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Robust Optimization via Randomized Algorithms
Yasumasa Fujisaki,Takayuki Wada 제어로봇시스템학회 2009 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2009 No.8
This paper gives an overview on probabilistic approach to robust optimization and chance constrained optimization. The problems are to minimize a linear objective function subject to a parameter dependent convex constraint, where a probability measure is introduced onto the parameter set. Two randomized techniques, the scenario optimization and the sequential optimization, are summarized, where characteristics and advantages of both techniques are discussed.
Development of New Organ Preservation Solutions in Kyoto University
Fengshi Chen,Takayuki Nakamura,Hiromi Wada 연세대학교의과대학 2004 Yonsei medical journal Vol.45 No.6
Although lung transplantation (LTx) has been established as a therapeutic approach for end-stage respiratory failure, several problems remain to be solved. In addition to the serious problem of donor shortage, primary graft failure, which is mostly caused by ischemia-reperfusion injury, a serious problem, and represents one of the most frequent causes of early mortality. The development of a highly reliable organ preservation solution that reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury will improve the functioning of transplanted organs and alleviate the donor shortage. We first evaluated the importance of saccharides and electrolytes in the lung preservation solution. We proved the superiority of trehalose, a non-reducing disaccharide, and the efficiency of the extracellular-type (low potassium) ion composition, and we also developed an extracellular-type trehalose containing Kyoto (ET-Kyoto) solution. Furthermore, several agents for vascular endothelial protection were evaluated, and finally, a more effective solution named “new ET-Kyoto solution” was developed, by adding N-acetylcysteine, dibutyryl adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate, and nitroglycerin to the “conventional” ET-Kyoto solution. The new ET-Kyoto solution enabled canine LTx to last up to 30 hours. ET-Kyoto solution has so far been used and produced good results in five clinical LTx throughout Japan and South Korea. Although it was initially developed for lung preservation, its effectiveness in the preservation of various organs/ tissues, such as the trachea, kidney, skin/muscle flap, amputated digits, liver, and pancreas, has also been experimentally and clinically shown. In this paper, clinical and experimental findings with ET-Kyoto solution have been accumulated to further analyze its effect, safety, and chemical stability. We hope to provide ET-Kyoto solution as the standard organ/tissue preserving solution throughout the world.
NUCLEAR STAR-FORMING RING OF THE MILKY WAY: SIMULATIONS
Kim, Sungsoo S.,Saitoh, Takayuki R.,Jeon, Myoungwon,Figer, Donald F.,Merritt, David,Wada, Keiichi IOP Publishing 2011 ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS - Vol.735 No.1
<P>We present hydrodynamic simulations of gas clouds in the central kpc region of the Milky Way that is modeled with a three-dimensional bar potential. Our simulations consider realistic gas cooling and heating, star formation, and supernova feedback. A ring of dense gas clouds forms as a result of X-1-X-2 orbit transfer, and our potential model results in a ring radius of similar to 200 pc, which coincides with the extraordinary reservoir of dense molecular clouds in the inner bulge, the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ). The gas clouds accumulated in the CMZ can reach high enough densities to form stars, and with an appropriate choice of simulation parameters, we successfully reproduce the observed gas mass and the star formation rate (SFR) in the CMZ, similar to 2 x 10(7) M-circle dot and similar to 0.1 M-circle dot yr(-1). Star formation in our simulations takes place mostly in the outermost X-2 orbits, and the SFR per unit surface area outside the CMZ is much lower. These facts suggest that the inner Galactic bulge may harbor a mild version of the nuclear star-forming rings seen in some external disk galaxies. Furthermore, from the relatively small size of the Milky Way's nuclear bulge, which is thought to be a result of sustained star formation in the CMZ, we infer that the Galactic inner bulge probably had a shallower density profile or stronger bar elongation in the past.</P>
Nakamura, Akihiko,Watanabe, Hiroki,Ishida, Takuya,Uchihashi, Takayuki,Wada, Masahisa,Ando, Toshio,Igarashi, Kiyohiko,Samejima, Masahiro American Chemical Society 2014 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Vol.136 No.12
<P>Analysis of heterogeneous catalysis at an interface is difficult because of the variety of reaction sites and the difficulty of observing the reaction. Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose by cellulases is a typical heterogeneous reaction at a solid/liquid interface, and a key parameter of such reactions on polymeric substrates is the processivity, i.e., the number of catalytic cycles that can occur without detachment of the enzyme from the substrate. In this study, we evaluated the reactions of three closely related glycoside hydrolase family 7 cellobiohydrolases from filamentous fungi at the molecular level by means of high-speed atomic force microscopy to investigate the structure–function relationship of the cellobiohydrolases on crystalline cellulose. We found that high moving velocity of enzyme molecules on the surface is associated with a high dissociation rate constant from the substrate, which means weak interaction between enzyme and substrate. Moreover, higher values of processivity were associated with more loop regions covering the subsite cleft, which may imply higher binding affinity. Loop regions covering the subsites result in stronger interaction, which decreases the velocity but increases the processivity. These results indicate that there is a trade-off between processivity and hydrolytic velocity among processive cellulases.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jacsat/2014/jacsat.2014.136.issue-12/ja4119994/production/images/medium/ja-2013-119994_0006.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ja4119994'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>