대구시 금호강유역 하상퇴적물의 이화학적 환경요인의 동태

송승달,박태규,이진국 경북대학교 환경과학연구소 1994 環境科學硏究所論文集 Vol.8 No.1

This study was carried out to investigate the correlation of each elements, depth, and contents of physico-chemical elefnents of sediments of stream along 7.5km of lower region in Keumho river. The color of sediments of stream varied black to light gray, and black clay had a bad smell. It means that the color and odor correlated to the content of black clay. pH ranged 4.16-7.89, and increased lower region than upper region and channel than riverside. Organic matter showed a high value in black clay regardless of sites, lower region in channel and upper region in riverside respectively. In channel, COD increased in the lower sediment of stream, and showed little differences except top layer of upper region in riverside. Total-P increased to down stream regardless of river basin, and Total-N showed the high value and in the upper and lower region differences in riverside. In upper region, a little differences showed between elements on sediments of stream, but high values of organic matter and COD were obtained on the riverside. It showed that values of sediment of channel had 2-3 times that of riverside in middle region, and channel sediment showed 2 times of riverside on the organic matter, sulfide and COD in lower region respectively. Changes of contents on the depth showed a high value on the top layer but not consistent, and increased in sediments bearing much black clay. The content of physico-chemical element of sediment showed linear increase by organic matter and COD.

環境物質의 濃度勾配가 Spirodela polyrhiza 個體群의 生長 및 生産性에 미치는 影響

宋承達,韓甲祚,金義守 慶北大學校 自然科學大學 1985 自然科學論文集 Vol.3 No.-

Effects of the concentration gradients of several environmental ions on S.polyrhiza population were investigated in respect of toxicity and tolerance, growth rate responses, chlorophyll contents. photosynthesis and respiratory activities. Heavy metal ions of Cd, Co, Cu, Cr and Hg showed strong toxicity at 1ppm level on the population growth, whereas the treatment with Pb showed tolerance at 10ppm level. B, Fe and Mn sitmulated the population growth at 0.01∼0.1ppm level, and Hiti restrained the population growth at 100ppm level. The relative growth rate of the population showed a cyclic change with 4 days interval. The maximum RGR was found with 0.01ppm level of B, Mn and Zn. The maximum chlorophyll content attained 102.2mg·g^-1 with 1 ppm Mn treatment and the minimum showed 59.4mg·g^-1 with 1ppm Cu treatment. The maximum photosynthetic rate was 0.40mg O_2·50 fronds^-1·hr^-1 with 1ppm Mn treatment , while no apparent photosynthesis was observed with 1ppm treatments of Cu, Cd and Hg. The maximum and minimum respiratory rates of 0.30 and 0.08mg O_2·50fronds^-1·hr^-1 were observed with 1ppm treatements of Hiti and Mn, respectively.

무연탄 분말의 사과나무 생산성에 미치는 영향 (1)

宋承達,李容夏,鄭三澤,黃正儀 慶北大學校 1974 論文集 Vol.18 No.-

Effects of coal powder on the apple productivity were investigated from the plant eco-physiological point of view. 1) Light absorption by the dispersion of 10, 30 and 50g/㎡ of 54μ meshed coal powder was 42, 82 and 94% of the incident light, respectively. 2) Leaf area index of the coal treated apple tree on June (nearly maximum) was slightly larger than that of the control plant, i.e., 4.5-5.0 for Jonathan and 5.5-6.0 for Rolls Janet. Relative light intensity under this apple leaf population declined to 3.4-2.4% on June 26, 1974. 3) Application of coal powder on apple tree resulted in an increase of specific leaf area. 4) Assimilation rate measured by the half leaf method showed a decreased rate in the treated leaf. 5) Transpiration rate decreased by 9.6% on the coal powdered leaf. 6) Surplus photosynthesis of the apple leaf population was 31.1-32.7g/㎡/day from the estimation by the formula of Monsi-Saeki. 7) Growth rate of fruit diameter and shoot length showed the obstructive effect of coal treated apple tree. 8) Rate of June drop of the coal treated apple (50g/㎡) increased 11.0-15.7% as compared with that of the control plant.

Azospirillum amazonense Y_1의 窒素固定活性과 窒素固定酵素의 特性

宋承達 慶北大學校 1985 論文集 Vol.39 No.-

High activity of nitrogen fixation was obtained from the free-living, microaerobic nitrogen fixing bacterium Azospirillum amazonense (strain Y_1) with conditions of 0.003 ppO_2 and absence of combined nitrogen source at pH 6. The nitrogenase of A. amazonense Y_1 was purified by gradient chromatography on DEAE-52 cellulose, heat treatment and by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using a combination of cell autolysis, sonication, gel filtration and PEG precipitation. The specific nitrogenase activities were 2,400 nmoles C_2H_4 formed min^-1 ㎎ protein^-1 for dinitrogenase(Aa_1, MoFe protein) and 1,800 nmoles C_2H_4 formed min^-1 ㎎ protein^-1 for dinitrogenase reductase (Aa_2, Fe protein). The MoFe protein was composed of a minimum 1,852 amino acid residues, had an isoelectric point of 5.2 and contained 2 atoms of Mo, 24 atoms of Fe and 28 atoms of acid-labile sulfide per molecule. The Fe protein had 624 amino acid residues, an isoelectric point of 4.6 and contained 4 atoms of Fe and 6 atoms of acid-labile sulfide per molecule. The purified MoFe protein showed two types of subunits with molecular weights of 55,000 and 50,000. Also the Fe protein revealed two nonidentical subunits on SDS-PAGE with apparent molecular weights of 35,000 and 31,000. The two types of Fe protein subunits were demonstrated in the purified, highly active enzyme as well as in extracts with immunological tecchniques. In the high resolving SDS-PAGE system used, also Azotobacter vinelandii Fe protein showed two closely migrating subunits, which migrated differently from the Fe protein subunits of Azospirillum brasilense or Rhodospirillum rubrum. The nitrogenase activity of A.amazonense Y_1 was independent of Mn^2+ and the addition of activating enzyme had no effect. No activating enzyme could be found in A.amazonense Y_1. Obviously, the nitrogenase system of A. amazonense Y_1 is different from Azospirillum brasilense SP 7 and resembles the Azotobacter system.

黃鶴山一帶의 森林群落과 直指川水域環境에 대한 生態學的 硏究

宋承達 慶北大學校 1979 論文集 Vol.28 No.-

Three different vegetation groups naturally developed in Mt. Hwang-Hak area. The forest vegetation conservated around Chikji temple in the skirts of Mt. Hwang-Hak was dominated by coniferous broad-leaved trees including Pinus densiflora, P. koraiensis, Abies holophylla, Quercus dentata, Q. acutissima, Q.serrata, Zelkowa seratta, Celtis japonica, Carpinus erosa, While deciduous broad-leaved forest including plants such as Q,dentata, Q. utricefolia, Q. serrata, Q. mongolica, Carpinus laxiflora, Magnolia sieboldii, Rhus trichocarpa, Acer japonica were abundant in order in the area of the mountain side. A grassland community consisting of Miscanthus purpurascens, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, Arundinella hirta, Themeda japonica, Rhododendron schlipenbachii, Platycodon grandiflorum, Rubia akane, etc. was developed near the summit of the mountain. Standing crop of grassland near the summit showed 400g DM/㎡ and 5g N/㎡ for dry matter and nitrogen content, respectively. From the analysis of the nitrogen centents of some inportant forest species showed relatively higher concentrations in L. cyrtobotrya (3.0%), Q. dentata(2.4%) and lower concentrations in R. schlipenbachii(1.2%), Callicarpa jappponica(1.3%). Water contents of the plant organs were ranged from 85% in Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum to 55% in A. japonica. Humus and soil under the forest community showed differences in the contents like 58∼13% and 95∼86% in water contents, 95∼86% and 24∼13% in organic matter. 1.45∼0.26% in total nitrogen, and 5∼14% and 87∼76% in ash amount, respectively, due to the changes in seasons and lattitudes of the mountain. Environmental analysis of the Chikji water system from the upper stream(800m) to the lower stream showed changes in the ranges between 12.5∼22C in temperature, 5.8∼7.2 in pH, 0.75∼5.75ppm in COD, 0.5∼5.0ppm in PO_4^3-, 0.1∼4.8ppm in Cl^-, 0.1∼0.6ppm in NH_4^+, 0.1∼1.5ppm in NO_3^-, 0.02∼0.15ppm in NO_2^-, 0.15∼1.30ppm in Ca^++, etc.

산성비가 전동싸리의 생장과 질소 고정 활성에 미치는 영향

송승달,서봉보,박재홍,박태규,정화숙,송종석,노광수,김인선 한국생태학회 1998 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.21 No.1

Various effects of simulated acid rain by $HNO_3$ and $H_2SO_4$ with pH 3.2, 4.2 and 5.6 were investigated in Melilotus suaveolens Ledeb, a biennial legume dominating the disturbed and poor soil vegetations. The nitric acid treatment of pH 3.2 resulted in 121% increase of the plant height compared to that of pH 5.6 during early growth, although 17% decrease was detected with the sulfuric acids. During 14 days of treatment, leaf biomass and chlorophyll content increased 168% and 133% with pH 3.2 nitric acid rain but decreased 20% and 38%, respectively, with sulfuric acid rain. Nitrogen content in various organs was also determined after 42 days of nitric acid treatment. It increased 480% and 387% by pH 3.2 and 4.2 in leaves, 212% and 214% in stems and 247% and 249% in roots. However, the same treatment with the sulfuric acid showed a considerable reduction in this content, indicating that the nitric acid was a nitrogen source. Nodule formation assayed revealed 15% decrease with pH 3.2 in contrast to 157% increase in pH 4.2, further suggesting an enhancement effect by the additional nitrogen source. Contrary to this, the nodule formation was reduced up to 43-71% by sulfuric acid rains. Specific nitrogen fixation activities of nodules estimated at pH 3.2, 4.2 and 5.6 nitric acid rain were 36.7, 42.8 and 47.3 ${\mu}mol\;C_2H_4{\cdot}g^{-1}\;fw\;nodule{\cdot}h^{-1}$, while those of sulfuric acid rain exhibited 1 nmol $C_2H_4{\cdot}plant^{-1}{\cdot}h^{-1}$ with pH 3.2, 177 with pH 4.2 and 179 with pH 5.6, yet it increased 2, 115 and 286 respectively corresponding to the three sulfuric acid concentrations. Further implications of the simulated acied rain were also discussed in the study.

Azospirillum amazonense Y1의 窒素固定活性의 調節

宋承達,柳勝元 慶北大學校 自然科學大學 1986 自然科學論文集 Vol.4 No.-

A. amazonese Y1의 질소고정효소활성에 대하여 산소, 암모니움 그리고 MSX의 조절기작을 고찰하였다. 질소고정효소활성의 최대치는 0.2Kpa의 산소농도에서 있었고, 혐기상태나 고농도의 산소조건에서는 저해를 받아 8Kpa의 산소농도까지 점차적으로 감소하였으며, 이때 다시 저농도의 산소를 유지하면 가역적으로 높은 활성을 나타내었다. 암모니움에 의한 질소고정효소활성의 억제는 350m mole 농도까지 점차로 부분적 억제를 보였으나 산소소모량에는 영향이 없었다. 질소고정효소활성을 조절하는 GS의 저해제인 MSX는 in vitro에서 1m mole에 의해 GS를 33%로 감소시켰으나, in vivo에서는 MSX의 흡수가 잘 일어나지 않으므로 0.1m mole에 의해 92%를 유지하는 부분적 억제를 보였다. 암모니움의 처리전과 1m mole처리후의 Fe단백질은 SDS-PAGE에 의해 modification이 없는 2개의 밀접된 서브유닛트를 나타내었다. Regulation and mechanism of the nitrogenase activity of Azospirillum amazonense Y1 were investigated with various concentrations of oxygen, ammonium and MSX. The maximum nitrogenase activity was obtained with 0.2 Kpa oxygen, and a reversible inhibition of the nitrogenase activity appeared with high concentration of oxygen(8 Kpa). Ammonium caused a gradual inhibition of the nitrogenase activity up to 350 mmole of NH_4Cl, but showed little effect on oxygen consumption. The glutamine synthetase inhibitor MSX caused 67% decrease of the in vitro GS by 1m mole, but only 8% decrease of the in vivo GS. The inhibition of nitrogenase activity by ammonium was only partial, and no transition period could be observed. The in vitro nitrogenase activity of ammonium treated cells was not decreased and no evidence for a modified Fe protein subunit was found. Nitrogenase extracts were active and had a Fe protein that migrated as a close double band on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

남조류의 생육조건과 질소고정활성의 조절 및 유전자 구성의 특징

宋承達,鄭濬 경북대학교 과학교육연구소 1990 科學敎育硏究誌 Vol.14 No.-

Cyanobacteria respond to nitrogen starvation with numberous complex changes in cell structure, metabolism and gene expression. During heterocyst development synthesis of new cell components, including a three layered envelope, and reorganization of preexisting structures may be observed. The present cyanobacterial collections from water systems of many moors, ponds, lakes, rivers, springs and rice paddies located in Kyungpook area included 73 Species from 24 Genera, 7 Families, 5 Orders of Cyanophyceae. Among the investigated species, the most dominant cyanobacteria indicating specific environmental adaptations were Chroococus spp., Microcystis spp., Merismopedium spp. and Oscillatoria spp. respectively for oligotrophic, mesotrophic and eutrophic conditions. And the important nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria were Anabaena sp., Anabaenopsis sp. and Nostoc sp. etc. The nitrogenase activities in situ were ranged in 1-5 nM C_2H_4/100 ml.hr. Using enrichment method of nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria, we analyzed the effects of various environmental factors on the nitrogenase activities of the Anabaena cultures. The nif H, nif D and nif K operon of cyanobacteria encodes the nitrogenase reductase and the two subunits of nitrogenase. In vegetative cells, nif D open reading frame is interrupted by an 11-kbp region known as the nif D elements. Upon induction of heterocyst development, the chromosomes of a population of heterocysts appear to rearrange completely.

Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 의 생장과 질소고정활성의 조절요인

송승달,한동훈 한국미생물학회 1992 미생물학회지 Vol.30 No.5

광자가영양이며 질소고정는을 갖는 사상체의 남조 Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 Allen & Arnon (1/8) 의 무질소 최소배지에서 배양하여, 이형세포를 유도하고 생장과 질소고정활성의 변화와 각종 조절요인의 영향을 분석하였다. 질소결핍의 배지에서 생장과 질소고정활성의 증가율은 비례하였고, 생장에 따한 배지내 질산 ($NO^{3}$-N) 의 축적을 보였으며, 배양 6일 후에도 생장은 지속되었으나, 질소고정은 최대활성을 보인후 급격한 감소를 보여 질산의 저해농도와 일치하였다. 중요 환경요인의 영향은 혐기적 조건, 10,000 lux pH 8 및 $30^{\circ}C$ 에서 최적의 생장과 활성을 보였고, 질소화합물은 0.1 mM 이상의 저농도에서 현저히 활성을 저해하였으며, 탄산은 5 mM 에서 활성을 촉진하였으나 보다 높은 농도에서 저해를 보였다. 내염성을 NaCl 20mM 이하이었고 중금속이온은 $Hg^{2+}$>$Cd^{2+}$> $Co^{2+}$>$Zn^{2+}$>$Pb^{2+}$의 순으로 0.3~10 ppm 의 범위에서 활성을 저해하였다. 탄수화물은 0.5-1.0% 에서 생장과 활성을 촉진하였고, 설탕>과당>포도당의 순이었다. Anabaena variabilis A TCC 29413. a photoautotrophic and nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria. was investigated on the environmental factors regulating the growth and nitrogen lixation activity. A good growth of cyanobacteria] cells was observed due to nitrogen t1xation by the heterocyst differentiation in nitrogen free Allen and Arnon (]/8) medium. The nitrogenase activity was appeared to be in proportion to the cell growth lor 6 days then drastically decreased in the later growth period when the nitraTe was accumulated to high level in the culture to cause the inhibition. The optima] conditions lilr the cell growth and nitrogenase activity of A. varillbili.l were anaerobic. IO.OO0 lux. $30^{\circ}C$ and pH 8 with the nitrogen Cree minimal medium. The activity was significantly inhihited by the low concentrations of ammonium and nitrate. but was stimulated b) the ]ow Ieve] of phosphate and carbonate sources. The treatments of several toxic heavy metals showed strong inhibition of the cell growth and nitrogenase activity by O.3~10 ppm in the order of $Hg^{2+}$ > $Cd^{2+}$ > $Co^{2+}$ > $Zn^{2+}$ > $Ph^{2+}$, and the concentrations for 50% inhibition of the maximum activity were 0.41. 0.47. 0.5 L 0.66 and 8.1 ppm. respectively. The addition of carbohydrates (0.5~ 1.0%) in the dark condition stimulated the growth and activity in the order of sucrose > fructose > glucose.

식물군락의 영양단계, 수분대사 및 1차 생산성과 생태계발달에 관한 연구

송승달 慶北大學校 自然科學大學 1982 自然科學論文集 Vol.1 No.-

Utilizations of biological resources and conservation of natural ecosystem are recognized to be important projects recently and must be investigated through structure and function of communities and their interrelations with environmental factors. Development of natural productive communities can be established through the efficient utilization of matter cycling and energy flow and by the optimum adaptation to physical and chemical environments. We expect the environmental conditions at an early stage of plant succession would be a severe one, but it becomes necessary to investigate the actual effect of a particular environmental component on the life of a plant in order to confirm our expectations. With regard to nutrient gradients and water relations, such an approach was recently taken in an old-field succession. For the casual understanding of the geographical distribution of plant species the variation of primary growth characters, leaf area growth, transpiration rates, R/R ratios, distributional patterns and reproduction processes of each species through the environmental treatments of nutrient gradients made by Boysen Jensen medium of 0,1,2,3,6,10 and 20 times concentrations of the standard must be followed throughout their whole growing period. We have some useful informations concerned in eco-physiological phenomena of herbs and grasses, I.e., leguminous soybean, nonleguminous sunflower and gramineous corn plants