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1
Practical Issues in Relation to Liability for Oil Pollution Damages in Japan

( Takuto Kobayashi ) 고려대학교 법학연구원 2021 The Asian Business Lawyer Vol.28 No.-
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- 복사/대출신청
Japan has ratified the Bunker Convention and the Nairobi Convention in July 2020. In accordance with those international regimes, the Oil Pollution Act has also been amended and took effect on October 1, 2020. Under the amended Oil Pollution Act, some issues have been resolved, for instance protecting victims of bunker pollution damages or abandoned ships by allowing them a direct claim against the insurer of the ship owner. However, there are some new legal and practical issues. One such issue is whether time charterers are “operators,” who are held liable for the damages under the current Oil Pollution Act. In global practice, the word “operator” does not include time charterers. Meanwhile, in Japan, sometimes it could imply a time charterer. However, in principle, “operator” should not include time charterers, and if an exception is to be made, the content of the contract between the shipowner and the operator should be carefully investigated to see whether such operator has a right to control the vessel management to prevent the oil incident. The other issue, among many potential issues, may arise in relation to the construction projects of wind power generation. In such projects, the contractor would enter into EPC contract with its client and would be a charterer of the various types of vessels on the basis of, for example, BIMCO WINDTIME. Under these circumstances, the issue for the owners of the vessel is whether they have a right to limit their liability under the Oil Pollution Act with regard to the recourse claim for the liquidated damages incurred by the charterers under their own EPC contract. The outcome depends on the facts and the interpretation of Article3(1)(iii) of Limitation of Shipowner Liability Act, which is slightly different from LLMC96. In any case, a fair and reasonable explanation is required for the outcome, especially if such outcome is different from those under LLMC96.
2
Characterization of crystalline linear (1→3)-α-D-glucan synthesized in vitro

Kobayashi, Kayoko,Hasegawa, Takuto,Kusumi, Ryosuke,Kimura, Satoshi,Yoshida, Makoto,Sugiyama, Junji,Wada, Masahisa Applied Science Publishers 2017 Carbohydrate polymers Vol.177 No.-
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Abstract We investigated the crystal structure and molecular arrangement of the linear (1→3)-α-D-glucan synthesized by glucosyltransferase GtfJ cloned from Streptococcus salivarius using sucrose as a substrate. The synthetic products had two morphologies: wavy fibril-like crystals as major and thin lamellae as minor products. Their structures were analyzed using electron microdiffraction, synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction, and solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy. The fibrils and lamellae had the same allomorphic form but different molecular arrangements. The wet crystals were in a hydrated form, which converted into an anhydrous form with a significant decrease in crystallinity on drying. The hydrated and anhydrous forms had an extended-chain conformation with 2/1 helix, and the hydrated form was estimated to contain one water molecule per glucose residue. The long glucan chains were folded in the fibril crystals, while the short, extended chains were arranged perpendicular to the base plane of the lamellae. Highlights <UL> <LI> (1→3)-α-D-Glucan was synthesized by recombinant glucosyltransferase sing sucrose. </LI> <LI> The synthetic products had two morphologies: wavy fibril and thin lamella. </LI> <LI> Both products had the same crystal structures but different molecular arrangements. </LI> <LI> Molecular chains were folded in the fibril but extended in the lamellar crystals. </LI> <LI> The hydrated form was converted into an anhydrous form by drying. </LI> </UL>
3
Interleukin-34 cancels anti-tumor immunity by PARP inhibitor

Takayoshi Nakamura,Nabeel Kajihara,Naoki Hama,Takuto Kobayashi,Ryo Otsuka,Nanumi Han,Haruka Wada,Yoshinori Hasegawa,Nao Suzuki,Ken-ichiro Seino 대한부인종양학회 2023 Journal of Gynecologic Oncology Vol.34 No.3
Objective: Breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1)-associated ovarian cancer patients have been treated with A poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, extending the progression-free survival; however, they finally acquire therapeutic resistance. Interleukin (IL)-34 has been reported as a poor prognostic factor in several cancers, including ovarian cancer, and it contributes to the therapeutic resistance of chemotherapies. IL-34 may affect the therapeutic effect of PARP inhibitor through the regulation of tumor microenvironment (TME). Methods: In this study, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data set was used to evaluate the prognosis of IL-34 and human ovarian serous carcinoma. We also used CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology in a mouse model to evaluate the efficacy of PARP inhibitor therapy in the presence or absence of IL-34. Results: We found that IL34 was an independent poor prognostic factor in ovarian serous carcinoma, and its high expression significantly shortens overall survival. Furthermore, in BRCA1-associated ovarian cancer, PARP inhibitor therapy contributes to anti-tumor immunity via the XCR1+ DC-CD8+ T cell axis, however, it is canceled by the presence of IL-34. Conclusion: These results suggest that tumor-derived IL-34 benefits tumors by creating an immunosuppressive TME and conferring PARP inhibitor therapeutic resistance. Thus, we showed the pathological effect of IL-34 and the need for it as a therapeutic target in ovarian cancer.