Effect of dietary inclusion of Bacillus-based probiotics on performance, egg quality, and the faecal microbiota of laying hen

Tajudeen Habeeb,Ha Sang Hun,호세인,Mun Jun Young,박세린,Park SangIn,Choi Poksu,Hermes Rafael Gustavo,Taechavasonyoo Apichaya,Rodriguez Raquel,김진수 아세아·태평양축산학회 2024 Animal Bioscience Vol.37 No.4

Objective: Our study examined the impact of propriety blends of Bacillus strain probiotics on the performance, egg quality, and faecal microflora of laying hens. Methods: A total of 183 Institut de selection Animale (ISA) brown laying hens aged 23 weeks with an average body weight of 1,894±72 g were randomly allocated into 3 groups as control (corn-soybean meal based diet, CON), 0.5 g/kg Enterosure probiotics (ET1, 3×108 colony-forming unit [CFU]/kg feed), and 5 g/kg Enterosure probiotics (ET2, 3×109 CFU/kg feed) administered in mashed form. At the completion of each phase hen day egg production (HDEP), average egg weight (AEW), feed intake, and faecal microbiota were evaluated. Results: HDEP and AEW were higher (p<0.05) in the ET2-supplemented diet in phase 3 (week 9 to 12) compared with CON. Egg mass (EM) was higher (p<0.05) in phase 2 at ET2, and also higher (p<0.05) in phase 3 at the ET1 and ET2-supplemented diets compared with CON. Feed conversion ratio was lower (p<0.05) in phase 3 at the ET1 and ET2-supplemented diets, with ET2 being the lowest compared with ET1 and CON. Yolk colour was higher (p<0.05) in the ET-supplemented diets at phase 3 compared with CON. Bifidobacterium spp. was higher (p<0.05) in the ET2- supplemented diet compared with CON in phase 2, while in In phase 3, Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. were higher (p<0.05) in the ET-supplemented diets compared with CON. Coliforms were lower (p<0.05) in the ETsupplemented diets compared with CON in phase 3. Conclusion: The propriety blends of Bacillus strain probiotics supplements at 0.5 g/kg and 5 g/kg could improve the production and quality of eggs with more significance at 5 g/kg for HDEP, AEW and EM, which was achieved via the increase of beneficial microbiomes such as Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., and the decrease of pathogenic microbiomes like Escherichia coli and Coliforms which was speculated to improve gut barrier function and the reproductive hormone.

Effect of wild ginseng on the laying performance, egg quality, cytokine expression, ginsenoside concentration, and microflora quantity of laying hens

Habeeb Tajudeen,문준영,Sang Hun Ha,Abdolreza Hosseindoust,Suhyup Lee,김진수 한국축산학회 2023 한국축산학회지 Vol.65 No.2

The experiment was carried out to study the effect of Korean wild ginseng adventitious root supplementation on the laying performance, egg quality, cytokine expression, ginsenoside concentration, and microflora quantity of Institut de selection Animale (ISA) brown laying hens at 24 weeks old. A total of 90 laying hens were subjected to a completely randomized design at three treatments, five repetitions and six laying hens per replicate. The experiments were divided by diets into the basic feed (CON), basic feed + 0.1% wild ginseng (WG1), and basic feed + 0.5% wild ginseng (WG2). The feeding trial was carried out over a duration of 12 weeks after an initial acclimation period of 2 weeks. Feeds and water were administered ad libitum in mash form, and light was available for 16 hours per day. At the end of study, henday egg production (HDEP), average egg weight (AEW), and egg mass (EM) were increased (p <0.05) in WG2 at week 12. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was decreased (p < 0.05) in WG2 at week 12. The ginsenoside content in egg yolk was increased (p <0.05) in laying hens in the WG2 treatment at week 12. Relative expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was reduced (p < 0.05) in the WG supplemented diets at week 12. The fecal microflora quantity of Lactobacillus was increased (p < 0.05) in WG2 at week 8 to week 12, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the WG2 at week 12. We concluded that the result observed in the HDEP, AEW, EM and FCR was due to an increase in ginsenoside content, leading to an improvement in the TNF-α, and fecal microflora quantity such as Lactobacillus and E. coli in the WG2 supplemented diets. We therefore recommend the use of WG at application level 0.5% per basal diet for optimum laying performance in layer hens.

Effects of various cooling methods and drinking water temperatures on reproductive performance and behavior in heat stressed sows

Habeeb Tajudeen,Joseph Moturi,Abdolreza Hosseindoust,Sang Hun Ha,문준영,YoHan Choi,Soo-Jin Sa,Jin-Soo Kim 한국축산학회 2022 한국축산학회지 Vol.64 No.4

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of multiple cooling systems and different drinking water temperatures (DWT) on the performance of sows and their hair cortisol levels during heat stress. In this study, the effect of four different cooling systems: air conditioner (AC), cooling pad (CP), snout cooling (SC), and mist spray (MS), and two DWT, namely low water temperature (LWT) and high water temperature (HWT) on 48 multiparous sows (Landrace × Yorkshire; 242.84 ± 2.89 kg) was tested. The experiment is based on the use of eight replicas during a 21-days test. Different behaviors were recorded under different cooling treatments in sows. As a result, behaviors such as drinking, standing, and position change were found to be lower in sows under the AC and CP treatments than in those under the SC and MS treatments. Lying behavior increased under the AC and CP systems as compared with that under the SC and MS, systems. The average daily feed intake (ADFI) in sows and weight at weaning in piglets was higher under the AC, CP, and LWT treatments than under the SC, MS and HWT treatments. Sows subjected to SC and MS treatment showed higher hair cortisol levels, rectal temperature, and respiratory rate during lactation than those under AC and CP treatments. Hair cortisol levels, rectal temperature, and respiratory rate were also higher under the HWT than under the LWT treatment. As per the results of this study, the LWT has no significant effect on any of the behavioral factors. Taken together, the use of AC and CP cooling treatment is highly recommended to improve the behavior and to reduce the stress levels in lactating sows.

사육 기질 및 가공 방법이 동애등에(Hermetia illucens) 가공품의 품질 및 저장성에 미치는 영향

하상훈,문준영,박세린,Tajudeen Habeeb Temitope,호세인,김진수 강원대학교 동물생명과학연구소 2024 동물자원연구 Vol.35 No.1

Black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) has been noted as an excellent feed ingredient. However, there is limited information on rearing and processing technology. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the substrates for rearing BSF and the optimal processing method for BSF performance. Study separated as 2 experiment, BSF rearing and drying method(Exp 1.) and EP-processing method(exp 2.). During the study, 30 clutches were reared, with 10 per substrate. Three substrates, namely food waste (FW), tofu by-product (TF), and vegetable waste with two drying methods, namely hot air dry (AD) and microwave dry (MW) at expanding (EP) ratios of 5:5 and 7:3, were examined by evaluating their rearing performance, nutrient contents, in vitro digestibility and lipid oxidation stability during storage (0, 14 and 28 days). In experiment 1, the rearing substrates and drying methods were evaluated. Compared with that of conventional methods (FW, AD), the TF substrates and MW method showed higher dry matter contents (3.43%) and in vitro digestibility (1.62%) but lower ether extract contents(3.53%; p<0.05). However, the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration under MW treatments decreased during storage (5.77%, 4.69% and 3.24%; p<0.05). In experiment 2, compared with that of the 7:3 EP-BSF ratio, the 5:5 EP-BSF ratio showed higher in vitro digestibility (2.70%) and lower MDA concentration during storage (19.19%, 7.96% and 6.42%; p<0.05). In conclusion, the optimal conditions for BSF rearing and ensuring product quality were TF substrates, MW methods and a 5:5 corn:BSF ratio. Therefore, the optimal conditions for producing EP-BSF can present an excellent feed ingredient alternative for swine feed.

극미약광이 이유자돈의 성장과 산화효소에 미치는 영향

박세린,문준영,하상훈,Tajudeen Habeeb Temitope,Hossindoust Abdolreza,박미정,김진수 강원대학교 동물생명과학연구소 2024 동물자원연구 Vol.35 No.1

광조사의 다양한 파장이 생체에 영향을 미치는데 생체 내 대사 및 화학반응 시 생성되는 가시광선의 극미약광은 세포 간 신호 전달을 증가시켜 면역 기전이 활성될 수 있다. 본 연구는 이유자돈의 사양성적, 산화효소 및 스트레스에 대한 극미약광(LED)의 영향을 알아보기 위해 실시되었다. 이유자돈(Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc, 21일령 7.04±0.01kg) 120두를 공시하였고, 시험 기간은 이유 후 3단계로 나눠 총 6주간 진행하였다(Phase 1(0-14d), Phase 2(15-28d), Phase 3(29-42d)). 처리구는 Control과 LED로 두 가지로 진행하였으며, 10반복, 반복당 6두씩 배치하였다. 연구 결과, LED 처리에 따라 Phase 3에서 일당증체량 8.96% 증가 및 사료효율 8.93% 개선되었으며, Overall에서 사료효율 6.56% 개선되었다. Malondialdehyde (MDA) 12.58%, glutathione reductase(GR) 7.41%, total antioxidant capacity(TAC) 5.48% 감소로 항산화효소 활성이 개선되었다. 또한 Phase 3에서 LED 처리에 따라 Hair cortisol의 농도가 감소하였다(24.05%, p<0.05). 본 연구결과로 극미약광 조사는 이유자돈의 성장과 항산화활성 및 스트레스를 개선하는데 도움이 되는 것으로 판단된다. Weaning stress is the most common issue in weanling pigs, and increases diarrhea and mortality. Various wavelengths of light irradiation affect the body owing to the association with biophotons. Biophotons are very weak photons in the visible light range generated during metabolic and chemical reactions in vivo. Immune mechanisms are activated by increasing signal transmission between cells through biophoton emission. This study evaluated the influence of ultra-weak light (LED) on growth performance, antioxidant status, and stress of weaned piglets. A total of 120 weaned pigs with an average initial body weight of 7.04±0.01 kg (age: 21 d) were allotted to two treatments (Control and LED) with 10 replicates. Diets prepared in pellet form were administered to the pigs in three phases including Phase 1 (0–14 d), Phase 2 (15–28 d), and Phase 3 (29–42 d). At the end of the study, the average daily gain (8.96%, p<0.05) and feed efficiency (6.56%, p<0.05) of pigs was significantly increased at phase 3 in the LED treatment. Low concentration of malondialdehyde (12.58%, p<0.05) and high concentrations of glutathione reductase (7.41%, p<0.01) and total antioxidant capacity (5.48%, p<0.05) were observed in the LED treatment at Day 42. The concentration of hair cortisol was also decreased (24.05%, p<0.05) in the LED treatment at Day 42. In conclusion, the use of LED for weanling pigs is recommended to improve growth performance by modulating antioxidant capacity and cortisol level in hair.

Calcium chloride is a better calcium source rather than calcium carbonate for weanling pigs

문준영,이창번,Abdolreza Hosseindoust,Sang Hun Ha,Habeeb Tajudeen,Jin-Soo Kim 한국축산학회 2022 한국축산학회지 Vol.64 No.5

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of calcium (Ca) levels in weanlingpigs (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc). In experiment 1, one hundred and eighty weanling pigswere randomly allotted to one of the three treatments. The treatments were low (Ca 0.60% inphase 1 and 0.50% in phase 2), standard (Ca 0.72% in phase 1 and 0.66% in phase 2), andhigh (Ca 0.84% in phase 1 and 0.72% in phase 2). In experiment 2, hundred and forty weanlingpigs were randomly assigned to one of four treatments differing in Ca levels (high andlow) and sources (CaCl2 and CaCO3) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. There were 10 pigsper replicate in both experiments, with 6 replicates in each treatment, and they were conductedin two phases (phase 1, days 0–14; phase 2, days 15–28). In experiment 1, body weight(BW), average daily gain (ADG), and growth to feed ratio (G/F) increased as the Ca leveldecreased (p < 0.05). P digestibility was higher in the low-Ca diet group than in the high-Cadiet group (p <0.05). In experiment 2, the final BW, ADG, and G/F increased in the CaCl2 dietgroup compared with the case in the CaCO3 diet group (p < 0.05). The digestibility of crudeprotein (CP), Ca, and P was higher in the CaCl2 diet group than in the CaCO3 diet group (p <0.05). Cl− levels were higher in the CaCl2 diet group than in the CaCO3 diet group (p < 0.05). The bicarbonate (HCO3−), base excess (BE), and electrolyte balance (EB) levels were lowerin the CaCl2 diet group than in the CaCO3 diet group (p < 0.05). Hematocrit increased as theCa level decreased (p < 0.05). The HCO3− interacted with the Ca sources and thus, affectedthe Ca levels (p < 0.05). Bone ash, Ca, and P were downregulated in the low-Ca diet groupcompared with the case in the high-Ca diet group. Overall, the low dietary Ca supplementationled to greater growth performance. Furthermore, CaCl2 appeared to be a better Casource than CaCO3 because of the greater digestibility of CP, Ca, and P, and improved EB.

Effects of dietary arginine in ameliorating the deleterious effects induced by mycotoxins on growth, immune system, body organs in growing pigs

Joseph Moturi,SeYoung Yoon,Abdolreza Hosseindoust,Sang Hun Ha,Habeeb Tajudeen,문준영,사수진,Jin-Soo Kim 한국축산학회 2022 한국축산학회지 Vol.64 No.4

Mycotoxin contamination in pig feeds has a negative impact on growth performance, the immune system, and major body organs. Arginine (Arg) plays an important role in animals’ body biochemistry and physiology. This study aimed to determine the effect of dietary Arg supplementation on mitigating the negative effects of mycotoxins in growing pigs. A total of 72 growing pigs (Landrace × Large white) with initial mean body weight (BW) = 55 ± 2.5 kg were allotted to four treatment groups with three replicates per group of six pigs per replicate in a completely randomized design. The treatments included a non-toxin diet with 1.2% Arg (NT1.2) and mycotoxin-challenged treatments supplemented with 1.2% Arg (TX1.2), 1.3% Arg (TX1.3), and 1.4% Arg (TX1.4). Statistical analysis of data included the effects of dietary level of Arg. The results indicated a significantly higher BW (p < 0.05), average daily gain (p < 0.05), and gain-to-feed ratio (p < 0.05) in the NT1.2 group than in the TX1.2, TX1.3, and TX1.4 groups. The relative weight of the liver was higher (p < 0.05) in the TX1.2 compared to that of the NT1.2 group, although it was not different from that of TX1.3 and TX1.4. The level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha was significantly up-regulated (p < 0.05) in the liver tissue of the TX1.2 group compared to that of the other treatments. Overall, dietary Arg supplementation remedied liver injury and alleviated the compromised immune system caused by mycotoxin toxicity.

Supplementation of nano-zinc in lower doses as an alternative to pharmacological doses of ZnO in weanling pigs

( Taegyun Kim ),( Minju Kim ),( Junhyung Lee ),( Joseph Moturi ),( Sanghun Ha ),( Habeeb Tajudeen ),( Junyoung Mun ),( Abdolreza Hosseindoust ),( Byungjo Chae ) 한국축산학회 2022 한국축산학회지 Vol.64 No.1

A set of studies was performed to determine the influence of dietary ZnO concentration and source during two phases (days 0 to 14 and days 15 to 28). Experiment 1: 168 weaned piglets were allocated to four treatment groups in six replicates. The treatments included a basal diet without ZnO supplementation (control), 2,500 mg ZnO/kg (In2500), 500 mg nano-ZnO/ kg (N500), and 150 mg nano-ZnO/kg (N150). Experiment 2: 168 weaned piglets were divided into three treatment groups with eight replicates. The treatments included control, In2500, N300, and 150 mg nano-ZnO/kg (N150). An in vitro trial showed that the growth of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium was inhibited when exposed to 300 and 500 ppm of ZnO after 24 h of incubation. In experiment 1, the average daily gain (ADG) by the pigs was improved in the N500 and IN2500 treatment groups. Colonization of coliforms and Clostridium spp. significantly decreased in the pigs fed the N500 and IN2500 diets in phase 1. The total plasma antioxidant capacity was greater in the IN2500 and N500 treatment groups than in the control. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was greater in pigs fed the IN2500 (phase 1) or the IN2500 and N500 (phase 2) diets than in the control and N150 treatment group. In experiment 2, pigs in the N300 treatment group showed a higher ADG and lower fecal score colonization of coliforms and Clostridium spp. compared with those in the N150 treatment group. In conclusion, nano-ZnO at a dose of 300 ppm showed the same growth as the pharmacological dose of Zn. This provides an option to the pharmacological dose.

이유자돈 사료 내 Sodium Nitrite and Probiotics 첨가 수준에 따른 사양성적, 면역 반응, 장 내 미생물 및 융모 성상에 미치는 영향

문준영 ( Jun-young Mun ),최요한 ( Yo-han Choi ),하상훈 ( Sang-hun Ha ),( Joseph Moturi ),( Habeeb Tajudeen ),김조은 ( Jo-eun Kim ),김진수 ( Jin-soo Kim ) 한국축산학회 2021 동물자원연구 Vol.32 No.3

본 실험은 이유자돈 사료 내 산화아연 대체제로써 아질산나트륨과 생균제(sodium nitrite and probiotics, SNPro)의 첨가 수준에 따른 사양성적, 면역 반응, 장 내 미생물 및 융모 성상을 평가하여 사료 내 SNPro의 적정 첨가 수준을 구명하기 위해 실시하였다. 본 시험을 위해 체중이 6.51±0.15kg인 총 192두의 이유자돈(Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc)을 공시하여 4처리 6반복, 반복 당 8두씩 완전임의 배치하였다. 시험 기간은 Phase 1과 2로 나누어 진행하였다(각 14일). 시험 처리구는 1) Basal diet(control), 2) SNPro1(control+0.01% SNPro), 3) SNPro2(control+0.02% SNPro), 4) SNPro3(control+0.03% SNPro)로 구성하였다. 일당증체량(ADG)은 SNPro 첨가 수준(0%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%)에 따라 phase 1에서는 288, 309, 319, 324g phase 2에서는 355, 387, 410, 407g overall에서는 321, 348, 364, 366g 으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 면역반응은 SNPro 첨가 수준에 따라 IL-8은 15, 13.5, 13, 12.8ng/ml과 IL-10은 165, 162, 155, 145ng/ml으로 감소하였으나(p<0.05), TLR4와 IgG는 첨가 수준에 따른 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 회장 내 Escherichia coli와 맹장 내 Salmonella spp.는 사료 내 SNPro 첨가 수준이 증가함에 따라 유의적으로 감소하였다(p<0.05). 그러나, 사료 내 SNPro 첨가 수준이 Lactobacillus spp.에는 효과가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 장내 융모 성상에서는 사료 내 SNPro의 첨가 수준에 따라 이유자돈 공장의 융와 깊이가 599, 586, 615, 599㎛인 것으로 조사되었으나(p<0.05), 융모 높이와 융모 높이/융와 깊이 비율에는 효과가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과를 요약하면, 사료 내 SNPro 첨가는 이유자돈의 성장과 면역 반응, 장 내 미생물 및 융모 성상에 긍정적인 효과를 미쳤다. 또한 본 연구에서는 첨가 수준이 0.02%에서 효과가 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났으며, 이는 이유자돈 사양 성적 개선 및 산화아연 대체제로써 우수한 효과를 나타내는 것으로 보여진다. This study investigated various levels of sodium nitrite and probiotics (SNPro) combination as an alternative to zinc oxide on the growth performance, immune response, intestinal microflora, and morphology of weaned pigs. One hundred and ninety-two weaned pigs (Landrace×Yorkshire ×Duroc) with an average body weight of 6.51±0.15kg were randomly assigned to four treatments(n=6) on the basis of their initial body weight. Experimental period was divided into phase 1 and 2 (each 14 days). The dietary treatments were: 1) Basal diet (control), 2) SNPro1 (control+0.01% SNPro), 3) SNPro2 (control+0.02% SNPro), 4) SNPro3 (control+0.03% SNPro). The average daily gain when SNPro was added to the diet was 288, 309, 319, 324 g in phase 1, 355, 387, 410, 407 g in phase 2 and 321, 348, 364, 366 g in the overall. The concentration of interleukin-8 and interleukin-10 in serum when SNPro was added to the diet were 15, 13.5, 13, 12.8 ng/ml and 165, 162, 155, 145 ng/ml (p<0.05) but toll-like receptor 4 and immunoglobulin G levels in serum were no significantly different. The colonization of Escherichia coli in the ileum and Salmonella spp. in the caecum were significantly decreased as SNPro level increased (p<0.05). However, the population of Lactobacillus spp. did not differ among the groups. Although villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio were not significantly affected by the treatments, crypt depth in the jejunum was 599, 586, 615, 599 ㎛ as SNPro level increased (p<0.05). In conclusion, SNPro had beneficial effects on growth performance, immune response, intestinal microflora and morphology weaned pigs. Therefore, SNPro not only can be considered as an alternative for the pharmacological level of zinc oxide in weaning pigs but also ideal dietary SNPro level was 0.02%.

사료 내 단백질 수준 및 Protease 첨가가 이유자돈의 사양성적, 영양소 소화율, 장내 미생물, 소장 형태학적 변화 및 분 중 유해가스 발생에 미치는 영향

하상훈 ( Sang Hun Ha ),최요한 ( Yo Han Choi ),( Abdolreza Hosseindoust ),하동진 ( Dong Jin Ha ),( Joseph Moturi ),문준영 ( Jun Young Mun ),( Tajudeen Habeeb ),이창번 ( Chang Beon Lee ),박종완 ( Jong Wan Park ),김진수 ( Ji 한국축산학회 2021 동물자원연구 Vol.32 No.3

본 연구는 사료 내 단백질 수준 및 protease 첨가가 이유자돈의 사양성적, 영양소 소화율, 장 내 미생물, 소장 형태학적 변화 및 분 중 유해가스 발생에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 실시되었다. 총 240두의 이유자돈(Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc, 5.82±0.3kg)을 공시였으며, 4주 간 2단계(days 0-14, phase 1; and days 15-28, phase 2)로 나누어 사양실험을 진행하였다. 처리구는 사료 내 단백질 두 수준과(phase 1, HP: CP 21% / LP: CP 19%; phase 2, HP: CP 19% / LP: CP 17%) protease 첨가 유무에 따른 2×2 요인설계법에 준하였다. 연구 결과, 일당증체량은 LP 처리구(357g/d)가 HP처리구(339g/d)에 비하여 증가하였고(p<0.05), 사료 내 protease 첨가한 처리구(358g/d)가 비첨가구(339g/d)에 비하여 증가하였다(p<0.05). 일당사료 섭취량은 LP 처리구(554g/d)가 HP(530g/d) 처리구에 비하여 증가하였고(p<0.05), 사료 내 protease 첨가한 처리구(552g/d)가 비첨가구(523g/d)에 비하여 증가하였다(p<0.05). 사료 내 protease 첨가구의 건물소화율과 조단백질 소화율(각각 82.62%, 76.08%)이 비첨가구(각각 81.74%, 75.13%)에 비해 증가되었고(p<0.05), 사료 내 protease 첨가구의 Ileum Lactobacillus spp. 수치(7.42log₁₀CFU/g)가 비첨가구(7.32log₁₀CFU/g)에 비하여 증가되었다(p<0.05). 또한 LP 처리구의 암모니아 발생량(4.41ppm)이 HP처리구(4.78ppm)에 비하여 감소하였고(p<0.05), 사료 내 protease 첨가한 처리구의 황화수소 발생량(10.43ppm)이 비첨가구(11.76ppm)에 비하여 감소하였다(p<0.05). 본 연구결과로 미루어 볼 때, 이유자돈 사료 내 단백질 함량 감소 및 protease 첨가 시 자돈의 성장, 영양소 소화율 및 분 중 유해가스 발생량 저감에 도움이 되는 것으로 판단되며 이로 인해 사료비 절감 및 환경 개선의 효과를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary protein level and supplementation of protease on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gut microflora, intestinal morphology and fecal noxious gas emission in weanling pigs. A total of 240 weaned pigs (Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc, 5.82±0.3 kg) were used during 4 weeks in 2 phases (days 0-14, phase 1; and days 15-28, phase 2) feeding program based on age and initial body weight. Pigs were allocated to 2×2 factorial arrangement, including 2 protein levels (HP, high protein; LP, low protein) and 2 protease levels (with or without protease). The average daily gain in the LP treatment (357 g/d) was increased rather than the HP treatment (339 g/d). A greater avarage daily gain was observed in dietary suppiemented protease treatment (358 vs 339 g/d). Average feed intake was greater in the LP treatment (544 g/d) rather than the HP treatment (530 g/d). A greater average daily feed intake was observed in dietary supplemented protease treatment (552 vs 523 g/d). Dry matter and crude protein digestibility were increased in dietary supplemented protease treatment (82.62% and 76.08%, respectively) rather than non-supplemented treatment (81.74% and 75.13%, respectively). Ileal Lactobacillus spp. count increased in dietary supplemented protease treatment (7.42 vs 7.32 log₁₀CFU/g). Emission of H₂S was decreased in the LP treatment (4.41 ppm) rather than HP treatment (4.78 ppm). Emission of NH₃ was decreased in dietary supplemented protease treatment (10.43 ppm vs 11.76 ppm). In conclusion, the decrease of dietary protein level and supplementation of protease had beneficial effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gut microflora, and noxious gas emission in weanling pigs.