The Effects of Teaching Lexical Bundles on Improving Reading ability of High School Students

Lee,Dongju,Bae,Yonghwa 한국외국어교육학회 2018 한국외국어교육학회 학술대회 자료집 Vol.2018 No.-

The aims of the present study are to examine the effectiveness of lexical bundle learning and teaching on reading comprehension, and to investigate how to teach them in an effective way when high school students read textbooks. In addition, this study investigates the perceptions of high school students on confidence, interest, self-directed study in reading classes. Twenty-five 10 grade high school students in K High School located in Gangjin participated in the study. They were instructed lexical bundles in a given English textbook during the reading classes for six weeks. The learners were encouraged to look upon lexis as lexical bundles rather than discrete single words and to figure out their meanings and use in contexts. A list of lexical bundles from the English textbook for the 10 grade high school students was selected through the N-gram, which is one of concordance programs for the statistical analysis of lexical bundles. In an attempt to examine the changes in the students’ cognitive and affective domains, three tests (pre-test, middle test, and post-test) and two questionnaires (pre-and post-questionnaire) were administered. The major findings and pedagogical implications are as follows: First, the results of the questionnaires showed that the students’ recognition of lexical bundles was raised, and they noticed a series of consecutive word units, which frequently appeared in the texts, as a lexical bundle. Also, they realized how lexical bundles were combined and understood the structures of phrases and sentences, as chunks not as isolated individual words. Second, when it comes to the learners’ cognitive domain, the lexical bundle-centered reading classes had a meaningful effect on their reading comprehension in the middle and post achievement tests. The tests also indicated that both lower and higher proficiency levels of the students were significantly influenced. It is conjectured that they figured out the main idea and overall context in the reading texts better by comprehending the lexis as meaningful lexical bundles rather than focusing on the single words. Last, as for the affective domain, it showed a meaningful effect on the learners’interest, confidence, self-directed learning attitude towards English learning. Also, they showed positive responses in the open-ended questions and indepth interviews, hoping more lexical bundle learning in the future. In conclusion, these results suggest that the lexical bundle learning has valuable effects on enhancing reading comprehension, and it is also useful for learners’language competence and integrative language learning. Namely, it is essential that lexical bundle-centered learning for reading should be widely introduced to encourage leaners to recognize isolated words as a lexical bundle and internalize them as authentic expressions.

“Hopeless Hopes Ennobled”: Yank's Struggle to Belong in O'Neill's The Hairy Ape

( Yonghwa Lee ) 서울대학교 미국학연구소 2019 미국학 Vol.42 No.2

This essay examines the significance of Yank’s struggle to belong in Eugene O’Neill’s play, The Hairy Ape in light of Nietzsche’s definition of man as “a rope tied between beast and overman.” Contending that Yank’s death in the gorilla’s cage signifies both a defeat and his only chance of success, the essay investigates how his “tink[ing]” leads him to question his former understanding of what it means to belong. Knowing his struggle to belong is bound to fail, Yank uncompromisingly seeks to fit into the point of completely isolating himself from all other species in the gorilla’s cage. Consequently, he becomes “the Hairy Ape” and opens up the possibility of belonging by creating and becoming the species of one to which he alone belongs. Echoing Nietzsche’s vision of greatness in man, Yank’s endeavor proves that what is noble “in man is that he is a bridge” rather than “a goal.”

HiPub: translating PubMed and PMC texts to networks for knowledge discovery

Lee, Kyubum,Shin, Wonho,Kim, Byounggun,Lee, Sunwon,Choi, Yonghwa,Kim, Sunkyu,Jeon, Minji,Tan, Aik Choon,Kang, Jaewoo Oxford University Press 2016 Bioinformatics Vol.32 No.18

<P>We introduce HiPub, a seamless Chrome browser plug-in that automatically recognizes, annotates and translates biomedical entities from texts into networks for knowledge discovery. Using a combination of two different named-entity recognition resources, HiPub can recognize genes, proteins, diseases, drugs, mutations and cell lines in texts, and achieve high precision and recall. HiPub extracts biomedical entity-relationships from texts to construct context-specific networks, and integrates existing network data from external databases for knowledge discovery. It allows users to add additional entities from related articles, as well as user-defined entities for discovering new and unexpected entity-relationships. HiPub provides functional enrichment analysis on the biomedical entity network, and link-outs to external resources to assist users in learning new entities and relations.</P>

Melville as a Seedsman of Pain in “The Paradise of Bachelors and the Tartarus of Maids”

Yonghwa Lee 19세기영어권문학회 2016 19세기 영어권 문학 Vol.20 No.2

Observing the conspicuous similarities between Melville’s short stories published in literary magazines in mid-1850s and the works by popular authors in terms of their subject matter and styles, some critics argue either that Melville has traded in the literary market by adjusting his writing or that he has employed deceptive story-telling to explore serious topics in his works. Most critics agree, however, that throughout his writing career Melville never earnestly compromised his “great Art of Telling the Truth” (MD 523). Nevertheless, these critics have not satisfactorily elucidated the continuity between Melville’s more serious novels and his “humorous, magazinish” stories. Focusing on “The Paradise of Bachelors and the Tartarus of Maids,” a story published in 1855 in Harper’s Magazine, this essay illustrates the continuity of Melville’s writing discernable even while he assumes the identity of a “magazinist.” In particular, this essay examines Melville’s exploration of the possibility of fiction writing by understanding the narrator’s realization of the connection between color and pain in relation to Ishmael’s philosophical speculation on the two contradictory meanings of whiteness in Moby-Dick. The narrator’s observation that the lives of both the pain-denying bachelors and the pain-deprived maids are empty and infertile allows him to gain a new perspective on whiteness which is comparable to “a colorless, all-color of atheism” (MD 165) that leads to “the thought of annihilation.” Melville’s figuring himself in the narrator who changes his perspective on his job as a seedsman after his painful visits to the Paradise and the Tartarus thus suggests that despite his frustration about the reception of his serious novels by his reading public, he still endeavored to conduct an agonizing but inevitable interrogation of the meaning of human existence.

“Start Again” Vs. “End Again”: Breaking the Cycle of Violence in Pinter’s Ashes to Ashes

( Yonghwa Lee ) 영미문학연구회 2018 영미문학연구 Vol.35 No.-

This essay examines the possibility of redemption and healing from the powerful presence of the Holocaust atrocity Harold Pinter offers through his female protagonist, Rebecca, in Ashes to Ashes. Postulating Devlin’s demand to have her “[k]iss [his] fist” as his attempt to perpetuate the vicious cycle of violence, this essay interprets Rebecca’s rejection of Devlin’s request as her struggle to stop the repetition and expansion of memories of atrocity in which she has been kept entrapped. Rebecca’s refusal to oblige Devlin with his request is a definitive moment in their power struggle in that she no longer needs to “start again” and thereby allow him to continue to instill a sense of guilt in her as a victim of sexual abuse. By resisting Devlin’s endeavor to circle back to the topic of her ex-lover and keep her recognizing the essentially mutable and versatile nature of her self, Rebecca manages to “end again” and begin to dictate the terms of her future existence. That Rebecca refuses to “start again” does not necessarily mean that she has the power to end once and for all. What she is really interested in is ending “again and again and again,” which means that she can take the subject position of a victim as well as other subject positions whenever and if necessary. Nonetheless, it does not have to happen on Devlin’s terms now that she has recognized that they “started . . . a long time ago.” From now on, they can break the “[l]ong silence” and start “end[ing] again” only when she wants to.

Deep learning of mutation-gene-drug relations from the literature

Lee, Kyubum,Kim, Byounggun,Choi, Yonghwa,Kim, Sunkyu,Shin, Wonho,Lee, Sunwon,Park, Sungjoon,Kim, Seongsoon,Tan, Aik Choon,Kang, Jaewoo BioMed Central 2018 BMC bioinformatics Vol.19 No.-

<P><B>Background</B></P><P>Molecular biomarkers that can predict drug efficacy in cancer patients are crucial components for the advancement of precision medicine. However, identifying these molecular biomarkers remains a laborious and challenging task. Next-generation sequencing of patients and preclinical models have increasingly led to the identification of novel gene-mutation-drug relations, and these results have been reported and published in the scientific literature.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>Here, we present two new computational methods that utilize all the PubMed articles as domain specific background knowledge to assist in the extraction and curation of gene-mutation-drug relations from the literature. The first method uses the Biomedical Entity Search Tool (BEST) scoring results as some of the features to train the machine learning classifiers. The second method uses not only the BEST scoring results, but also word vectors in a deep convolutional neural network model that are constructed from and trained on numerous documents such as PubMed abstracts and Google News articles. Using the features obtained from both the BEST search engine scores and word vectors, we extract mutation-gene and mutation-drug relations from the literature using machine learning classifiers such as random forest and deep convolutional neural networks.</P><P>Our methods achieved better results compared with the state-of-the-art methods. We used our proposed features in a simple machine learning model, and obtained F1-scores of 0.96 and 0.82 for mutation-gene and mutation-drug relation classification, respectively. We also developed a deep learning classification model using convolutional neural networks, BEST scores, and the word embeddings that are pre-trained on PubMed or Google News data. Using deep learning, the classification accuracy improved, and F1-scores of 0.96 and 0.86 were obtained for the mutation-gene and mutation-drug relations, respectively.</P><P><B>Conclusion</B></P><P>We believe that our computational methods described in this research could be used as an important tool in identifying molecular biomarkers that predict drug responses in cancer patients. We also built a database of these mutation-gene-drug relations that were extracted from all the PubMed abstracts. We believe that our database can prove to be a valuable resource for precision medicine researchers.</P><P><B>Electronic supplementary material</B></P><P>The online version of this article (10.1186/s12859-018-2029-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</P>

The Search for Young Nearby Stars

YongHwa Lee,Sungsoo S. Kim,Inseok Song 한국천문학회 2005 天文學會報 Vol.30 No.2

"thrusting through the wall": Ahab's Egoism and Melville's Interrogation of Platonism and Christianity in Moby-Dick

Yonghwa Lee 한국영미어문학회 2010 영미어문학 Vol.- No.94

This essay aims to reach a more comprehensive and sophisticated understanding of the extent to which Melville interrogates the fundamental principles of Western metaphysics through a close examination of Ahab’s view of incarnation and his egoism. Although critics have tirelessly examined Melville's personal involvement with a set of religious and philosophical ideas, not many critics have considered Ahab’s rebellious thoughts on Christianity along with his questioning of Platonism, and more importantly, none of the critics has fully addressed the issue of Ahab's egoism in this context. Ahab's view of incarnation is important in understanding Melville’s revision of both Platonism and orthodox Christianity because in both branches of metaphysics, the relationship between corporeal reality and spiritual reality prescribes the notion of good and evil as well as that of subject and object. Ahab’s rejection of both platonic and Christian premises amounts to the rejection of any religious tradition or philosophical system that holds that all knowledge can be reduced to an absolute unified theory In the absence of any metaphysics which endorses universal truth, how to overcome the confines of subjective perspectives and perception becomes the most crucial and ultimate question to confront, which is why Ahab's egoism occupies a central position in Melville’ s exploration of a positive alternative to Christianity or Platonism. The complex nature of Ahab's egoism can be best illuminated by examining Melville's alteration of Narcissus of the Greek mythology whose name symbolizes extreme self-admiration and vanity into a Narcissus who dives to uncover the truth about himself even at the risk of being drowned.

“To Smoke and Philosophize Together”: Reading Melville`s “I and My Chimney” as a “Philosophical Novel”

( Yonghwa Lee ) 영미문학연구회 2014 영미문학연구 Vol.26 No.-

This paper examines how “I and My Chimney” addresses Melville`s lifelong question about the validity of the selfhood in understanding reality inaccessible to sensory experience. Categorizing the story as a “philosophical novel,” a term often employed to describe Melville`s masterpiece, Moby-Dick, which interrogates the validity of the empirical and transcendental approaches in obtaining truth, this paper demonstrates how the narrator`s twofold attitude toward the chimney in “I and My Chimney” similarly utilizes both positivism and idealism. On the one hand, the narrator objectifies the chimney--that is, he treats the chimney as the object of his perception--and presents it as the object of empirical understanding. On the other hand, the narrator subjectivizes the chimney--that is, he identifies with the chimney and projects his subjectivity onto it--and “philosophize[s] together” (376) with it in order to obtain the a priori knowledge of truth. Despite this similarity, a crucial difference is found between Ahab and the narrator: whereas Ahab exhibits self-destructive hatred toward the white whale, the narrator approaches the chimney congenially and endeavors to protect it from despicably materialistic people. The object of enmity shifted from inscrutable reality to those who regard the pursuit of the knowledge of inscrutable reality as an unprofitable and futile task. Nonetheless, Melville as a writer relentlessly and tirelessly continues his lifelong philosophical inquiries in various forms of narrative, and thus, “I and My Chimney” needs to be given its due place among Melville`s “philosophical novels.”

Defyingly I Worship Thee! : Ahab's Genealogy of Morals and His Use and abuse of the Fire-God in Moby-Dick

Yonghwa Lee 미국소설학회 2009 미국소설 Vol.16 No.2

Focusing on the link between Ahab’s invocation of the fire-god and the doctrines of Zoroastrianism, a number of critics discussed the echo of the Zoroastrian beliefs and practices in Moby-Dick. While offering insight into the importance of Melville’s employment of Zoroastrianism in his interrogation of the conventional understanding of the relationship between good and evil, these critics fail to consider the full import of Ahab’s subversive appropriation of the fire-god. This essay examines how rigorously Melville tries to question the conventional notion of God and morality by comparing Ahab’s defiant worship of the fire-god in his questioning of human moral perspectives with Friedrich Nietzsche’s view of the contractual relationship between God and human beings. The comparison of Melville’s and Nietzsche’s thoughts can help to understand the significance of Melville’s questioning of the established moral values, because Nietzsche also utilizes Zoroaster with a view to collapsing the distinction between good and evil as prescribed by the Judaeo-Christian tradition. The affinities between the two thinkers in their interrogation of the notion of an almighty and benevolent god and the origin of moral values can illuminate the relevance of Melville’s thought to the contemporary discourse on the construction of moral values. That said, whereas the Nietzschean overman’s self-overcoming involves the examination of all concepts and values including his own, Ahab’s self-overcoming does not extend to the examination of his own values, leading him to accept metaphysical dualism even in his rejection of the authority of any metaphysical force. Ahab’s limitation in his defiance of God should not be seen as Melville’s limits, however, Rather, Ahab’s self-contradiction points to Melville’s awareness that it is immensely difficult for humans to be entirely free from the established religious and moral doctrines.