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住宅供給政策의 效率的 執行을 爲한 硏究 : 供給政策과 改善方案
鄭然光 단국대학교 대학원 1980 學術論叢 Vol.4 No.-
The main object of this study is to establish the rational solution to the problem of housing supply for the low-income groups and to provide basic housing direction to reduce the cost of public housing accommodation here in Korea. Having supplied adequate public housing accommodation is not only a essential factor for the homeless and new families, but also a dominant factor for the social, economic and political stabilization. It is natural that government lead the housing policies as an approach to expand housing supply, the reason why, the distingushing features of housing accommodation as compared with other goods are its high capital, and usually, the capital cost of the housing accommodation is far in excess of what an average working-class families could afford, so that's the why, presently various measure are mobilized and taken by the Government. This study understands that housing deficit is the result of urbanization and tries to find out various approaches to expand housing supply with respect to living environments and housing supply systems, and also, finally deals with the programs and policy instruments. The nation's shortage of housing accommodation has resulted from the continuous imbalance between the logging supply of and increasing demand for housing accommodation, the excessive demand for housing accommodation is primarily attributable to population growth, the emergence of the nuclear hausefold, internal migration to the urban sector, and obsolescence of existing houses. The housing problem in metropalitan area is further complicated by the high population density and the rapid increases in land prices. As we might be awared, urbanization has been accelerated in the advanced industrial countries since the Industrial Revolution. Korea also has been the phenomena of urbanization in the course of modernization since the Korean War. Urbanization rate stands at 60.2% in 1976 and is expected to reach 75% by 1991, especially, population concentration in large cities is remarkable. The three large cities of Seoul, Busan and Daegu contain 31.7% of Korea's total population, causing problems in social, political, economic and physical aspects, out of which housing problem is very serious one. The houing policy aims at the construction and supply of dwelling houses for the people to enjoy their lives culturally and comfortably. The Government endeavor first of all to raise the public housing investment gradually. It must be stressed, however, that housing policy is virtually indefinable. It may be taken to deal with the mumber of houses that are required, the allocation and price of land, the structure of the building industry, the design and layout of houses, rents and subsidies, redevelopment and replanning of old area, standards and family aspiration and so forth. In Korea, the housing supply mainly has been attained by the private hausing sectors. Whereas, on the part of the Government, both the Local Government and Korea National Housing Corporation are directly engaged in the housing construction for it's supply, and the Korea Housing Bank helps them with the housing loans for the construction of self-dependence. However, the supply of housing unite did not catch up with it's demands, because of new demands derived from population growth and disaster, the rise in household, and the replacement of superannuated houses. And the housing shortage rate in 1976 increased to 47.4%, slightly above the 1975 level. In 1978 housing supply laid stress on providing low-cost houses for low-income brackets and actually furnished rental apartments in large quantity. Housing accommodation is different from other economic goods in many ways, a house is extremely costly. The capital cost of the public housing accommodation is on the upswing rapidly compared with the level of last year. The increased real cost of public housing accommodation, due to Government-imposed minimum standards, does not necessarily involve Government intervention in the supply, capital financing or subsidizing of housing, futhermore, though there is no uniform pattern of building cost in our country, it seems that the cost of a dwelling in terms of wages in higher now than recent year. As a consequence, Government's action is commonly required to ensure an adequate supply of housing accommodation, to provide financial assistance to the people without homes and unable to pay market price, and to maintain socialy acceptable standards. At the same time, the importance of housing accommodation in relation to National and Regional Economic Development Programmes is such that housing supply has little impact on, or connection with, economic growth. Furthmore, the interest which a Governmen thas in both the social and economic objectives of housing supply involue a concern for a wide range of related issue such as the building industry and supply and price of land, indeed, policies in relation to the building industry and to land might even be the major features of a housing supply policy in Korea. As the proposals for supply of public housing accommodation, the followings are suggested, a) By supplying sufficient residential sites and stabilizing housing prices the housing supply should be expanded, and the ratio of housing stock to the number of households should be increased. Housing costs should be lowered and availability increased by encouraging construction firms to produce standernized housing which can be make produced. b) The public sector should be concentrated on the construction of smaller housing units to accommodate the needs of low-income groups and newly formed house holds. Promotion of housing construction should also take regional distributive aspects into consideration. c) Public housing programe and financial subsidies should be provided primarily for construction of smaller housing units. And redevelopment programs should be designed to make the must effective use of existing-housing, to renovate old housing, and to improve residential surroundings and environment. d) Through differential tax treatment construction of smaller houses should be encouraged, and to ensure an adequate supply of houses construction firms should be encouraged to specialize in housing constructions. e) Expending the availability of housing funds, the supply of public funds for housing should be expended with increased government investment and loans, and measures should be taken to obtain foreign loans for public housing supply. f) Domestic funds mobilized through pension programs, insurance, and other savings schemes should be induced to housing markets. And, at the some time, preferential tax and financing treatment should be provided to firms that construct housing for their employees. g) Stabilizing housing prices and expending the supply of residential sites, construction costs should be reduced by encouraging the housing industry to specialize in production of standardized housing materials, and land use plans for residential areas should be adjusted in order to stabilize the residential land supply, and also, utilization of residential areas should be improved by designating certain areas as apartment zones, by developing slopes for residential areas, by diverting planned industrial sites into residential land, and by converting former industrial sites for housing. h) Finally, the duty which the Housing Authorities of the Government must consider is to provided sufficient housing supply for the homeless and needs of certain district "unfit of human habitation" with respect to the provision of further housing accommodation.