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The 14-3-3 Gene Function of Cryptococcus neoformans Is Required for its Growth and Virulence
( Jingbo Li ),( Yun C. Chang ),( Chun Hua Wu ),( Jennifer Liu ),( Kyung J. Kwon Chung ),( Sheng He Huang ),( Hiro Shimada ),( Rob Fante ),( Xiaowei Fu ),( Ambrose Jong ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2016 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.26 No.5
Cryptococcus neoformans is a life-threatening pathogenic yeast that causes devastating meningoencephalitis. The mechanism of cryptococcal brain invasion is largely unknown, and recent studies suggest that its extracellular microvesicles may be involved in the invasion process. The 14-3-3 protein is abundant in the extracellular microvesicles of C. neoformans, and the 14-3-3-GFP fusion has been used as the microvesicle’s marker. However, the physiological role of 14-3-3 has not been explored. In this report, we have found that C. neoformans contains a single 14-3-3 gene that apparently is an essential gene. To explore the functions of 14-3-3, we substituted the promoter region of the 14-3-3 with the copper-controllable promoter CTR4. The CTR4 regulatory strain showed an enlarged cell size, drastic changes in morphology, and a decrease in the thickness of the capsule under copper-enriched conditions. Furthermore, the mutant cells produced a lower amount of total proteins in their extracellular microvesicles and reduced adhesion to human brain microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. Proteomic analyses of the protein components under 14-3-3-overexpressed and -suppressed conditions revealed that the 14-3-3 function(s) might be associated with the microvesicle biogenesis. Our results support that 14-3-3 has diverse pertinent roles in both physiology and pathogenesis in C. neoformans. Its gene functions are closely relevant to the pathogenesis of this fungus.
Heterogeneous 12-Core 4-LP-Mode Fiber Based on Trench-Assisted Graded-Index Profile
Chang, Jun Ho,Bae, Sunghyun,Kim, Hoon,Chung, Yun C. IEEE 2017 IEEE photonics journal Vol.9 No.2
<P>We design a heterogeneous 12-core 4-LP-mode fiber having two different types of cores and trench-assisted graded-index profiles. For the optimum design of the index profiles of these two heterogeneous cores, we first investigate the impacts of various geometric parameters on the effective refractive index of each LP mode, maximum differential modal delay (DMD), and bending losses of the guiding and higher order modes. We then design a heterogeneous 12-core 4-LP mode fiber having a cladding diameter of 242 mu m. The numerical analyses based on the coupled-mode equation show that the inter-core crosstalk levels of the proposed fiber are lower than - 55 dB/km, regardless of modes, as long as the fiber is not bent tightly with a bending radius of <60 mm. In addition, the maximum DMD is estimated to be <70 ps/km over the entire C+L band. The number of modes per unit area and the relative core multiplicity factor of the proposed 12-core 4-LP-mode fiber are calculated to be 1.565 x 10(-3) mu m(-2) and 42.2, respectively.</P>
Gossypol의 精巢實質內 投與가 생쥐의 造精機能에 미치는 影響
黃權植,張奎泰,吳錫斗,成煥厚,李炳五,尹昌鉉 慶尙大學校 1992 論文集 Vol.31 No.2
The effect of gossypol on spermatogenesis were investigated with the testis of ICR mouse which was injected gossypol in the stroma of testis(TS). The dossae of gossypol in polyethlene glycol injected in TS for were 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg of body weights, respectively. Counts of sperm from cauda epididymis and the balance weight of testis were examined at regular intervals after treatment, for periods extending up 2 to 6 weeks. All groups of gossypol treatment were markedly reduced(P<0.01) in the number of sperm and the weight of testis compared with the control group. But, the rates of malformation (loss of proacrosome, damage of midpiece and breaking of tail) of sperm were significantly, the weight of testis and the count of normal sperm were gradually increased and the malformation of sperm was decreased between 4 and 6 weeks after injection of 5mg of gossypol.
Gossypol의 精巢實質內 投與가 생쥐의 血液性狀에 미치는 影響
黃權植,張奎泰,吳錫斗,成煥厚,李炳五,尹昌鉉 慶尙大學校 1992 論文集 Vol.31 No.2
We have previously shown that gossypol treatment was found to effectively inhibit the process of spermatogenesis. In this study, value of blood and blood chemistry were investigated weekly in ICR mouse of which testicular stroma was injected with gossypol. Red blood cell(RBC), hematocrit, white blood cell(WBC), basophils, eosinophils and monocytes, were not changecd significantly during each dose(5, 10 and 15mg/kg of body weight) and time(2,3 and 4weeks) after treatment of gossypol, but neutrophils and lymphocytes were increased and decreased significantly(P<0.05). On the other hand, value of blood chemistry, which included protein, albumin and globulin, were not changed significantly. But, high increased signigicaltly(P<0.05) were glucose volume followed dose and time after treatment of gossypol. In conclusion, it is suggested that gossypol treatment may be interfering with the process of spermatogenesis and directly acting on the sertoli cell itself within the seminiferous tubules or during its passage through the male vein tract in way that affect both of value of blood and chemistry.