 경우 차폐효과를 계산하는 해석적 방법을 제안한다. 차폐효과는 주파수, 유전체의 유전율, 함체 내에서 차폐효과를 정의하는 위치에 영향을 받는다. 또한, 유전체 판의 일부가 도체로 막혀 있는 경우도 해석하였다. 계산 결과를 보면, 유전체에 의하여 함체 공진의 Q 값이 감소되었으며, 개구에서 멀어질수록 차폐효과 개선되는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. In this paper, a new analytical formulation is presented for calculating shielding effectiveness (SE) of shielding enclosure including satellite electronic components and equipments. The shielding enclosure has a dielectric-backed aperture. The SE may be a function of frequency, dielectric constant, and position within the enclosure. And, the formulation has been extended for calculation of the SE of the structure where the one side of dielectric is partially backed by conductor. Our simulation results give that the dielectric material lowers the Q factor, and the further the observation point is from the aperture, the more SE increases.

통근시간의 증대가 직장 여성의 일-삶 만족에 미치는 영향

김수한 한국여성정책연구원(구 한국여성개발원) 2017 한국여성정책연구원 세미나자료 Vol.2017 No.9

체성감각 유발전위에 관한 연구

김수한,우정현 全南大醫大 1986 전남의대학술지 Vol.23 No.3

한국 차이나타운의 지역 명소화(名所化)전략 연구

김수한 영남대학교 중국연구센터 2009 중국과 중국학 Vol.10 No.-

Endophthalmitis after Cataract Surgery in Korea: A Nationwide Study Evaluating Incidence and Risk Factors in a Korean Population

김수한,유민희,이종혁,김선웅,나상훈 연세대학교의과대학 2019 Yonsei medical journal Vol.60 No.5

Purpose: To assess the nationwide rate of acute postoperative endophthalmitis (APE) after cataract extraction in Korea and toevaluate potential risk factors thereof. Materials and Methods: Nationwide insurance claims data from July 2014 to June 2017 were reviewed. All patients with phacoemulsificationor extracapsular/intracapsular cataract extraction were included. Exclusion criteria were combined glaucoma surgeryor total vitrectomy or when the patient had a history of intraocular foreign body. Results: In total, 1505103 cases (982203 patients) were included. APE developed in 953 cases (938 patients) with an overall incidenceof 0.063%. After adjusting for possible confounding factors, male sex [odds ratio (OR) 1.42; 95% confidence interval (CI)1.25–1.61; p<0.001], primary clinical setting, operations performed in non-major cities, usage of sutures (OR 2.82; 95% CI 2.13–3.74; p<0.001), anterior vitrectomy (OR 8.71; 95% CI 6.71–11.32; p<0.001), aphakic cataract surgery (OR 1.52; 95% CI 1.03–2.22; p=0.033), hypertension (OR 1.40; 95% CI 1.18–1.66; p<0.001), diabetes (OR 1.59; 95% CI 1.31–1.93; p<0.001), and chronic renal failure(OR 1.28; 95% CI 1.01–1.62; p=0.039) were found to be related to APE development. Conclusion: The incidence of APE after cataract extraction was consistent with reports from other studies. Additional research isneeded to determine the relationship of newly found risk factors, such as hypertension, primary clinical setting, chronic renalfailure, and usage of suturing, with APE development.

Successful treatment of central retinal artery occlusion using hyperbaric oxygen therapy

김수한,차용성,이윤석,김현,Ie-Na Yoon 대한응급의학회 2018 Clinical and Experimental Emergency Medicine Vol.5 No.4

Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is considered an ophthalmologic emergency. The prognosis of this disease is very poor. Currently, there is no generally effective therapy available to treat CRAO. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) can increase the volume of oxygen delivered to the ischemic retinal tissue until spontaneous or assisted reperfusion occurs. We report the case of a patient who experienced sudden visual loss due to CRAO that was treated with HBOT. The patient was an 81-year-old woman who presented with CRAO in her right eye (OD). She exhibited “hand motion” visual acuity before treatment. She underwent three sessions of HBOT at a pressure of 2.8 atmospheres absolute, performed over 3 days. After 4 days in hospital, her visual acuity improved to 0.4 (OD) for far vision and 0.5 (OD) for near vision. Her vision was stable without the supply of oxygen; therefore, she was discharged.

피부병리 Self-assessment 두피에 발생한 2개의 홍반성 결절

김수한,장봉석,김문범,오창근,권경술 대한피부과학회 2006 초록집 Vol.44 No.20

중국 실크로드경제벨트와 서부거점도시의 성장

김수한,유다형 인천연구원 2015 도시연구 Vol.- No.9

Techniques for Efficient Reading of Semi-Passive Sensor Tag Data

김수한,류우석,홍봉희,Kim, Soo-Han,Ryu, Woo-Seok,Hong, Bong-Hee The Institute of Electronics and Information Engin 2009 電子工學會論文誌-CI (Computer and Information) Vol.37 No.9

본 논문은 반수동형 센서 태그의 센서 데이터를 효율적으로 읽기에 대한 주제를 고찰한다. 콜드 체인 관리 시스템에서는 데이터의 손실이 없이 센서 데이터가 완전하게 읽히고 빠른 처리 시간 안에 센서 태그 데이터를 읽는 것을 요구한다. 하지만, 센서 태그 데이터를 읽을 때 전파방해나 장애물과 같은 RF 환경에 의한 간섭을 받게 된다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 원인이 센서데이터의 손실을 발생시키고 데이터 손실이 발생하였을 때 센서 데이터를 읽는데 더 많은 시간이 걸리는 것을 알아냈다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위하여, 우리는 센서 데이터의 효율적인 읽기를 보장해주는 트랜잭션 처리 메커니즘을 제안한다. 이를 위해, 우리는 읽기 트랜잭션 실행을 위해 동적 패킷 크기 기법과 데이터 복구 기법을 설명한다. 이러한 기법은 대용량의 데이터를 위한 처리시간 단축뿐만 아니라 읽기 연산의 신뢰성 또한 개선시킨다. 본 논문에서 데이터의 손실도 없고 많은 시간 소요도 없는 센서 데이터의 효율적인 읽기 수행의 개선에 기여함을 확인하였다. This paper investigates the issue of efficient reading for sensor data of semi-passive sensor tag. The Cold Chain management system requires complete sensor data without data loss and the short processing time of reading sensor tag data. However, reading the sensed data could be interfered by RF environment such as a jamming, obstacle and so on. This study found that it could lead to loss of the sensed data and takes much time to read it when data loss is occurred. To solve this problem, we propose the transaction processing mechanism that guarantees efficient reading of the sensed data. To do this, we present the technique of dynamic packet size and technique of data recovery to execute read transaction. These techniques improve the reliability of reading operation as well as speed up of read process for the large capacity data. This paper contributes to the improvement of efficient reading of sensed data without any loss of data and large time required.