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A Study on the Concord Phenomena in Spanish
( Seungkwan Yang ) 한국스페인어문학회(구 한국서어서문학회) 2016 스페인어문학 Vol.0 No.80
With regard to the agreement between the subject and the verb, the normal rule is that a singular subject agree with the singular verb and the plural verb does with plural verb. However, in reality it is not easy to decide which word is singular or plural in a sentence. This difficulty often occurs in the case that, although the number of a word is singular in form, many Spanish speakers attempt to consider it as the plural. For example, when the subject is a collective singular, the verb must be in singular by external form. But considering their sense of collectivity or the duality of the collective noun, the verb can be used in plural. Therefore, a problem arises on how to explain agreement relation between the syntactic and semantic level. I propose that, following the opinions of Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech and Svartvik (1972), the concord phenomena can be explained systematically in combination with the syntactic and semantic aspect. To examine the contemporary trend in Spanish verb agreement, I will search several Spanish data. On the basis of the data, I will argue that the grammatical concord and the conceptual concord must be in harmony together in order that the concord phenomena can be explained satisfactorily.
스페인어 교육과정 기본 어휘표에 나타난 동음이의어와 다의어 분석 및 기본 어휘 제시 방안 연구
양승관 ( Yang Seungkwan ) 한국스페인어문학회(구 한국서어서문학회) 2016 스페인어문학 Vol.0 No.81
This paper aims at exploring the problems on the ambiguous words of Spanish -homonymy and polysemy- in the `Basic Vocabulary Table` shown under the 2009 National Curriculum and proposing a new solution to them. Homonymy and polysemy can give rise to a special ambiguity for Korean students who learn Spanish because they have more possible meaning than one, and so they tend to create some confusion as to its correct use both in the elaboration of Spanish textbooks and in the evaluation of Korean college entrance examination. Only words in which form is a standard are listed in the Spanish Basic Vocabulary Table of the current National Curriculum. Therefore, students can not understand the part of speech, the meaning, and the function of the various ambiguous words. In addition, there is no level limit on the availability of the meaning and function of those words. So it is possible to use all the meaning and usage of vocabulary in the elaboration of Spanish textbooks and in the evaluation of college entrance examination. This is a serious problem. Therefore, a Basic Vocabulary Table for solving these problems is needed. Considering these, this paper reviews both the meaning and the usage of polysemys and homonyms in three Spanish textbooks of high school and in Korean college entrance examination. In conclusion, this paper proposes that it is necessary to consider all aspects such as form, meaning, and function when words are listed in the Basic Vocabulary Table.
A comprehensive review of energy consumption of seawater reverse osmosis desalination plants
Kim, Jungbin,Park, Kiho,Yang, Dae Ryook,Hong, Seungkwan ELSEVIER 2019 APPLIED ENERGY -BARKING THEN OXFORD- Vol.254 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>High specific energy consumption (SEC) is the main barrier for the expansion of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO). Therefore, the main objective of current SWRO research is to lower the SEC of SWRO plants. However, SEC of SWRO plants has not been systemically explored or analyzed, despite the need for information to develop appropriate strategies to reduce SEC. Therefore, this study aims to review and analyze SWRO plants for a comprehensive understanding of their SEC. First, trends in SWRO application are investigated using more than 70 datasets on large-scale SWRO. The analysis explains the increasing number of large-size SWRO plants, the SEC reduction by isobaric energy recovery devices (ERDs), and the use of different SWRO configurations to meet the energy and quality requirements. Factors associated with SEC (<I>i.e.</I>, feed conditions, target conditions, and equipment efficiency) are also analyzed. High salinity increases energy demand, whereas the temperature effect on energy consumption is not entirely clear. High-efficiency ERDs and pumps can reduce SEC, but overall SEC cannot be explained by these factors alone. SEC is also affected by target water quality and quantity. Moreover, specific SWRO designs can improve the system to efficiently achieve the established goals. Furthermore, future directions to develop low-energy SWRO plants are discussed.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Critical review of energy consumption of seawater reverse osmosis plants. </LI> <LI> Collection of more than 70 datasets for large-size seawater reverse osmosis plants. </LI> <LI> Investigation of trends in the application of seawater reverse osmosis plants. </LI> <LI> Analysis of factors associated with energy consumption of seawater reverse osmosis. </LI> <LI> Future directions to reduce energy consumption of seawater reverse osmosis plants. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>