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Spatiotemporal dynamics of perfusion and oximetry during ictal discharges in the rat neocortex.
Zhao, Mingrui,Ma, Hongtao,Suh, Minah,Schwartz, Theodore H The Society 2009 The Journal of neuroscience Vol.29 No.9
<P>Epileptic events elicit a large focal increase in cerebral blood flow (CBF) to perfuse metabolically active neurons in the focus. Conflicting data exists, however, on whether hemoglobin saturation increases or decreases in the focus and surrounding cortex, and whether CBF increases globally or is decreased in adjacent areas. How these hemodynamic events correlate with actual changes in tissue oxygenation is also not known. Using laser Doppler flowmetry, oxygen microsensors and intrinsic optical imaging spectroscopy, we demonstrate that the dip in hemoglobin in the focus correlates with a profound but temporary decrease in tissue oxygenation despite a large increase in CBF. Furthermore, CBF simultaneously decreases in the cortex immediately adjacent to the focus. These events are then replaced with a longer duration, less focal increase in CBF, cerebral blood volume, and hyperoxygenation, the duration of which correlates with the duration of the seizure. These findings raise the question of whether transient focal hypoxia and vascular steal might contribute to progressive deleterious effects of chronic epilepsy on the adult and developing brain. Possible mechanisms based on recent astrocyte-based models of neurovascular coupling are discussed.</P>
전통복식 요소가 현대 패션디자인과 문화 전파에 미친 영향
( Zhao Mingrui ),( Ko Jeong Hoon ) 한국상품문화디자인학회 2023 상품문화디자인학연구 Vol.72 No.-
민족 전통문화의 디자인적 요소를 파악하는 것은 디자이너에게 있어 중요한 과제이다. 디자인을 통해 저마다 깊은 뿌리를 가지고 있는 민족 문화를 나타내는 것은 민족정신을 보여주는 효과적인 실천 방법이 될 수 있으며, 특히 패션디자인 분야에서 적극적인 활용이 가능하다. 본문은 사례 분석을 통해, 문헌법을 연구 방법으로 하였다. 본 논문은 의상이라는 매개체를 통해 전통 복식의 예술적 특징과 시대에 따라 반영되는 시대적 특성을 분석 정리한 것, 현대 민족복식을 형상화하여 중국 전통복식의 요소를 파악하여 패션디자인에 적용한다. 이러한 디자인 이념이 현대 패션디자인에 미치는 영향에 대해 전통 복식문화의 깊은 문화적 가치와 현대화복(華服) 디자인의 특징 논의함과 동시에 민족 문화를 담고 있는 패션디자인이 국제무대에 진출함으로써 갖는 민족 문화 전파 촉진의 의미와 영향에 대해 연구한다. For designers how to extract elements that can be used for design from traditional national culture is a crucial topic. Every national culture has its profound foundation. Displaying culture from design is a way to demonstrate national spirit in actuality. At least, it can come true in the field of fashion design. With costumes as the carrier, this paper explores how to extract Chinese traditional costume elements and apply them to fashion design and how the displayed design concepts affect contemporary fashion design. At the same time, it discusses the significance and influence of promoting the spread of national culture by taking fashion design as the carrier and pushing national culture to the international stage. Due to the cultural differences in different periods, regions and nationalities, this paper focuses on how to create contemporary Chinese national costumes how to draw nutrients from traditional costumes and apply them to contemporary Huafu(華服) design and how design itself affects the development of costumes and cultural communication. Designers should spread and develop the cultural concepts in our traditional national costumes while meeting people’s aesthetic demand for costumes. By collecting and sorting out the relevant materials of ancient costumes, this paper analyzes and summarizes the artistic features of traditional costumes and the characteristics of the times reflected in different times and designs modern costumes by combining modern science and technology with traditional techniques. By shaping modern national costumes, it aims to demonstrate the deep cultural value of traditional costume culture and characteristics in modern Huafu(華服) design.
Ma, Hongtao,Zhao, Mingrui,Suh, Minah,Schwartz, Theodore H American Physiological Society [etc.] 2009 journal of neurophysiology Vol.101 No.5
<P>Hemodynamic changes in the brain are often used as surrogates for epileptic neuronal activity in both the laboratory and the clinic (e.g., intrinsic signal, functional magnetic resonance imaging and single-photon emission computed tomography) in spite of the fact that perfusion-based signals have been shown to overestimate the population of spiking neurons. In addition, mechanisms of neurovascular coupling that apply during normal cortical processing may not be relevant in pathological circumstances such as epilepsy. For these reasons, we investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics of epileptic neurovascular coupling using voltage-sensitive dyes (VSDs) to generate spatial maps of excitatory membrane activity and intrinsic optical spectroscopy (IOS) to measure deoxy-hemoglobin and total hemoglobin, i.e., cerebral blood volume (CBV), in vivo during interictal spikes in rat neocortex to examine their spatiotemporal correlations. We hypothesized that the IOS signal would correlate spatially with subthreshold excitatory activity, which involves a larger area of cortex than suprathreshold neuronal spiking. However, we found that both perfusion and oximetric signals spatially overshot the extent of the excitatory VSD signal by approximately 2x. Nevertheless, a high correlation could be found at specific time points in the evolution and dissolution of the hemodynamic signals. The increase in deoxy-hemoglobin reached the highest correlation with the excitatory VSD signal earlier than CBV signals although CBV signals correlated equally well at certain time points. The amplitude of the hemodynamic signals had a linear correlation with the amplitude of the VSD signals except for small nonlinearities in the very center of the focus and in the periphery of the surround, indicating a tight spatial coupling. Our data suggest that hemodynamic signals can accurately define the spatial extent of excitatory interictal epileptiform subthreshold membrane activity at specific time points in their evolution.</P>
Ma, Hongtao,Geneslaw, Andrew,Zhao, Mingrui,Suh, Minah,Perry, Challon,Schwartz, Theodore H SAGE Publications 2009 Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism Vol.29 No.5
<P> The spatiotemporal dynamics of neurovascular coupling during epilepsy are not well understood, and there are little data from studies of the human brain. We investigated changes in total hemoglobin (Hbt) and hemoglobin oxygenation in patients undergoing epilepsy surgery with intraoperative intrinsic optical spectroscopy (IOS) during triggered afterdischarges (ADs). We found an early (~0.5 secs) focal dip in hemoglobin oxygenation, arising precisely in the stimulated gyrus that lasted for 11.5 ± 10.0 secs, approximately the length of the AD (10.4 ± 4.4 secs). A later oxygen overshoot and increase in blood volume occurred in the adjacent surrounding gyri. After a significant delay (~20 to 30 secs), the overshoot and blood volume signal became extremely focal to the area of the onset of the AD. A smaller very late undershoot, the last phase of the ‘triphasic’ response, was also identified, although localization was inconsistent. In this study, we show that a ‘late focal overshoot’ and late Hbt signal may be extremely useful, in addition to the early dip, for the localization of seizure onset. It is likely that a separate mechanism underlies the persistent focal increase in cerebral blood volume after a long-duration cortical stimulation, compared with the nonspecific mechanism that causes the initial increase in cerebral blood flow. </P>