Development of Sensing Device for Plant Conditions Utilizing Lazer Speckle Method

( Takashi Fukushima ),( Yohsuke Inagaki ),( Kiyoshi Nagasuga ),( Kunio Sato ),( Naoyuki Higashi ),( Tomoaki Sato ) 한국농업기계학회 2018 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.23 No.1

Japanese smart-agriculture (new agriculture for labor-saving and high-quality products by utilizing advanced technology such as a robot technology and ICT) has been promoted by Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. For Japanese smart-agriculture, several ambient conditions, such as temperature, humidity, soil moisture, CO₂ concentration, and others are available to optimize the cultivation. To get higher quality than ever, it’s needed to utilize the information of plant conditions such as photosynthetic ability, transpiration rate and respiration activity. However, there are no devices sensing them in the field and at a low price. We focus on laser speckle method (LS) which can detect microscopic motion of the target object. The interference pattern of the light which scattered and reflected on the surface or the inside, was created on the image sensor when coherent light such as a laser is irradiated the target object. This pattern is generally referred to as “Speckle”. It has been reported that the speckle pattern would be also depended on the structure of surface or inner parts of the target object. LS would be able to distinguish the movement reflected physiological phenomenon of plant by analyzing speckle images. In other words, it could obtain the information of plant conditions utilizing LS. The ultimate goal of this study is to develop a new and inexpensive device utilizing LS for sensing plant conditions. Some techniques for analyzing fluctuation of the speckle pattern have been proposed. Fujii method (FM) and Generalized difference method (GD) were used in this study. Both are analysis method for speckle images to quantify the luminance fluctuation of each pixel on consecutive images. The characteristics of the former are that analysis speed is relatively fast, and it could also enable to analyze in low brightness. The latter would clearly distinguish large fluctuation parts. In this experiment of adding the water stress to the plant samples, it was examined whether the water stress can be detected by using LS or not, and which analysis method is suitable to detect plant conditions. Speckle images were obtained from the main vein and the mesophyll cells of the sample soybean’s leaf, under two conditions; water stress and no treatment. Water stress was added to sample soybean by cutting leafstalk. The speckle images were taken at every hour from 7 am to 7 pm. As results, it was confirmed that it is capable to detect the water stress by analyzing speckle images. Comparing results of water stress and no treatment, increasing of water stress after cutting leafstalk was detected by both FM and GD, and GD was able to detect earlier and accurately than FM did. And it would be required to improve better measurement conditions and analysis method from now on.

Development of “Fruit Sensor” ― Monitoring Device for Ambient Environment and Mechanical Load During Transportation Of Fruits ―

( Takashi Fukushima ),( Minorimurai ),( Nobutakanakamura ),( Kuniosato ),( Shunsuke Ueki ) 한국농업기계학회 2018 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.23 No.1

The quality of transported fruits and vegetables would decrease by various influences such as transit time, vibration, ambient temperature, etc. Therefore, understanding and measuring the ambient environment and the mechanical load at the transportation stage is important to maintain their quality and freshness. However, researches on the transport technology to keep the quality and the freshness of the imported and exported agricultural products still not are enough, and the ambient environment and mechanical load of the individual transported product have been not evaluated accuracy. Many studies related to the fruits and vegetables transport have been reported. The vibrational and rotational shock for the transported fruits and vegetables could not be understood for certain, since the vibration sensors were attached on the surface of cardboard and container, or the sensor unit that is differ from actual fruits and vegetables was only packed in the transport boxes, in all its studies. Moreover, the mechanical load of the transported fruits and vegetables was not able to be evaluated adequately due to the differences of the packaging type and the packaging materials. This study aims to construct the monitoring device “Fruit Sensor” that is able to measure the ambient environment and shock information acting on individual fruit and vegetable during its transportation and moreover without changing the environmental conditions of the fruits or vegetables. It would make contribute to the understanding of the freshness decrease, the improvement of transportation system, and packaging technology. The apple-shaped prototype of Fruit Sensor was fabricated at first, since apples account for 60% of fruits and vegetables exported overseas in Japan. Then, the availability of Fruit Sensor was indicated from accuracy test of some sensors used in the prototype. A strawberry-type Fruit Sensor would be introduced in this presentation. In recent years, strawberries made in Japan have become popular even abroad. Along with that, a number of overseas exports of Japanese strawberries are dealt in and it would be more in the future. However, as the strawberry is one of soft fruit, quality deterioration due to the ambient environment and the mechanical shock during transportation has become a problem, and it is required to accuracy measure its loads acting on a strawberry during its transportation. There are some versions in strawberry-type Fruit Sensor, which enable to measuring 3D acceleration, 3D angular velocity, ambient temperature and humidity, or ambient oxygen concentration, respectability. It has been known that the rotation and vibration are changed by friction between packages and fruits because of different behavior on the mechanical properties of fruits. This study need to improve the reproducibility of actual fruit behavior. Therefore, we determined the exterior of Fruit Sensor that is similar to the mechanical properties of the strawberry by comparing mechanical properties between the strawberry surface and the resin material of Fruit Sensor. Our presentation shows the investigation of exterior material and components of sensor unit of Fruit Sensor.

Study on Tension Measurement of Rubber Crawler Focusing on Its Inner Structure

( Takashi Fukushima ),( Muneshi Mitsuoka ),( Eiji Inoue ),( Kunio Sato ) 한국농업기계학회 2018 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.23 No.1

Agricultural crawler tractors that have adopted rubber crawlers are common because of the reduced effects of machine and road surface vibrations. This study targets the oscillating crawler unit that contains a special mechanism in which the unit oscillates around a hitch point that is set separately from the drive axis of the drive sprocket. Half-tracked tractors equipped with an oscillating crawler units have better stability on uneven ground than wheel type tractors, which respond directly to a concavo-convex surface. However, the crawler tension fluctuates according to the variation in the perimeter of the crawler unit when this unit travels on a concavo-convex surface because the hitch point of the oscillating frame is set separately from the drive axis of the drive sprocket. It is suggested that this fluctuation in the crawler tension influences driving performance. Moreover, driving performance factors (e.g., frame oscillation, traction, and drive torque) might be optimized by actively controlling the crawler tension. It is also generally known that some problems such as damage to and dropping of the rubber crawler have arisen during operation because of soil and stones sticking to the track rollers and the tension fluctuations of the crawler. These problems might be also obviated by actively controlling the crawler tension. We have proposed a driving simulation model for half-tracked tractors that has the ability to express the fluctuation in the crawler tension. However, this driving simulation is not verified, because it is very difficult to measure the crawler tension while driving, and little has been reported on the measurement of crawler tension. Therefore, this study aims to propose a measurement method for crawler tension fluctuation, which focuses on the inner structure of the rubber crawler. A fundamental experiment with a test piece cut out of a rubber crawler was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed tension measurement, which uses steel cords arranged inner the rubber crawler. In conclusion, it has been demonstrated the possibility for stable measurement of crawler tension.

Atmospheric correction algorithms for satellite ocean color data : Performance comparison of " OCTS-type " and " CZCS-type " algorithms

Fukushima, Hajime,Mitomi, Yasushi,Otake, Takashi,Toratani, Mitsuhiro 대한원격탐사학회 1998 International Symposium on Remote Sensing Vol.14 No.1

The paper first describes the atmospheric correction algorithm for the Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner (OCTS) visible band data used at Earth Observation Center (EOC) of National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA). It uses 10 candidate aerosol models including $quot;Asian dust model$quot; introduced in consideration of the unique feature of aerosols over the east Asian waters. Based on the observations at 670 and 865 nm bands where the reflectance of the water body can be discarded, the algorithm selects a pair of aerosol models that accounts best for the observed spectral reflectances to synthesize the aerosol reflectance in other bands. The paper also evaluates the performance of the algorithm by comparing the satellite estimates of water-leaving radiance and chlorophyll-a concentration with selected buoy- and ship-measured data. In comparison with the old CZCS-type atmospheric correction algorithm where the aerosol reflectance is assumed to be spectrally independent, the OCTS algorithm records factor 2-3 less error in estimating the normalized water-leaving radiances. In terms of chlorophyll-a concentration estimation, however, the accuracy stays very similar compared to that of the CZCS-type algorithm. This is considered to be due to the nature of in-water algorithm which relies on spectral ratio of water-leaving radiances.

Cloud Screening for Satellite Ocean Color Data : A Case Study for Nimbus-7/CZCS Data

Fukushima, Hajime,Goto, Takashi,Toratani, Mitsuhiro 대한원격탐사학회 1995 International Symposium on Remote Sensing Vol.11 No.1

Candidate Path Selection Method for TCP Performance Improvement in Fixed Robust Routing

Yukinobu Fukushima,Takashi Matsumura,Kazutaka Urushibara,Tokumi Yokohira 대한전자공학회 2016 IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing & Computing Vol.5 No.6

Fixed robust routing is attracting attention as routing that achieves high robustness against changes in traffic patterns without conducting traffic measurement and performing dynamic route changes. Fixed robust routing minimizes the worst-case maximum link load by distributing traffic of every source-destination (s-d) router pair onto multiple candidate paths (multipath routing). Multipath routing, however, can result in performance degradation of Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) because of frequent out-of-order packet arrivals. In this paper, we first investigate the influence of multipath routing on TCP performance under fixed robust routing with a simulation using ns-2. The simulation results clarify that TCP throughput greatly degrades with multipath routing. We next propose a candidate path selection method to improve TCP throughput while suppressing the worst-case maximum link load to less than the allowed level under fixed robust routing. The method selects a single candidate path for each of a predetermined ratio of s-d router pairs in order to avoid TCP performance degradation, and it selects multiple candidate paths for each of the other router pairs in order to suppress the worst-case maximum link load. Numerical examples show that, provided the worst-case maximum link load is less than 1.0, our proposed method achieves about six times the TCP throughput as the original fixed robust routing.

W350 - The Roadmap Of Super High-Rise Timber Building -

Harada, Hiroaki,Fukushima, Takashi,Hatori, Tatsuya,Aoyagi, Hajime Council on Tall Building and Urban Habitat Korea 2020 International journal of high-rise buildings Vol.9 No.3

This research and technology development project is based on the concept and plan of Sumitomo Forestry Co., Ltd., and designed by Nikken Sekkei Ltd., and is aiming to realize 350 m supertall timber-framed buildings in urban areas by 2041, the 350 year anniversary of Sumitomo Forestry's founding(Fig. 1). By constructing office-based multi-use buildings which have 70 stories above ground with GFA of 455,000 ㎡, using a huge amount of timber of 185,000 ㎥, this project envisions to connect forests and cities, and to solve the problems in both of forests and cities. At the present stage, the main objective is to identify the issues related to wood, such as building structural systems, construction methods, materials used, and resource development, and to create a roadmap for future technologies to be researched and developed.

위성해색자료의 대기보정 알고리즘: OCTS-type과 CZCS-type 알고리즘의 성능비교

아지메후쿠시마 ( Hajime Fukushima ),야수시미토미 ( Yasushi Mitomi ),타카시오타케 ( Takashi Otake ),미수히로토라타니 ( Mitsuhiro Toratani ) 大韓遠隔探査學會 1998 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.14 No.3

본 논문에서는 우선 NASADA의 지구관측센터에서 활용하는 OCTS 가시광밴드 자료의 대기보정 알고리즘에 대하여 설명하고자 한다. 이 알고리즘은 동아시아 해역 에어로솔의 특징이 고려된 Asian Dust Model을 포함한 10개의 후보 에어로솔 모델을 사용한다. 해수면의 반사율이 제거될 수 있는 670 nm와 865 nm 밴드의 관측에 기초하여, 알로리즘은 다른 밴드에서의 에어로솔 반사율을 합성하기 위한 관측 스펙트럼 반사율을 가장 잘 설명하는 한쌍의 에어로솔 모델을 선택한다. 또한 본 논문에서는 해수에서 나오는 방사량의 위성측정치와 선택된 부표 주위에 집중된 Chlorophyll, 그리고 선성측정 자료를 비교함으로써 알고리즘의 성능을 평가한다. 스펙트럼으로 에어로솔의 반사율이 독립적으로 추정되는 예전의 CZCS-type 대기보정 알고리즘과 비교하여 볼 때, OCTS 알고리즘은 표준화 된 해수에서 나오는 방사량을 측정할 때 Factor 2-3 정도 더 적은 오차를 기록한다. 그렇지만 농도추정 Chlorophyll의 관점에서 보면 정확도가 예전의 CZCS-type 알고리즘과 비교하여 매우 비슷하게 유지된다. 이것은 해수에서 나오는 방사량의 스펙트럼비율에 따르는 해수내의 (in-water) 알고리즘 성질 때문이라고 사료된다. The paper first describes the atmospheric correction algorithm for the Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner (OCTS) visible band data used at Earth Observation Center (EOC) of National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA). It uses 10 candidate aerosol models including "Asian dust model" introduced in consideration of the unique feature of aerosols over the east Asian waters. Based on the observations at 670 and 865 nm bands where the reflectance of the water body can be discarded, the algorithm selects a pair of aerosol models that accounts best for the observed spectral reflectances to synthesize the aerosol reflectance in other bands. The paper also evaluates the performance of the algorithm by comparing the satellite estimates of water-leaving radiance and chlorophyll-a concentration with selected buoy-and ship-measured data. In comparison with the old CZCS-type atmospheric correction algorithm where the aerosol reflectance is assumed to be spectrally independent, the OCTS algorithm records factor 2-3 less error in estimating the normalized water-leaving radiances. In terms of chlorophyll-a concentration estimation, however, the accuracy stays vey similar compared to that of the CZCS-type algorithm. This is considered to be due to the nature of in-water algorithm which relies on spectral ratio of water-leaving radiances.

Influence of Helicobacter pylori Infection on Endoscopic Findings of Gastric Adenocarcinoma of the Fundic Gland Type

Ishibashi, Fumiaki,Fukushima, Keita,Ito, Takashi,Kobayashi, Konomi,Tanaka, Ryu,Onizuka, Ryoichi The Korean Gastric Cancer Association 2019 Journal of gastric cancer Vol.19 No.2

Purpose: Gastric adenocarcinoma of the fundic gland type (chief cell predominant type) (GA-FG-CCP) was first reported as a rare adenocarcinoma found in the normal fundic mucosa. Recent studies have proposed the possibility that GA-FG-CCPs were also generated in the atrophic mucosa after Helicobacter pylori (HP) eradication therapy. However, little is known on the endoscopic findings of GA-FG-CCP generated in the atrophic mucosa due to its extreme rarity. Materials and Methods: A total of 8 patients who underwent endoscopic submucosal resection and were diagnosed with GA-FG-CCP generated in the HP-uninfected mucosa (4 cases, HP-uninfected group) or HP-eradicated atrophic mucosa (4 cases, HP-eradicated group) were retrospectively analyzed, and their endoscopic findings, including magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging (M-NBI), and pathological features were compared. Results: While GA-FG-CCPs in the 2 groups displayed similar macroscopic appearance, M-NBI demonstrated that characteristic microvessels (tapered microvessels like withered branches) were specifically identified in the HP-eradicated group. Pathological investigation revealed that a decreasing number of fundic glands and thinned foveolar epithelium covering tumor ducts were thought to lower the thickness of the covering layer over tumor ducts in the HP-eradicated group. Moreover, dilation of vessels just under the surface of the lesions contributed to the visualization of microvessels by M-NBI. Conclusions: The change in background mucosa due to HP infection influenced the thickness of the covering layer over the tumor ducts and M-NBI finding of GA-FG-CCP.

Comparing Genomic Characteristics of Streptococcus pyogenes Associated with Invasiveness over a 20-year Period in Korea

Shin Hyoshim,Takahashi Takashi,Lee Seungjun,Choi Eun Hwa,Maeda Takahiro,Fukushima Yasuto,Kim Sunjoo 대한진단검사의학회 2022 Annals of Laboratory Medicine Vol.42 No.4

Background: Few studies have investigated the invasiveness of Streptococcus pyogenes based on whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Using WGS, we determined the genomic features associated with invasiveness of S. pyogenes strains in Korea. Methods: Forty-five S. pyogenes strains from 1997, 2006, and 2017, including common emm types, were selected from the repository at Gyeongsang National University Hospital in Korea. In addition, 48 S. pyogenes strains were randomly selected depending on their invasiveness between 1997 and 2017 to evaluate the genetic evolution and the associations between invasiveness and genetic profiles. Using WGS datasets, we conducted virulence-associated DNA sequence determination, emm genotyping, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), and superantigen gene profiling. Results: In total, 87 strains were included in this study. There were no significant differences in the genomic features throughout the study periods. Four genes, csn1, ispE, nisK, and citC, were detected only in invasive strains. There was a significant association between invasiveness and emm cluster type A-C3, including, emm1.0, emm1.18, emm1.3, and emm1.76 (P<0.05). The predominant emm1 lineage belonged to ST28. There were no associations between invasiveness and superantigen gene profiles. Conclusions: This is the first study using WGS datasets of S. pyogenes strains collected between 1997 and 2017 in Korea. Streptococcal invasiveness is associated with the presence of csn1, ispE, nisK, and citC. The emm1 lineage and ST28 clone are explicitly associated with invasiveness, whereas genomic features remained stable over the 20-year period.